[Trace elements increasing crops].
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Trace Elements↗
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[History, concept, and synonyms of trace elements].
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Humans↗
Line-focusing x-ray monochromator for the analysis of trace elements in biological specimens.
A line-focusing x-ray monochromator has been designed and developed to be used with an energy dispersive detection system for the quantitative analysis of trace elements in biological specimens. This instrument uses a cylindrically curved Johansson-type crystal to monochromatize and focus the excitation radiation into a line 0.5 mm wide and 40 mm long. The excitation radiation chosen for these experiments was Mo Kalpha and the total intensity of the line-focused beam was estimated to be 2 X 10(7) cps. Because of the narrow width and high power density of the excitation between beam, small tissue specimens 1 X 1 X 12 mm in size along with a single strand of hair were analyzed for trace elements from Al through Sr. For the transition elements, concentrations of a few parts per million were easily detected with this analyzer.
Hair↗
Trace elements total content and particle sizes distribution in the air particulate matter of a rural-residential area in north Italy investigated by instrumental neutron activation analysis.
The concentrations (ng/m3) of more than 30 trace elements have been determined in the total air particulate of a rural-residential area in north Italy. By collecting the aerosols with multistage impactors the distribution of the trace elements in the different size-fractionated particles has been also investigated. The fine 'inhalable' fraction with particles of less than 10 microns in equivalent aerodynamic diameter (PM10) as well as the subsequent finest 'respirable' fractions with particles of 0-1.1 microns (alveolar), 1.1-4.6 microns (bronchial) and 4.6-9 microns (tracheo-pharynx) have been analyzed and evaluated. Apart from Pb, Cd and, in some cases, Ni and Cu which have been determined by ETAAS (electrothermal atomic absorption spectroscopy), all measurements have been carried out by instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA).
Air Pollutants↗
Relationships between myocardial macrominerals and trace elements and luminal narrowing of coronary arteries in Finnish children.
In addition to the traditional risk factors for cardiovascular diseases it has been hypothesized that a suboptimal intake of macrominerals and trace elements plays a role in the etiology of such diseases. We studied the possible correlation between preatherosclerotic changes in the coronary arteries and the myocardial concentration of K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, Cu and Se in an autopsy series of children who had died mainly from accidental causes (n = 58). The concentrations of myocardial elements were comparable to values published elsewhere except for a slightly higher Cu concentration. The myocardial Se concentration indicated an adequate Se status. Narrowing of the coronary artery lumen was not correlated with myocardial element concentration except in the case of Se, for which a positive correlation was found (r = 0.23, p less than 0.04). Myocardial K was positively correlated with myocardial Mg (r = 0.65, p less than 0.001) and inversely correlated with Ca (r = -0.50, p less than 0.001). The intake of saturated vs. unsaturated fats was associated with myocardial Cu and Ca concentrations. Our results suggest that myocardial macrominerals and trace elements do not play a role in juvenile preatherosclerotic changes of the arteries.
Adolescent↗
[A study of trace elements in deciduous teeth. The differences of Cd, Zn, Pb, and levels in prenatally and postnatally formed deciduous teeth].
It has been reported by some investigators that deciduous teeth could be useful materials for the analysis of the trace elements available to the human body burden. In this study, an attempt was made to define that uptake of trace elements (Cd, Zn, Pb and Cu) take place during formation of the deciduous tooth. Samples were prepared from exfoliated human upper deciduous central incisors divided into two or three sections at incremental lines includes neonatal line. Samples were dissolved with nitric acid and dried at 80 degrees C. Each element was separated chromatographically using acetone-HCl gradient solution with a cation exchange resin and then analyzed by flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The results were as follows: 1. Ca, P, Ca/P ratio levels showed no significant differences between prenatally and postnatally formed teeth. 2. In the enamel, (1) Cd level showed a tendency to be higher in the postnatally formed enamel, but not significant. (2) Zn and Pb levels were found to be significantly higher in the postnatally formed than in the prenatally formed enamel. (3) Cu level was reversed significantly. 3. In the dentin, (1) Cd and Cu levels in the postnatally formed dentin I were significantly less than prenatally formed denin, and these were almost equal to the postnatally formed dentin II. (2) Zn level in the postnatally formed dentin I was almost equal to the prenatally formed dentin, but that was significantly less than the postnatally formed dentin II. (3) Pb level in the postnatally formed dentin I was significantly less than the prenatally formed dentin and the postnatally formed dentin II. Therefore, the results suggest that the accumulation of Cd and Cu to the deciduous tooth mainly occur in the prenatal and the accumulation of Zn and Pb to the deciduous tooth occur not only in the prenatal but also continuously in the postnatal, and the deciduous tooth can be a useful materials for environmental contamination recorder.
