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At least 955 records · Page 53Linked to original sources
PubMed1999

Paralytic poliomyelitis associated with live oral poliomyelitis vaccine in child with HIV infection in Zimbabwe: case report.

OBJECTIVE: To describe a complication of oral vaccination with live, attenuated poliomyelitis virus in a child infected with HIV. DESIGN: Case report. SETTING: Teaching hospital in Harare, Zimbabwe. SUBJECTS: A boy of 41/2 years and his mother. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Results of clinical and laboratory investigations. RESULTS: Two weeks after receiving the second dose of oral poliomyelitis vaccine during national immunisation days the child developed paralysis of the right leg. He had a high titre of antibodies against poliovirus type 2, as well as antibodies against HIV-1, a low CD4 count, a ratio of CD4 to CD8 count of 0.47, and hypergammaglobulinaemia. He did not have any antibodies against diphtheria, tetanus, or poliovirus types 1 and 3, although he had been given diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis and oral polio vaccines during his first year and a booster of the diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis vaccine at 24 months. He had no clinical symptoms of AIDS, but his mother had AIDS and tuberculosis. CONCLUSION: Paralytic poliomyelitis in this child with HIV infection was caused by poliovirus type 2 after oral poliomyelitis vaccine.

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections↗
PubMed2004

Ethical analyses of vaccines grown in human cell strains derived from abortion: arguments and Internet search.

The fact that certain vaccines are grown in cell strains derived decades ago from an aborted fetus is a concern for some. To understand such concerns, a standardized search identified internet sites discussing vaccines and abortion. Ethical concerns raised include autonomy, conscience, coherence, and immoral material complicity. Two strategies to analyse moral complicity show that vaccination is ethical: the abortions were past events separated in time, agency, and purpose from vaccine production. Rubella disease during pregnancy results in many miscarriages and malformations. Altruism, the burden of rubella disease, and protection by herd immunity argue for widespread vaccination although autonomous decisions and personal conscience should be respected.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMed1997

Is BCG vaccine innocent?

Four patients admitted to the Hacettepe University Department of Pediatric Surgery between 1987 and 1995, two with Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) lymphadenitis and two with multisystem postvaccination tuberculosis (MPT), are presented. The hospital records and records of the Ministery of Health Tuberculosis Control Department were evaluated to determine the complications of BCG vaccine. The most common complication was lymphadenitis with or without suppuration (0.3 per thousand - 3 per thousand). Surgical intervention was required in two BCG lymphadenitis cases and two cases of MPT. Involved lymph nodes were excised in two lymphadenitis cases. Colostomy and percutaneous nephrostomy was performed in the first case of MPT in addition to triple antituberculous drug therapy. Although BCG lymphadenitis is self limited, chronically discharging nodes and tumor-like lymphadenopathy masses need to be excised. On the other hand, MPT has a silent nature with resistance to antituberculous drug therapy. Surgical intervention may be required, directed to the involved systems.

BCG Vaccine↗
PubMed1979

[The vaccination against measles: effectiveness and care in use (author's transl)].

The A. deals with three clinic aspects of outstanding importance of the measles and its relevant vaccination; that is: the complications of the disease, the contraindications to live virus vaccine and the possible reactions to vaccine. It is particularly stressed the possibility of neurological complications due either to disease or to vaccination posthumous.

Child↗
PubMed1999

The cost-effectiveness of introducing a varicella vaccine to the New Zealand immunisation schedule.

This study examined the cost-effectiveness of adding a varicella vaccine to an existing childhood immunisation schedule relative to a counterfactual where the varicella vaccine is available on a user-pays basis (the current New Zealand situation). The costs and consequences of chickenpox in an annual cohort of 57,200, 15-month old children were simulated for a 30-year period. The cohort simulation design captures the 'phasing-in' effects of routine varicella vaccination on the population. From a health care payer's perspective (medical costs only) every dollar invested in a vaccination programme would return NZ $0.67. However, from a societal point of view (which includes the value of work-loss), a vaccination programme would return NZ $2.79 for every dollar invested. To implement a varicella vaccination programme covering 80% of 15-month old children in New Zealand would add more than NZ $1 million in net direct (health care) costs each year. However, the indirect cost savings from reduced losses of work-time exceed NZ $2 million annually. The net average health care cost per child vaccinated over the 30-year modelling period was $54 whereas the cost-savings from work-loss averted averaged $101 per child vaccinated. Total cost-savings to society of $47 per child vaccinated, on average, could be gained from a vaccination programme. The finding that the addition to vaccination costs resulting from a routine programme (including the cost of complications from the vaccine) were greater than the offsetting health care cost savings from reduced incidence of chickenpox were robust to a sensitivity analysis on all assumptions within plausible ranges. Overall cost-effectiveness estimates were most sensitive to assumptions regarding lost work-time, the discount rate, and the price and efficacy of the vaccine. Estimates were relatively insensitive to changes in assumptions regarding health care utilisation.

