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PubMedDate not supplied

Stunting syndrome in turkey poults: isolation and identification of the etiologic agent.

Stunting syndrome (SS) is an enteric disease of turkey poults that causes high morbidity including reduced growth, impaired feed efficiency, and diarrhea. The etiologic agent of this disease has not been previously reported. The objectives of the present study were to identify, isolate, and purify the etiologic agent of SS. Day-old poults were orally inoculated with a SS-inducing inoculum. The intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) were isolated on the fourth day postinoculation. The IECs were lysed and filtered through 0.2-, 0.1-, and 0.02-micron filters. The cell lysate filtrate (0.1 micron) was subjected to density gradient ultracentrifugation. Intact IECs, filtrates from IECs (0.2, 0.1, and 0.02 micron ), and IEC lysate fractions from gradients (FRG) were used as inocula to infect day-old turkey poults. The weight gain, jejunal maltase activity, and gross intestinal lesions were used as the parameters of evaluation. Weight gain and maltase activity were reduced (P = 0.001) by the isolated IECs, 0.2 and 0.1 micron filtrates, and FRG when compared with corresponding controls. IEC lysate filtrate (0.1 micron) and FRG were examined under transmission electron microscope (EM). Enveloped, pleomorphic particles varying in size from 60 to 95 nm were observed and termed stunting syndrome agent (SSA). Primary cultures of turkey IECs were used to further isolate and propagate the SSA. Following the fifth passage in the turkey IECs, the cell lysate induced SS in day-old poults. SSA particles were observed under EM after the fifth passage. The results of this study provide evidence that a viral agent has been isolated and identified from IECs of SS-infected poults and is the etiologic agent of SS.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Progress toward poliomyelitis eradication--Turkey, 1994-1997.

In 1989, as part of the global poliomyelitis eradication initiative, Turkey adopted the goal of eliminating polio by 2000; since then, substantial progress has been made toward achieving this objective. Turkey is a priority country for the global polio eradication initiative because of its large population (1996 population: 60 million), strategic location between Europe and Asia, and proximity to countries with endemic polio. This report summarizes progress during 1994-1997 in Turkey toward implementing the four polio eradication strategies recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO), reviews the cluster of polio cases in 1997, and suggests that recent poliovirus transmission might have resulted from suboptimal vaccination coverage in some areas of Turkey.

Humans↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Development of the thoracic air sacs of turkeys with age and rearing conditions.

Cytology and structure of the thoracic air sac of turkeys were investigated at four different ages (26-day embryo, 1 day, 2 wk, and 10 wk old) and two rearing conditions (isolation and commercial). Cytology was performed by guided fiberoptic endoscopy on the left thoracic air sac of each bird. The right thoracic air sac was sampled for light and electron microscopy. Heterophils were the most common nonepithelial cell found in air sac fluid. followed by macrophages and lymphocytes. Macrophages were most abundant in 1-day-old turkeys and turkeys raised in commercial conditions. The epithelium of the air sac consisted of squamous and cuboidal cells, with a few ciliated columnar and nonciliated columnar cells. Cuboidal cells had similar characteristics to type II pneumocytes. The mucociliary system was organized in tracts extended from the ostium to the posterior parts of the air sac. The number of ciliated tracts decreased with age, and the air sacs of commercial turkeys had a larger proportion of ciliated epithelium than did those of isolation birds. The epithelium may protect against disease by a structured mucociliary transport system, the production of surfactant, and phagocytosis of foreign particles. Differences in cytology and structure may reflect the maturation of the immune system and/or response to environment.

Aging↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Endoscopic gross anatomy findings of the thoracic air sac of the turkey.

The gross anatomy of the cranial thoracic air sacs was studied in the live turkey with a fiber-optic endoscope fitted with a video system. Thirty-five out of 39 (89.7%) of the turkeys had paired single thoracic air sacs with two ostia. The other 10.3% of the turkeys had paired cranial and caudal thoracic air sacs, each with a single ostium. The air flow pattern through the common thoracic air sac with two ostia is unknown. Furthermore, 42.3% of the turkeys with a single thoracic air sac had an invagination arising from the floor of the air sac that partially divided the single thoracic air sac creating a blind-ended sac. The blind sac formed by the invagination may trap small inhaled particulate matter.

Air Sacs↗
PubMed1998

Cystic and alveolar echinococcosis in Turkey.

