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At least 955 records · Page 53Linked to original sources
PubMed2001

[Clinical epidemiological study of neural tube defects classified according to the five sites of closure].

OBJECTIVES: To identify the frequency at birth of neural tube defects (NTD) in the Spanish population. NTDs were considered as a whole as well as according to the different sites of closure failure, following the theory of multisite closure of the neural tube. To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of the different sites. METHODS: Data derived from the Spanish Collaborative Study of Congenital Malformations (ECEMC), from April 1976 to March 1995. Among the 1,222,698 live births during this period, 784 infants had NTD were controlled. Among these, 784 infants had NTD. RESULTS: The prevalence of NTD in our population was 1.01 per 1,000 births, a frequency which is considered medium-to low. Only 5.74% of the NTD were of known etiology: 2.17% were genic, 1.27% were chromosomic and 2.29% were environmental. Excluding NTD of genetic etiology, whether genic or chromosomic, most of the remaining were isolated defects (multifactorial) and 16.78% multiple malformations. Site 1, where the closure of the neural tube starts, represented 24% of all the affected sites. However, more than 50% of the NTDs corresponded to closure failure at the junction of two sites. CONCLUSIONS: As in other populations with a low prevalence of NTD at birth, the prevalence of these defects in our population showed a trend to decrease with time, due to the possibility of interrupting gestation after prenatal diagnosis. All the NTD could be classified according to the theory of multisite closure of the neural tube, including 13 cases with several noncontiguous affected sites. Two types of NTD were observed: in the first, closure failed to occur and in the second, two closures failed to meet.

Anencephaly↗
PubMed2000

Nervous regulation of breathing in opiate dependent patient. Part II. Respiratory system efficiency and breathing regulation of persons classified to the methadone maintenance treatment.

The measurements of respiratory pattern parameters, occlusion pressure and respiratory tract resistance had never been performed in opiate dependent persons administered by the methadone maintenance treatment. The aim of this study was assessment of ventilatory efficiency and nervous regulation of 35 depended on opiates before starting the treatment. The presently examined opiate addicts classified to the methadone programme had intensified changes in nervous breathing regulation compared to the group of opiate dependent patients treated at the Department of Clinical Toxicology CMUJ in the first stage of controlled abstinence and to the control group. They had the higher values of minute ventilation, occlusion pressure and higher value of tidal volume to the inspiratory flow (VT/TIN) index which is the driving component of the breathing cycle and reflects the activity of the respiratory centres in the spinal cord and pons. A monitoring of respiratory patterns parameters, occlusion pressure and respiratory resistance, which are not disturbed or biased by lack of patient's cooperation, will allow to determinate the direction of changes in ventilatory efficiency in the course of methadone maintenance treatment programme.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

On the validity of classifying chemicals for persistence, bioaccumulation, toxicity, and potential for long-range transport.

It is argued that chemical substances can be meaningfully ranked or classified according to their persistence (P), bioaccumulation (B), toxicity (T), and potential for long-range transport (LRT) only if these attributes can be shown to be intensive, as distinct from extensive, properties of the substance, i.e., they are independent of quantity of substance. It is shown that P, B, and LRT can be considered intensive or quasi-intensive properties, but toxicity is more problematic. To obtain an intensive metric of toxicity requires selection of one of several possible extensive quantities that define exposure or dose. Ranking of a group of chemicals by toxicity is shown to be very dependent on which quantity is selected. It is suggested that toxicity metrics, such as lethal concentration to 50% of the population (LC50), lethal dose to 50% of the population (LD50), and threshold limit value (TLV) suffer the severe disadvantage of being dependent on the efficiency of delivery of the substance to the site(s) of toxic action in the organism. The use of measured or calculated internal dose is a preferable measure of toxicity since it reduces ambiguities inherent in the other metrics. Also, the primary concern is not the quasi-intensive property of toxicity; rather, it is the risk of toxic effects, an extensive quantity. To adequately assess the risk of toxic effects, both the toxic hazard and the degree of exposure must be characterized. Since exposure cannot be estimated without knowledge of the emission rate of chemicals to the environment, a compelling case can be made that screening to identify priority P, B, T, and LRT substances should be expanded to include quantity released to the environment as an additional factor.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Study on the difference between Shennong's drug nature quoted by Wu Puu and by Shennong's drug in material medical in classified syndromes (Zheng).