Cadmium↗
Effects of trace elements on the telomere lengths of hepatocytes L-02 and hepatoma cells SMMC-7721.
The effects of selenium, zinc, iron, chromium, and lead on telomere lengths of human cells have not been investigated. This article adopted flow cytometry and fluorescence in situ hybridization to investigate the impact of different elements on cellular apoptosis and telomere lengths of human hepatocytes L-02 and hepatoma cells SMMC-7721. Results showed that these trace elements under the following dosages did not have remarkable effect on cellular apoptosis. However, sodium selenite at doses of 0.5 and 2.5 micromol/L significantly extended the telomere length of hepatocytes L-02; 0.5 micromol/L lead acetate remarkably shortened the telomere length of L-02 cells; 80 micromol/L zinc sulfate, 20 micromol/L ferric chloride, and 200 micromol/L chromic chloride only had slight impact on the telomere length, respectively. Regarding hepatoma cells SMMC-7721, sodium seleite at 0.5 and 2.5 micromol/L had little impact on the telomere length; 80 micromol/L zinc sulfate significantly accelerated the loss of telomere length, whereas 20 micromol/L ferric chloride, 200 micromol/L chromic chloride, and 0.5 micromol/L lead acetate remarkably extended the telomere lengths, respectively. The results revealed differential effects of each trace element on the life-span of human hepatocytes and hepatoma cell lines, which suggested further research on somatic hepatocytes and hepatoma in vivo.
Apoptosis↗
Trace element concentrations of the rough limpet, Acmaea scabra, in California.
The trace element (Ag, Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Zn) concentrations of the rough limpet, Acmaea scabra, were determined at twelve locations along the california coastline. The mean silver concentration of the organisms was highest at Pt. La Jolla, but no elemental concentration exhibited measurable geographic differences. Simple linear correlation coefficients and multiple analysis of variance statistics indicated a general independence of the elemental concentrations from each other and from other biological and geographic variables, in the total sample.
Animals↗
[The application of trace element analysis to the study of provenance of copper minerals in ancient bronzes].
The simulated smelting and founding experiment of bronze showed that the copper minerals from different regions could be distinguished clearly by using the multi-statistical analysis based on choosing the chalcophile elements determined by ICP-AES. In the present paper, the data of trace elements in bronzes from Panlongcheng Site and Ezhou, which were determined by NAA, were tried to be processed. The analytical result showed that the bronzes from Panlongcheng and Ezhou could be divided clearly, just like the results of the former simulated smelting and founding experiment of bronze. So, the feasibility of trace element analysis for the study of provenance of copper minerals in ancient bronzes was proved again.
English Abstract↗
A comprehensive study on the contents and leaching of trace elements from fly-ash originating from Polish hard coal by NAA and AAS methods.
In order to assess the environmental risks associated with the emission of fly-ash into the atmosphere and its storage on waste heaps, the trace element contents of fly-ashes from burning Polish hard coal were determined by a newly developed INAA method. Leaching of trace elements from the fly-ash by water and H2SO4 solution (pH approximately 2.5) simulating acid rain, respectively, was studied using AAS and spectrophotometric methods. Analogous experiments were done with neutron-irradiated fly-ash, following the composition of the eluate gamma-spectrometrically. The new fine fly-ash (CTA-FFA-1) candidate reference material was prepared, and the certification was undertaken on the basis of an international intercomparison run. Preliminary evaluation of results shows that at least 38 elements will be certified and, in addition, the "information values" for at least 12 elements will be given.