Hydatid disease due to cystic echinococcosis (CE) is one of the most important public-health and economic problems in Turkey. Human CE occurs throughout Turkey whereas alveolar echinococcosis (AE) predominantly occurs in the eastern Anatolian region of the country. Human AE is also endemic in eastern Azarbaijan and northern Iran. Reports of approximately 207 cases of AE and 21,303 cases of CE in Turkey were published over the periods 1962-1995 and 1987-1994, respectively. Most of the data on cases of hydatid disease in Turkey and the Middle East have been collected from hospital records.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Evaluation of cell culture propagated and in vivo propagated hemorrhagic enteritis vaccines in turkeys.

The immune response of turkeys to a liquid, was compared with a previously frozen, cell culture propagated hemorrhagic enteritis (HE) vaccine. The liquid cell culture propagated HE vaccine was able to induce 100% seroconversion in turkeys 4 weeks after being vaccinated at 3.5 weeks of age; however, the previously frozen cell culture propagated HE vaccine induced 80% seroconversion 4 weeks post vaccination (P < 0.05). The average seroconversion in turkey flocks administered the liquid cell culture propagated HE was 97% in comparison with 98.5% in flocks given the splenic vaccine (P > 0.05). The complete absence of HE antigens in spleens of birds 5 days after being challenged with the virulent HE virus (40,000 TCID50 per bird) at an age of 9.5 weeks, was used as a model for successful protection against HE disease. The HE antigens were absent from spleens of all challenged birds that were previously vaccinated by the liquid cell culture propagated HE vaccine or splenic vaccine.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Antigenic and genomic relationships among turkey and bovine enteric coronaviruses.

Antigenic and genomic relationships among tissue culture-adapted turkey enteric coronavirus (TCV) isolates, three strains of avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), and mammalian coronaviruses were investigated. Immunoblotting and immunoprecipitation experiments using polyclonal antisera showed that the four major structural proteins of TCV cross-reacted with the four homologous proteins of bovine enteric coronavirus (BCV), the N and M proteins of mouse hepatitis virus serotype 3, and the N protein of IBV. Close antigenic relationships between TCV and BCV were also established by seroneutralization and hemagglutination-inhibition. Of 49 monoclonal antibodies produced against either TCV or BCV, 11 differentiated the two viruses. Five of these monoclonal antibodies had neutralizing activities and were directed to either the peplomeric S (gp200-gp100) or hemagglutinin HE (gp140-gp65) glycoproteins. BCV cDNA probes tested on purified viral preparations and coronavirus-positive (by electron microscopy) fecal samples from diarrheic turkey poults confirmed the relatedness of TCV and BCV. The two viruses produced distinct cytopathic changes in HRT-18 cells in the presence of trypsin, whereas only TCV isolates were able to reproduce the clinical symptoms in turkey poults. Their matrix (M) proteins undergo different glycosylation processes.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Comparison of virus isolation, immunohistochemistry, and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction procedures for detection of turkey coronavirus.

A reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) procedure and two monoclonal antibody (MAb)-based immunohistochemical procedures were developed for detection of turkey coronavirus (TCV) in tissues and intestinal contents/dropping samples. The RT-PCR, MAb-based fluorescent antibody (FA), and MAb-based immunoperoxidase (IP) procedures were compared with virus isolation (VI) for detection of TCV in experimentally infected turkeys. TCV was detected in experimentally infected turkeys as early as day 1 postexposure (PE) by each of the four detection procedures. TCV was detected as late as day 35 PE by FA or IP and days 42 and 49 PE by VI and RT-PCR, respectively. With VI as a reference, sensitivity and specificity of RT-PCR were 93% and 92%, respectively; specificity of both FA and IP was 96%, and sensitivities were 69% and 61%, respectively. Each of the examined procedures was highly specific, but the RT-PCR procedure was also highly sensitive. These findings demonstrate the utility of both immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR for detection of TCV. In addition, the findings indicate that RT-PCR is a highly sensitive and specific alternative to conventional diagnostic procedures.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Hemorrhagic enteritis of turkeys: influence of maternal antibody and age at exposure.