Several questions were mentioned through the analysis and comparison of "Shennong's drug nature" (DN) as quoted by Wu Pu's Meteria Madica (WP) and Materia Medica of Classified Syndrome (Zheng) (ZL). These include: (1) The DN in ZL are incomplete, the "toxic nontoxic" terms were absent here; (2) There were different editions of ancient "Shennong's Canon of Materia Medica", carrying different numbers of drugs, including 365 kinds, 595, 441, 319 kinds respectively; (3) some of the drugs indicated as DN were, strangely, indicated as "drugs of supplemented Records" in ZL.

China↗
PubMed1999

[Review of external therapy for internal diseases in Ming yi lei an (Classified Medical Records of Famous Doctors)].

External therapy was applied for internal diseases in 78 case records in Classified Medical Records of Famous Doctors, including 19 kinds of external therapies for 41 categories of internal disease involving 40 famous doctors. The external therapy embodied the principle of "treatment according to differential diagnosis of Zhen "of TMC", "regular treatment", "contrary treatment" and multiple routes of administration were given in accordance with the differentiation, demonstrating that ancient doctors paid high attention to external therapy for internal diseases.

China↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Use of an automated classifying system for the dispensary system of the population].

While processing blood values by an automatic classifying system, human beings can be divided into healthy (normal) and unhealthy (ill) persons. In so doing, one can evaluate the status of the body's individual systems (gastrointestinal tract, respiratory organs, locomotor apparatus, heart and vessels, urinary, endocrine, hemopoietic, and female genital organs, the central nervous system), which allows a physician to find a source of poor health from the very onset of disease.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

[Prognostic factors in epidermoid carcinoma of the mobile tongue classified as T1-T2].

INTRODUCTION: Our aim was to evaluate the results and the prognosis of squamous cell carcinoma of the mobile part of the tongue stage T1-T2 treated by surgery and radiotherapy at the Institute Jules Bordet from January 1950 to 31th December 1993. METHODS: According to the classification TNM (UICC 1978) 165 consecutive patients classified as follow: 73 T1No (stage I), 64 T2No (stage II), 7 T1N1 and 20 T2N1 (stage III) and 1 patient T2N2 (stage IV). All patients underwent surgery beforehand. 136 patients received additional brachytherapy. RESULTS: In this study were included 117 men and 48 women with an average age of 60 years. The rate of relapse on the primary tumoral site amounted to 16,4% and the residual relapse to 40%. The survival note without relapse was evaluated respectively at 3 years in 67% of the tumours T1 (against 28% for the T2), at 5 years for 59% for tumours T1 (against 26% for T2). From the clinical point of view the survival rate without relapse was of 5 years for 61% of stage I, 29% of stage II and 24% of stage III. A more extensive investigation shows the statistic influence, such as age (p<0.004), size of the tumour (p<0.007) and its shape (p<0.0007) on the total survive rate. The state of the nodes (p<0.02) and the safety margins (p<0.04) are statistically less associated. The survival rate with no relapse according to a study considering statistical factors, is significantly influenced by the size (p<0.0002) and age (p<0.0003). CONCLUSION: T1-T2 stages of the mobile tongue are characterized by a limited local spread but a more regional spread and diversified therapeutic approach with prognostic factors influencing the survival rate without forgetting the part played by the TNM classification.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

[Primary textual research on editions of Lei jing (Classified Canon)].

There were not a few editions of Lei jing (Classified Canon) spread now, some of which had certain relationship in their origin. The block - printed edition of the Ming dynasty in the ministry library of Japan National Cabinet Document Library may probably be the earliest edition of Lei jing. There were two major types of edition of Lei jing in circulation, that is, the editions with and without the original contents of Nei jing (Inner Canon). The Yongquan edition of Jin Changtong and edition of Tiande Hall were the source of all the block - printed editions in China, while the Japanese block - printed edition was derived from the edition with the original contents of Nei jing of the Ming dynasty.