Coal↗
Trace elements and thyroid cancer.
To evaluate the importance of trace amounts of elements in thyroid cancer etiology and diagnostics, instrumental neutron activation analysis has been used to estimate Ag, Co, Cr, Fe, Hg, I,Rb, Sb, Sc, Se, and Zn concentrations in malignant and benign thyroid nodules as well as in apparently intact paranodular thyroid tissue. Resected material from 135 patients was obtained from operations. Forty-five cancer cases were diagnosed and the rest were of benign nodules. The thyroid glands of 65 people, 53 male and 12 female, who died and unexpected death or committed suicide, were used as a control group. Trace element contents of the International Atomic Energy Agency reference material H-4 (animal muscle) were analysed simultaneously with the thyroid tissue in order to evaluate the accuracy of the obtained data. No dependence of trace element contents on sex and age (14-80 years) was found for normal thyroids. In paranodular tissue, the Ag, Co, Hg, I and Rb contents were much higher for malignant and benign nodules than they were for the standard. There was also a slight deficiency of Se in the nodules compared with the standard. This result supports the hypothesis that the direct toxic heavy metal influence on thyrocytes plays a major role in thyroid cancer etiology, provided that an adequate level of the defence mechanisms is absent. Iodine concentrations are 15 times lower, on average, in malignant compared with benign nodules. It is also shown that the radio between the iodine concentration in nodular and paranodular tissue can be used for in vivo thyroid cancer diagnostics.
Adolescent↗
Trace element imbalances in hair and nails of Alzheimer's disease patients.
The concentrations of 17 elements in the hair and nails of 180 Alzheimer's disease (AD) and control subjects have been determined by instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA). Comparisons of trace element levels of properly matched AD and control groups revealed significant imbalances in the concentrations of six elements (Br, Ca, Co, Hg, K, and Zn) between disease and control groups. It is noteworthy that each of these has previously been shown by our group, or others, to be altered in some AD brain region(s). Geometric means for each element in both hair and nails of AD and control subjects are presented, and significant differences noted. The significance of these alterations with regard to the possible role of trace elements in the etiology of AD is discussed.
Aged↗
Trace elements in Corbicula fluminea from the San Joaquin River, California.
(i) Trace element concentrations in soft tissue of the benthic bivalve, Corbicula fluminea, from the San Joaquin River and its major tributaries were examined during the primary irrigation season in relation to the spatial variation in concentrations of major, minor and trace constituents in riverwater and sediments. (ii) Selenium concentrations in Corbicula from perennial flow reaches of the San Joaquin River and its major tributaries varied directly with the solute (less than or equal to 0.45 microns) Se concentrations of riverwater. Elevated concentrations occurred in clams from sites with substantial discharge originating as subsurface drainage and irrigation return flows. Both tissue and solute Se concentrations declined from June through the end of the primary irrigation season. (iii) Arsenic concentrations in Corbicula from perennial flow reaches of the San Joaquin River varied directly with the HNO3-extractable (pH 2) As:Fe ratio of suspended matter, providing evidence that sorption to oxyhydroxide surfaces is an important control on the biological availability of As. However, Corbicula from several tributaries draining alluvium derived from the Sierra Nevada had lower As concentrations than would be predicted by the relation developed for perennial flow sites of the San Joaquin River. Arsenic concentrations in Corbicula from the Tuolumne and Merced Rivers and upstream reaches of the San Joaquin River were higher than in clams from the downstream perennial flow reaches of the San Joaquin River. Concentrations of As in clams from downstream perennial flow reaches of the San Joaquin River increased from June through the end of the primary irrigation season. (iv) Mercury concentrations in Corbicula were elevated in upstream reaches of the San Joaquin River, in the Merced and Tuolumne Rivers, and in tributaries draining the Coast Ranges. Mean Cd and Cu concentrations in Corbicula were elevated in the Merced and Tuolumne Rivers, Orestimba Creek and a perennial flow reach of the San Joaquin River which receives water directly from the Delta Mendota Canal. Concentrations of Ni in clams from the San Joaquin River decreased downstream of the Delta Mendota Pool. (v) Boron and Mo were not accumulated by Corbicula despite high solute concentrations (means as high as 2960 micrograms Bl-1 and 9 micrograms Mol-1) in riverwater during the primary irrigation season. This bivalve may not be an appropriate bioindicator of B and Mo enrichment. Concentrations of Cr, Pb, Ag, V and Zn in Corbicula exhibited little geographic variability in the drainage. (vi) Regression analysis revealed no clear evidence of synergistic or antagonistic interactions among As, Cd, Cu, Hg, Ni and Se in their uptake by Corbicula.
