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PubMed2004

Influence of a mineral water rich in calcium, magnesium and bicarbonate on urine composition and the risk of calcium oxalate crystallization.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of a mineral water rich in magnesium (337 mg/l), calcium (232 mg/l) and bicarbonate (3388 mg/l) on urine composition and the risk of calcium oxalate crystallization. DESIGN: A total of 12 healthy male volunteers participated in the study. During the baseline phase, subjects collected two 24-h urine samples while on their usual diet. Throughout the control and test phases, lasting 5 days each, the subjects received a standardized diet calculated according to the recommendations. During the control phase, subjects consumed 1.4 l/day of a neutral fruit tea, which was replaced by an equal volume of a mineral water during the test phase. On the follow-up phase, subjects continued to drink 1.4 l/day of the mineral water on their usual diet and collected 24-h urine samples weekly. RESULTS: During the intake of mineral water, urinary pH, magnesium and citrate excretion increased significantly on both standardized and normal dietary conditions. The mineral water led to a significant increase in urinary calcium excretion only on the standardized diet, and to a significantly higher urinary volume and decreased supersaturation with calcium oxalate only on the usual diet. CONCLUSIONS: The magnesium and bicarbonate content of the mineral water resulted in favorable changes in urinary pH, magnesium and citrate excretion, inhibitors of calcium oxalate stone formation, counterbalancing increased calcium excretion. Since urinary oxalate excretion did not diminish, further studies are necessary to evaluate whether the ingestion of calcium-rich mineral water with, rather than between, meals may complex oxalate in the gut thus limiting intestinal absorption and urinary excretion of calcium and oxalate.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Acculturation and dietary habits of Korean Americans.

This is the first study to investigate how food and nutrient intakes vary with the levels of acculturation of Korean Americans using a dietary assessment tool tested for validity and reliability. The respondents were Korean Americans (n 486) resident in the Greater New York metropolitan area, USA. They were divided into two groups according to the total score of acculturation: low- and high-acculturated groups. Using a food-frequency questionnaire and a modified Suinn-Lew Asian self-identity acculturation scale, differences in the frequencies of food items, food groups and nutrient intakes consumed were analysed by level of acculturation. The low-acculturated group tended to consume significantly more rice, mixed rice, soyabean paste chigae (pot stew), saengsun (fish) chigae, kimchi chigae, other fish broiled or baked, eggs, kimchi, spinach, persimmons, and white or brown sugar in coffee or tea. The high-acculturated group demonstrated a statistically greater tendency to consume bread, cereal, spaghetti, ham, green salad, sweetcorn, chocolate, candies and diet soft drinks. The more acculturated an individual, the more significant was the tendency to consume sweets. The more acculturated group had significantly (P<0.05) higher intakes of % energy from total fat, thiamin, vitamin E and folate, while the low-acculturated group consumed greater amounts of Na, niacin and dietary fibre. The information from the present study can be used to describe dietary habits according to various aspects of acculturation, and allows a better understanding of the dynamics of acculturation and dietary habits.

Acculturation↗
PubMed1985

A study of caffeine consumption and symptoms; indigestion, palpitations, tremor, headache and insomnia.

In a cross-sectional study of 4558 Australians, it was found that the proportion of subjects reporting indigestion, palpitations, tremor, headache and insomnia increased significantly with mean caffeine intake. A multiple logistic regression model was used to show that the association between the prevalence of these symptoms and usual daily caffeine consumption remained significant in both males and females for palpitations, tremor, headache and insomnia after controlling for the potential confounding factors of age, adiposity, smoking, alcohol intake and occupation. Adiposity was strongly correlated with the prevalence of indigestion and the apparent association between caffeine and indigestion disappeared when adiposity was controlled for. According to the logistic model, the relative risk of experiencing symptoms for people consuming 240 mg of caffeine (approximately 4-5 cups of coffee or tea) per day (the population average) compared with caffeine abstainers is 1.6 for palpitations, 1.3 for tremor, 1.3 for headache, and 1.4 for insomnia in males and 1.7, 1.5, 1.2 and 1.4 respectively for females. Further logistic regression analysis indicated that the associations found between caffeine intake and symptoms did not depend on the source of caffeine. In general, coffee consumption has no significant effect over and above that attributable to its caffeine content. If these associations are causal, then approximately one quarter of the reported prevalence of palpitations, tremor, headache and insomnia is attributable to caffeine consumption in this study population.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Variability in caffeine consumption from coffee and tea: possible significance for epidemiological studies.