Books↗
PubMed2001

A random-effects mixture model for classifying treatment response in longitudinal clinical trials.

A random-effects regression model that allows the random coefficients to have a multivariate normal mixture distribution is described for classifying treatment response in longitudinal clinical trials. The proposed model is capable of dealing with longitudinal data from unknown heterogeneous populations. As applied to longitudinal clinical trials, for example, the model can distinguish subgroups of treatment response. Use of the proposed model is illustrated by analyzing data from two psychiatric clinical trials. The first includes depressed patients assigned to drug treatment who are repeatedly measured in terms of their level of depression. The second trial examined schizophrenic patients longitudinally who were assigned to either a drug or placebo condition. For both, the random-effects mixture model allows an assessment of whether patients comprise distinct populations in terms of their treatment response. Based on parameter estimates of the mixture model, ample evidence for a mixture of response to treatment is observed for both datasets.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2002

Stalking: developing an empirical typology to classify stalkers.

Stalking has received a great deal of attention from the media and its harmful effects on victims have been well documented. Stalking is also more common than previously thought, leading researchers to classify stalkers into groups in an attempt to predict future behavior. Previous research has grouped stalkers based on theoretical models rather than trying to empirically examine stalking behaviors along with other factors such as motivation, type of relationship, and attachment style in determining a typology of stalkers. Female college students (N = 108) who had experienced stalking behaviors responded to questions regarding their perceptions of those behaviors. First, these victim perceptions were factor analyzed. Then, cluster analysis grouped those factors to produce a four-cluster typology of stalkers. Cluster 1 (Harmless) appeared to reflect a more casual, less jealous pattern of behavior. Cluster 2 (Low Threat) appeared the least likely to become physically violent or threatening, or to engage in illegal behaviors. Cluster 3 (Violent Criminal) appeared to be the most likely to engage in physically threatening and illegal behaviors. Cluster 4 (High Threat) was characterized by a more serious type of relationship and may attempt to be more restrictive of their partner when first meeting them.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Who eats what? Classifying microbial populations based on diurnal profiles of rRNA levels.

Identifying the relationships between various bacterial populations and the substrates they consume is central to the understanding of population dynamics and to the development of process control in activated sludge. However, linking a heterotrophic population to its activity in situ is difficult because ribosomal RNA (rRNA) techniques, while allowing the rapid identification of populations, provide little information about their heterotrophic activity. Activated sludge models describe biodegradation kinetics by classifying substrates into two types: readily and slowly degradable substrates. Assuming that bacterial populations specialize in degrading one type of substrate, their growth rate should be affected differently if the COD loading rate varies diurnally as for a municipal activated sludge system. Modeling results suggested that the growth rates of populations consuming readily degradable substrates vary according to variations in COD loading rate. On the other hand, the growth rates of populations consuming slowly degradable substrates do not change despite the variation in COD loading rate. Since the cellular rRNA level is positively correlated with the growth rate, we hypothesized that the rRNA levels of some populations in municipal activated sludge should increase throughout the day, while they should stay constant for other populations. This hypothesis was verified by monitoring the rRNA level of Acinetobacter (a model population consuming readily degradable substrates) and Gordonia (a model population consuming slowly degradable substrates) in the mixed liquor of a full-scale municipal activated sludge reactor for three weeks.

Bacteria↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Standardization and decomposition of rates from cross-classified data.

"Social scientists have traditionally used the technique of direct standardization to eliminate the compositional effects from the overall rates. The technique of decomposition deals with finding the additive contributions of the effects of the differences in the compositional or rate factors in two populations to the difference in their overall rates. The subjects of standardization and decomposition are strictly linked. The paper provides explicit expressions for the standardized rates and the effects of the factors involved, when the rates are calculated from cross-classified data. The techniques are illustrated by numerical examples, and a general program is provided for data up to six factors." (SUMMARY IN FRE AND ITA)

Classification↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The "patholog" of the genes expression profile, a new tool in defining, evaluating, and classifying genetic diseases.