Chickenpox↗
PubMed2000

Viral pneumonias. Epidemic respiratory viruses.

Influenza, respiratory syncytial, and parainfluenza viruses usually cause mild, self-limited illness in adults. However, elderly and immunocompromised persons are at increased risk for development of severe pneumonia. Clinical and radiographic features of epidemic viral pneumonias are often nonspecific. Newer and faster methods of viral culture and viral antigen detection have improved the capability for definitive diagnosis in recent years. Preventive measures for influenza virus pneumonia center on limiting exposure of high-risk patients to active cases of influenza, administering annual vaccinations, and providing chemoprophylaxis. Prophylaxis against RSV is effective in preventing complications. No effective vaccines have been developed against RSV or parainfluenza. Therapy for viral pneumonia is primarily supportive. Amantadine may be beneficial for influenza virus pneumonia, and ribavirin may be useful for RSV and parainfluenza virus disease. However, further definitive studies are necessary to determine their roles in these viral pneumonias.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

[Bilateral acute profound deafness after MMR vaccination--report of a case].

In April 1989 the MMR vaccination program had started, and until October, 1989, 630,000 children received vaccination. In is, however, well known that many children developed various complication including aseptic meningitis after vaccination, and the MMR vaccination program has discontinued. This report described a case of bilateral acute profound deafness most likely due to MMR vaccination. The cause of this deafness was presumed to be mumps vaccination. The bases of the presumption are as follows: the meningitis after MMR vaccination was elicited by PCR method to be caused by mumps vaccine, and the complication of CNS after measles vaccination occurs within 14 days after injection, while the onset of vomiting and gait disturbance of the case was 24 days after vaccination.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1997

Is BCG vaccine innocent?

Four patients admitted to the Hacettepe University Department of Pediatric Surgery between 1987 and 1995, two with Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) lymphadenitis and two with multisystem postvaccination tuberculosis (MPT), are presented. The hospital records and records of the Ministery of Health Tuberculosis Control Department were evaluated to determine the complications of BCG vaccine. The most common complication was lymphadenitis with or without suppuration (0.3 per thousand - 3 per thousand). Surgical intervention was required in two BCG lymphadenitis cases and two cases of MPT. Involved lymph nodes were excised in two lymphadenitis cases. Colostomy and percutaneous nephrostomy was performed in the first case of MPT in addition to triple antituberculous drug therapy. Although BCG lymphadenitis is self limited, chronically discharging nodes and tumor-like lymphadenopathy masses need to be excised. On the other hand, MPT has a silent nature with resistance to antituberculous drug therapy. Surgical intervention may be required, directed to the involved systems.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1998

Randomised placebo-controlled crossover trial on effect of inactivated influenza vaccine on pulmonary function in asthma.

BACKGROUND: Despite current recommendations, many people with asthma do not receive annual vaccination against influenza, partly because of concern that vaccine may trigger exacerbations. Colds can trigger exacerbations, which may be mistaken for vaccine-related adverse events. We undertook a double-blind placebo-controlled multicentre crossover study to assess the safety of influenza vaccine in patients with asthma, with allowance for the occurrence of colds. METHODS: We studied 262 patients, aged 18-75 years, who recorded daily peak expiratory flow (PEF), respiratory symptoms, medication, medical consultations, and hospital admissions for 2 weeks before the first injection and until 2 weeks after the second injection. Order of injection (vaccine and placebo) was assigned randomly. There was an interval of 2 weeks between injections. The main outcome measure was an exacerbation of asthma within 72 h of injection (defined as a fall in PEF of >20%). FINDINGS: Among 255 participants with paired data, 11 recorded a fall in PEF of more than 20% after vaccine compared with three after placebo (McNemar's test p=0.06); a fall of more than 30% was recorded by eight after vaccine compared with none after placebo (binomial test p=0.008). However, when participants with colds were excluded, there was no significant difference in the numbers with falls of more than 20% between vaccine and placebo (six vs three; binomial test p=0.51), although the difference for PEF decreases of more than 30% approached significance (five vs none; binomial test, p=0.06). This association was confined to first-time vaccinees. INTERPRETATION: Our findings indicate that pulmonary-function abnormalities may occur as a complication of influenza vaccination. However, the risk of pulmonary complications is very small and outweighed by the benefits of vaccination.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

A rubella epidemic in Sasebo, Japan in 1987, with various complications.

Though the rubella vaccination programme for adolescent girls was introduced in Japan in 1977, rubella epidemics have occurred repeatedly. Also in Sasebo, Japan in 1987, we experienced various complications as follows: encephalitis (five cases), meningitis (three), thrombocytopenic purpura (four), vascular purpura (four), hemolytic anemia (two), pneumonia (eight), protein-losing gastroenteropathy (one), multiple organ disorder with encephalitis, purpura, myocarditis, hepatic and renal dysfunction (one), and congenital rubella syndrome (CRS: three). Disorders ranging over multiple organs seem to occur in acquired as well as congenital rubella infection. The incidence of encephalitis was estimated to be 1:1600 cases of rubella and two of five cases were apparently serious. Though the strategy for preventing rubella has been directed only against CRS, we should note the various and severe complications with acquired rubella infection, and should adopt two-stepped protection: vaccination of young children of both sexes and of adolescent girls.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

The adjuvanted influenza vaccines with novel adjuvants: experience with the MF59-adjuvanted vaccine.