The effect of maternal antibody (MAB) to hemorrhagic enteritis (HE) on the response of turkeys to infection with virulent and avirulent strains of HE virus (HEV) was examined. The influence of age at exposure and treatment with HEV antibody on development of clinical HE also was studied. MAB protected poults from clinical HE for up to 6 weeks of age. MAB also interfered with vaccination against the disease for at least 5 weeks after hatching, as indicated by absence of HEV antigen in spleens and by poor seroconversion at 6 days and at 3 weeks post-vaccination, respectively. The incidence of clinical HE in MAB-negative poults was significantly higher in poults inoculated with virus at 15 days of age or older than in poults inoculated at 1-13 days of age. Further, MAB-negative poults embryonally inoculated with virulent or avirulent strains of HEV did not develop disease; these poults developed antibody and resisted challenge with virulent virus at 6 weeks of age. Poults treated with HE antibody within 1 hour of challenge or at 1, 3, or 5 weeks before challenge with virulent virus were protected against lesions and mortality induced by HEV. These results suggest that MAB may influence susceptibility of turkeys to infection with HEV for at least 5 to 6 weeks after hatching, unlike the case with most other viral infections of poultry. The results confirm that early age resistance to clinical HE is independent of MAB and suggest that such resistance persists for up to 13 days of age. The data also suggest that turkeys lacking MAB can be immunized against HE by embryo vaccination.

Age Factors↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Enzyme immunoassay studies on the serological response of turkeys to hemorrhagic enteritis virus.

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed for the detection of antibodies in turkey serum to hemorrhagic enteritis virus. The ELISA antigen was extracted from turkey spleens and partially purified with fluorocarbon. Antibodies were demonstrated in serum samples of breeding and meat flocks that had been naturally exposed to infection. These samples were also examined in parallel by agar-gel precipitin (AGP); most of the sera were AGP-positive. ELISA, however, was more sensitive in detecting antibodies in day-old sera that were AGP-negative. The passively acquired antibodies were no longer detected by 4 weeks of age. A brisk but short-lived secondary response was detected by ELISA in the sera of turkeys immunized with beta-propiolactone-inactivated extract of infected spleens.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Hemorrhagic enteritis of turkeys in California: serologic study of hemorrhagic enteritis virus antibody with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

The incidence of hemorrhagic enteritis (HE) infection in California turkeys was studied by testing 2220 turkey blood samples from 173 flocks for HE virus (HEV) antibody by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Maternal antibody was detected at 1 day of age in all flocks tested, and it vanished after 3 weeks. Acquired HEV antibody appeared at 8 to 10 weeks, and 100% of the meat and breeder turkey flocks were positive after 11 weeks of age. HEV infection occurred earlier in the meat flocks than in the breeder flocks, and it also occurred earlier during summer than during the fall and winter months.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Cell-mediated immunity against turkey coronaviral enteritis (bluecomb).

Studies on cell-mediated immune response in turkeys infected with turkey coronavirus (TCV) were made. A whole blood culture technique was developed for quantitatively evaluating in vitro lymphocyte reactivity to mitogens concanavalin A, phytohemagglutinin-P, and TCV antigen. The degree of blastogenesis was quantitated by the measurement of the uptake of the [125I]deoxyuridine in the presence of fluorodeoxyuridine. The stimulation indices were consistently higher in the infected birds compared with those in the noninfected controls, and they were statistically significant (P < 0.05). The detection of TCV specific responses indicated that cell-mediated immunity may be important in determining the immunity against turkey coronaviral enteritis. The whole blood lymphocyte transformation assay was emphasized as a convenient and useful in vitro indicator of cell-mediated immunity in TCV infection.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Hemorrhagic enteritis in turkeys: purification and quantification of the virus.

Two methods for purifying the virus of hemorrhagic enteritis from infected turkey spleens are described. One procedure utilized precipitation with polyethylene glycol, and the other consisted of trichlorotrifluoroethane extraction. Both procedures included sucrose-cesium chloride gradient centrifugation in the final purification step. The buoyant density of the viral fraction was 1.34 g/cm3, typical for adenoviral particles, and the size and morphologic characteristics of the virions observed by transmission electron microscopy suggested that the purified virus belongs to the family Adenoviridae. The biologic activity of the purified virus was titrated by inoculating 10-fold dilutions of the viral suspension into turkey poults. Mortality and hemorrhagic diarrhea proved to be inconsistent parameters of infection, and the degree of splenomegaly was proportional to the virus dose. The body/spleen ratio was the parameter selected for measuring viral activity, and the body/spleen ratio 50% was adopted as the unit for the titration of the virus. By using the same system it was demonstrated that the infectivity of the virus could be neutralized with antiserum produced in turkeys.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effect of infection with hemorrhagic enteritis virus on susceptibility of turkeys to Escherichia coli.