Five surveys, using a previously developed high-performance liquid chromatography procedure to measure caffeine concentrations, indicated great variations in the concentrations of caffeine in tea and coffee. In the study of beverages prepared at home, data on caffeine concentrations in 58 samples of tea and coffee, volumes of cups, and numbers of cups consumed/day, indicated that the range of caffeine intakes for the women participating was 49-1022 mg/day. There were considerable day-to-day variations in caffeine contents in coffee samples from some commercial coffee shops. When 17 samples of five national brands of instant coffee were made into beverages in the laboratory, variations in caffeine concentrations between lots were small but between brands were significant. A considerable range of caffeine concentrations was also found when 12 samples of coffee prepared at work by different individuals using the same jar of instant coffee were analysed. Analysis of tea samples prepared in the laboratory indicated that steeping time had an important influence on resulting caffeine and theobromine concentrations. People preparing their own beverages were found to drink more liquid than the volume offered commerically. The mean caffeine 'contents' of home-made coffee and of coffee prepared by individuals at work were 79.4 and 81.7 mg/cup respectively, indicating a mean intake of approximately 80 mg caffeine/cup. When this amount (80 mg/cup) was used to estimate daily intakes of caffeine from coffee, on the basis of the number of reported cups/day, and the values obtained were compared with the amounts actually consumed by individuals, the potential for misrepresentation of individual consumption became obvious. For example, for subjects consuming three cups of coffee, only 25% would have been correctly categorized in the expected range for the daily intake of caffeine, 39% would have been overestimated and 36% underestimated for the amount of caffeine consumed. These variations in caffeine concentrations and in the volume of coffee consumed have frequently been ignored in examinations of the possible relationship between coffee consumption and various health problems, and this could perhaps partly explain some conflicting results seen in epidemiological studies.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Do users of dietary supplements differ from nonusers in their food consumption?

The objective of the study was to analyse macronutrient and food intakes of regular users (310 men, 495 women) and nonusers (1136 men, 1269 women) of vitamin and mineral supplements, aged 18-79 years. These, were participants of the German Nutrition Survey, which was part of the German National Health Interview and Examination Survey 1998. Information on dietary behaviour including supplementation habits was assessed using a validated computerised dietary history method (DISHES 98). There were no major differences in macronutrient intakes between regular users and nonusers. After adjustment for age, energy intake, smoking, sport activity, socio-economic status and East/West German residence, regular supplement use was associated with a higher consumption of drinking water. Among men, a higher consumption of vegetable fat, poultry and fruit/vegetable juice, and among women, a higher consumption of fish, milk products, fruits and tea was also associated with regular supplement use. An inverse association was observed between regular supplement use and the consumption of coffee among women. Significant differences in food consumption between regular users and nonusers were observed, indicating a tendency for a healthier food choice among regular users.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Increased Na+ intake during gestation in rats is associated with enhanced vascular reactivity and alterations of K+ and Ca2+ function.

Gestation is associated with decreased blood pressure and resistance to the effects of vasoconstrictor agents. A recent study showed that pregnant rats, on increased sodium intake, present physiological changes that resemble those observed in preeclampsia. We investigated the effects of sodium supplementation on reactivity and on potassium and Ca(2+) channel activity in blood vessels during gestation. Sodium supplements, 0.9% or 1.8% NaCl as drinking water, were given to nonpregnant and pregnant rats for 7 days (last week of gestation). Reactivity to phenylephrine (PE), KCl, arginine vasopressin (AVP), and tetraethylammonium (TEA) was measured in aortic rings under modulation of potassium and calcium channels. TEA, a nonselective K(+) channel inhibitor, induced concentration-dependent responses in aortic rings from nonpregnant but not in those from pregnant rats. The response to TEA was restored in rings from pregnant rats after preincubation with 10 mmol/l KCl. Sodium supplementation did not affect the response to TEA in the aortas of pregnant animals. After sodium supplementation, maximum responses to PE and AVP were decreased and increased in aortic rings from nonpregnant and pregnant rats, respectively. Cromakalim (an ATP-sensitive K(+) channel activator)-induced inhibition of the responses to the three vasoconstrictors was more striking in aorta from nonpregnant than pregnant rats on regular diet, whereas it produced similar inhibition in tissues from both groups of animals on 0.9% and 1.8% NaCl. NS-1619 (a Ca(2+)-sensitive K(+) activator) elicited heightened effects in the aortas of pregnant animals receiving 0.9% NaCl supplementation. Nifedipine (a Ca(2+) channel blocker) caused greater inhibition of the contractile responses in tissues from nonpregnant rats on regular diet, and its action was increased in pregnant rats on sodium-supplemented diets. These data demonstrate that augmented sodium intake during gestation in the rat is linked with the reversal of gestational-associated resistance to vasopressors and indicate that this is an experimental model showing some features of gestational hypertension.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Factors influencing the urinary fluoride level in subjects drinking fluoride-poor waters.

The influence on the urinary F level of the short-term consumption of drinking water of 1 mg/litre fluoride content, of the ingestion of low (1.0 to 2.0 mg) and higher (7.0 and 8.0 mg) fluoride doses and of tea has been studied. Excess fluoride is rapidly excreted with urine, and may disturb the results of urinary fluoride estimation. The urinary F level responds sensitively to the ingestion of fluorine.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Black tea prevents cigarette smoke-induced oxidative damage of proteins in guinea pigs.