The paper introduces the pre-Hilbert space of standard gene expression (SSGE) based on the normal variability in gene profiles, as revealed by the "spotting" microarray technique. In this space, every point represents a possible gene profile and every continuous curve a possible genetic evolution. The gene "patholog" is defined as the Euclidean distance separating the representative point of the gene profile from the unit, 0-centered hyperball. It is the most general quantification of the alteration in digital genes expression, suitable to define, evaluate, and classify the genetic diseases. Our mathematical model and the afferent computer package allow the researcher to identify the patterns of various genetic afflictions in the SSGE. A publicly available database will be opened where every interested experimentalist could introduce his/her results and process them according to our procedure.

Gene Expression↗
PubMed2002

[Discussion on Tang edition (TE) and notes of the Tang edition (NT) under the "ink cap" in Zheng lei ben cao (Classified materia medica)].

The TE and NT cited under ink cap in Zheng lei ben cao (Classified Materia Medica) cannot be found in the contents and fragmentary volumes of Xin xiu ben cao (Newly Revised Materia Medica), yet can be seen in the "annotations of Shu ben cao (Materia Medica of Sichuan)", cited by Zhang Yuxi. This showed that the TE and NT were, in fact, coming from Shu ben cao, whose old name was Chong guang ying gong ben cao (Augmented Yinggong's Materia Medica). The so - called Yinggong was Li Ji, who compiled Tang ben cao (Materia Medica of the Tang Dynasty) by the imperial order, and gained the title Master Yingguogong, hence the title. Chong guang ying gong ben cao was meant revised Tang ben cao. This was the reason why Tang Shenwei called Shu ben cao as Tang ben cao right away in his Zheng lei ben cao.

China↗
PubMed2002

[Research on original editions of Lei jing (Classified canon)].

After comparing with different extant editions of Nei jing (Inner Canon), the author holds that the portion of Su wen (Plain Questions) in Lei jing (Classified Canon) was similar to Hu's 12 - volume system of Gulinshutang edition, Zhao's Jujingtang edition, while its portion of Ling shu (Miraculous Pivot) is closer to the proofed edition of Zhou's and Ma Shi's annotated 9 - volume edition. After his determination of the original edition, he further made collation with comparison with other editions, and checked the original texts accordingly. Hence it was different from all other available editions.

Books↗
PubMed2003

A classifier for the SNP-based inference of ancestry.

Ancestral inference from DNA could serve as an important adjunct for both standard and future human identity testing procedures. However, current STR methods for the inference of ancestral affiliation have inherent statistical and technical limitations. In an effort to identify bi-allelic markers that can be used to infer ancestral affiliation from DNA, we screened 211 SNPs in the human pigmentation and xenobiotic metabolism genes. Allele frequencies of 56 SNPs (most from pigmentation genes) were dramatically different between groups of unrelated individuals of Asian, African, and European descent, and both observed and simulated log likelihood ratios revealed that the markers were of exceptional value for ancestral inference. Log likelihood ratios of the multilocus estimates of biological ancestry (EAE/EBA) ranged from 7 to 10, which are on par with the best of the STR batteries yet described. A linear classification method was developed for incorporating these SNPs into a classifier model that was 99, 98, and 100% accurate for identifying individuals of European, African, and Asian descent, respectively. The methods and markers we describe are therefore an important first step for the development of a practical multiplex test for the inference of ancestry in a forensics setting.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1992

An interactive image analysis system for quantitative cytology & to classify cervical cells.

Introduction of computers and image analysis systems are gaining faster momentum in order to quantitate the assessment of cells for diagnosis and prognosis, and this system aims to relieve the operator from the tedium of microscopic observation and reduce operator bias and human error. This paper discusses the design and configuration of an interactive image analysis system built in the laboratory for the purpose of cell analysis and classification. The software developed to compute various textural and morphological parameters of cells on smear are briefly described. The results of the experiments carried out to classify normal and abnormal cells on cervical smear show 94 per cent success rate.

Cytological Techniques↗