The present study was designed to investigate hemorrhagic enteritis virus (HEV) as a predisposing factor influencing the susceptibility of young turkeys to Escherichia coli infections. In addition, the pathologic changes caused by administration of E. coli by various routes were compared. Following oral infection with HEV, groups of turkeys were inoculated with various doses of pathogenic E. coli by intravenous (IV), intra-air sac (IA), or intratracheal (IT) routes. A synergistic effect was observed in birds that were exposed to a combined HEV-E. coli challenge, resulting in higher mortality than that caused by either pathogen alone. This synergy was more evident when the bacteria were administered by the IT route than when it was administered by the two other routes. Turkeys infected with HEV and then inoculated IT with E. coli O78 had higher mortality (61%) and higher occurrence of gross body lesions (74%) than birds given E. coli alone (0% mortality and 16% gross lesions). After E. coli inoculation by the IA and IT routes, lesions observed were mainly pericarditis, perihepatitis, lung and air-sac lesions, splenic enlargement, and occasional arthritis. The incidence of lesions was affected by HEV exposure. In contrast, IV inoculation with E. coli O78 usually resulted in arthritis, and its incidence was independent of previous HEV exposure. The synergistic effect between HEV and E. coli administered IT can be used as a challenge model for testing E. coli vaccines.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

The relationship of infertility to antibody production in the uterovaginal sperm storage tubules of turkey breeder hens.

Oviductal tissue from fertile and infertile turkey breeder hens was stained immuno-histochemically to test for the presence of antibody positive cells. Relatively infertile turkey hens (< 50% fertility) were found to have antibody positive cells within the uterovaginal sperm storage tubule epithelium, while fertile turkey hens (> 90% fertility) had no antibody positive cells. Data suggest a local immune response to spermatozoa exists in the uterovaginal sperm storage tubules of the turkey hen which may have a detrimental effect on fertility.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1994

Protection against turkey rhinotracheitis pneumovirus (TRTV) induced by a fowlpox virus recombinant expressing the TRTV fusion glycoprotein (F).

A recombinant fowlpox virus was produced which expressed the fusion protein (F) of turkey rhinotracheitis virus (TRTV), a pneumovirus. Turkey poults were vaccinated twice, at an interval of 2 weeks, intramuscularly and by wing web on each occasion, with the recombinant or a control fowlpox virus. Two weeks after the second vaccination the poults were challenged superconjunctivally and intranasally with virulent TRTV. A partially protective immune response was achieved; turkeys vaccinated with the F recombinant showed milder clinical signs and 1000-fold less challenge virus was recovered from the nose and trachea compared with turkeys that had been vaccinated with control fowlpox virus. Expression of the F protein induced antibodies which were detectable both by an ELISA and a virus neutralization test. These results show that the immune responses to the F protein play a major role in protection against TRTV and indicate that recombinant viruses expressing the TRTV F protein have potential as vaccines against TRT.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Serum proteins of wild turkey vultures (Cathartes aura).

We separated and identified the major serum proteins of turkey vultures (Cathartes aura): albumin, HDL, LDL, IgG and M, transferrin, alpha 2M and putatively, IgA, ceruloplasmin and fibronectin. Turkey vulture HDL and LDL had similar electrophorectic mobility and solution properties as those from gallinaceous birds. Turkey vulture IgG and M, and their subunits, had molecular weights comparable to other birds. Serum IgG and M levels in wild turkey vultures were within the range of values reported for domestic avian species.

Aging↗
PubMed1980

Effects of level and source of dietary fat on the bioavailability of iron from turkey meat for the anemic rat.

The amount and source of fat in the diet can affect the growth response. Differences in growth among treatments an affect iron bioavailability determinations when change in hemoglobin concentration is used as the criterion. The amount and source of fat was varied in diets fed to anemic rats for assaying the bioavailability of iron from turkey meat. It was observed that gain in body weight increased as the amount of fat in the diet increased and concurrently, that the gain in hemoglobin concentration decreased. By expressing iron bioavailability as the efficiency of the conversion of dietary iron into hemoglobin, it was demonstrated that the amount of fat in the diet did not affect the bioavailability of iron from turkey meat or from ferrous sulfate. It was found that animals fed beef fat were most efficient at converting iron from turkey meat into hemoglobin followed by those fed turkey fat, corn oil and pork fat in descending order. Differences in liver iron concentrations among treatments were minimal even when the low-iron, basal diet treatment is included in the comparisons.

Anemia↗