Animals↗
[Preliminary study on the effects of Nd-Fe-B magnet on trace elements in rhesus monkeys].
Three adult rhesus monkeys were selected. Two of them were fixed with Nd-Fe-B magnets on the palates respectively. Nd-Fe-B magnet was not used in one monkey. Blood was drawn from all monkeys. Ten kinds of trace elements in blood were measured. The result showed that there was no quantitative difference in ten kinds of trace elements between the experimental and control animals.
Animals↗
Trace elements and melanoma.
Melanoma incidence has been steadily increasing in recent years in most western countries, thus suggesting a role of environmental risk factors. Among these determinants, it has been hypothesized that some trace elements of nutritional and toxicological interest may be implicated in the etiology of the disease. We examined patients with newly diagnosed melanoma of the skin and population controls from the Modena province northern Italy. Clinical and dietary data were collected through questionnaires, and toenails were sampled for trace element determination. Levels of cadmium, chromium, lead, selenium, zinc, copper and iron in toenails were measured by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry and by neutron activation analysis. Data obtained from 58 cases and 58 controls indicated higher levels of copper and lower concentrations of iron in melanoma patients, whilst no other differences were seen for the remaining elements. Patterns of correlations of zinc and copper with the estimated intake of some dietary factors were different between cases and controls. Results of the present study suggest that abnormal intake or metabolism of copper and of iron might be implicated in the etiology of melanoma, whilst they do not indicate an involvement of exposure to cadmium, chromium, lead, selenium and zinc in this disease.
Case-Control Studies↗
Determination of trace elements in human whole blood by instrumental neutron activation analysis.
The trace element composition of whole blood has been investigated by instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA). The blood samples of 80 individuals of adult population in Taiwan were analyzed. The samples were lyophilized, irradiated together with synthetic standards, and determined gamma-spectrometrically. The concentrations of 7 elements, Cr, Co, Fe, Rb, Sc, Se and Zn were simultaneously determined. The reliability of the analysis was checked with NBS bovine liver reference standard material. The frequency distributions of all the elements measured are presented and the results are compared with available data.
Activation Analysis↗
Human exposure to trace elements through diet.
During the past several years, we have collected more than 50 total diet samples from different socioeconomic groups in Turkey by the duplicate-portion technique. The samples were homogenized with a titanium-blade homogenizer, freeze-dried, and analyzed for their minor and trace elements by atomic absorption spectrometry and by instrumental neutron activation analysis. As a result we have determined concentrations of more than 25 elements in total diet and calculated daily dietary intakes of these population groups. Sources of trace elements were estimated through correlation coefficient and enrichment factor calculations.
Adult↗
Structural and trace element changes in scalp hair of radiographers.
Scalp hair samples were collected from medical radiographers and nonradiographers of matching age groups. Structural morphology of hair was studied by scanning electron microscopy, and the trace element profiles in hair were measured using neutron activation analysis. The structural damage to the hair follicles of the radiographers was quite obvious, and this may be a good qualitative indicator of radiation damage at low doses. The concentrations of aluminum (Al), potassium (K), and vanadium (V) in hair of the radiographers were significantly higher, whereas those of antimony (Sb) and magnesium (Mg) were significantly lower than those of nonradiographers. Some of our findings were quite consistent with those of others in determining the changes in trace element concentrations in irradiated tissue.
Adult↗