Elderly people and subjects with underlying chronic diseases are at increased risk for influenza and related complications. Conventional influenza vaccines provide only limited protection in the elderly population. In order to enhance the immune response to influenza vaccines, several adjuvants have been evaluated. Among these, an oil in water adjuvant emulsion containing squalene, MF59, has been combined with subunit influenza antigens and tested in clinical trials in comparison with non-adjuvanted conventional vaccines. Data from a clinical database of over 10000 elderly subjects immunised with this adjuvanted vaccine (Fluad, Chiron Vaccines, Siena, Italy) demonstrate that, although common postimmunisation reactions are more frequent in recipients of the adjuvanted vaccine, this vaccine is well tolerated, also after re-immunisation in subsequent influenza seasons. Immunogenicity analyses demonstrate a consistently higher immune response with statistically significant increases of postimmunisation geometric mean titres, and of seroconversion and seroprotection rates compared to non-adjuvanted subunit and split influenza vaccines, particularly for the A/H3N2 and the B strains. The higher immunogenicity profile of the MF59-adjuvanted vaccine is maintained also after subsequent immunisations. An even higher adjuvant effect was shown in subjects with low pre-immunisation titre and in those affected by chronic underlying diseases. In conclusion, the addition of MF59 to subunit influenza vaccines enhances significantly the immune response in elderly subjects without causing clinically important changes in the safety profile of the influenza vaccine.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗
PubMed1996

Vaccine-induced autoimmunity.

The current review summarizes case reports attributing autoimmune diseases and phenomena to various vaccines and suggests potential mechanisms. It has to be emphasized that the demonstration of a temporal relationship does not necessarily attribute autoimmunity to a vaccine. The subject is complicated by the fact that one vaccine may cause more than one autoimmune phenomenon, and a particular immune process may be caused by more than one vaccine. Furthermore, vaccines differ in their pathogenic influence on the immune system. There is no doubt that the new recombinant hepatitis B virus vaccine is different from mumps, measles and rubella vaccines in its ability to trigger autoimmunity, probably by completely different mechanisms. The data summarized here suggest that some vaccines may in rare cases induce autoimmune disorders. The subject of the vaccine-autoimmunity relationship is still obscure; reports have been rare, no laboratory experimentation on this topic has been undertaken, and there are few animal models. For the time being no conclusions can be drawn. Since vaccines are an important prophylactic intervention, the risk-benefit ratio clearly leans towards the advantages of infectious disease prevention. Vaccination routines should not be changed in the healthy population or for patients with known autoimmune disorders. Laborious clinical and laboratory studies should be initiated in order to evaluate the new emerging subject of vaccine-induced autoimmunity.

Antigen-Antibody Complex↗
PubMed2006

Factors critical for successful vaccination against classical swine fever in endemic areas.

Classical swine fever (CSF) or hog cholera, caused by the classical swine fever virus (CSFV), is one of the most important viral diseases that cause serious economic loss to the swine industry worldwide. During the past 5 years, several techniques for measuring porcine cell-mediated immunity (CMI) were applied, in conjunction with other conventional techniques, to study factors that influence the induction of CSFV-specific immunity. Information, obtained from a series of experiments, demonstrated cell-mediated immune responses in providing protective immunity against CSF infection. Although it has been confirmed that commercially available modified live CSF vaccines are able to induce complete protection in vaccinated pigs, several factors including maternal immunity, the age of primary vaccination, vaccination protocol and complications caused by other pathogens, can greatly affect the effectiveness of CSF vaccines in the field.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Complications of influenza and benefits of vaccination.

Uncertainty regarding the benefits of influenza vaccination may contribute to the underutilization of this vaccine. We have conducted serial cohort studies using the administrative data bases of a Twin Cities based managed care organization to assess the impact of disease and benefits of vaccination among the elderly. For the 6 seasons 1990-1991 through 1995-1996, there were more than 20,000 elderly members of the health plan included in each cohort. Data collected included information on baseline demographic and health characteristics, vaccination status and outcomes (hospitalizations and death). Multivariate regression techniques were used to compare the risks of outcomes between vaccinated and unvaccinated persons while controlling for covariates and confounders. Results for data pooled over the 6 seasons demonstrated that influenza vaccination was associated with significant reductions in hospitalizations, outpatient visits, and death among the elderly. Similar findings were observed for low, intermediate, and high risk subgroups. Vaccination was also associated with cost savings. These findings are consistent with results from studies conducted in other countries and over other seasons and strongly support age-based recommendations for annual influenza vaccination for all persons ages 65 and over.

Aged↗