Cigarette smoke (CS) causes oxidative damage and tea polyphenols have strong antioxidant properties. Therefore, we studied the effect of a black tea (BT) infusion on CS-induced oxidative damage of proteins both in vitro and in vivo. In the in vitro experiment, bovine serum albumin (BSA) or a guinea pig tissue microsomal suspension was incubated with an aqueous extract of CS (CS-solution) in the presence or absence of the BT infusion. Protein oxidation was measured by immunoblotting of the dinitrophenylhydrazone derivatives of the protein carbonyls followed by densitometric scanning. Protein degradation was assessed by SDS-PAGE. BT prevented (P < 0.05) CS-induced oxidation of BSA and oxidative degradation of guinea pig lung, liver and heart microsomal proteins. This was also observed when the BT infusion was replaced by its components, i.e, flavonols, theaflavins, thearubigins and catechins. BT prevented microsomal protein degradation by inhibiting oxidative modification of the proteins. The antioxidant effect of BT was similar to that of green tea. In the in vivo experiment, partially ascorbate-deficient guinea pigs were subjected to CS exposure from 5 cigarettes/(guinea pig. d) for 7 d and given water or the BT infusion (20 g/L) to drink. Guinea pigs exposed to CS and given water had extensive oxidation accompanied by 39, 40 and 30% losses (P < 0.05) of microsomal proteins of lung, liver and heart, respectively. However, when the CS-exposed guinea pigs consumed the BT infusion instead of water, the oxidation of microsomal proteins was reduced (P < 0.05) approximately 90, 97 and 70% in lung, liver and heart, respectively. Protein loss was reduced (P < 0.05) approximately 92, 98 and 90% in lung, liver and heart, respectively. The results, if extrapolated to humans, would indicate that regular intake of tea may protect smokers from CS-induced oxidative damage and consequent degenerative diseases.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Miang chewing in northern Thai villagers.

The habit of chewing miang, composed of fermented tea leaves was studied among 100 farmers of Northern Thai origin. It was disclosed that the majority of miang chewers were 'multi-habituees' in that this habit was combined with other oral habits such as betel quid chewing, banana cigar and Thai cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption. Among women the most prevalent habit combination was miang chewing and khi yo cigar smoking whereas men showed a more differentiated habit pattern. A total of 37 men and 21 women showed oral lesions that could be related to the practice of one or several habits. Oral precancerous lesions such as leukoplakia were, however, only found among miang chewers who in addition indulged in other oral habits (betel quid chewing, smoking, alcohol usage).

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Urinary tea polyphenols in relation to gastric and esophageal cancers: a prospective study of men in Shanghai, China.

Experimental studies have shown that tea and tea polyphenols have anticarcinogenic properties. There have been no prospective investigations examining the relationship between tea polyphenols and cancer risk using validated biomarkers. In the present study, a nested case-control study design was used to investigate the association between prediagnostic urinary tea polyphenol markers and subsequent risk of gastric and esophageal cancers. One hundred and ninety incident cases of gastric cancer and 42 cases of esophageal cancer occurring in members of the Shanghai Cohort (18 244 men aged 45-64 years at recruitment with up to 12 years of follow-up) were compared with 772 cohort control subjects. The control subjects were individually matched to the index cases by age, month and year of sample collection, and neighborhood of residence (case-control ratio = 1:3 for gastric cancer, 1:5 for esophageal cancer). Urinary tea polyphenols, including epigallocatechin (EGC) and epicatechin (EC), and their respective metabolites 5-(3',4',5'-trihydroxyphenyl)-gamma-valerolactone (M4) and 5-(3',4'-dihydroxyphenyl)-gamma-valerolactone (M6), were measured in all study subjects by means of a validated assay. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated from logistic regression models. After exclusion of cases diagnosed under 4 years follow-up, urinary EGC positivity showed a statistically significant inverse association with gastric cancer (OR = 0.52, 95% CI = 0.28-0.97) after adjustment for Helicobactor pylori seropositivity, smoking, alcohol drinking, and level of serum carotenes. The protective effect was primarily seen among subjects with low (below population median) serum carotenes. The odds ratio for EGC positivity was 0.49 (95% CI = 0.26-0.94) among subjects with low serum carotenes while the corresponding odds ratio among subjects with higher levels of serum carotenes was 1.02 (95% CI = 0.46-2.28). Similar tea polyphenol-cancer risk associations were observed when the gastric cancer and esophageal cancer sites were combined. The present study provides direct evidence that tea polyphenols may act as chemopreventive agents against gastric and esophageal cancer development.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

The use of epidemiology, scientific data, and regulatory authority to determine risk factors in cancers of some organs of the digestive system. 6. Pancreatic cancer.

The etiology of pancreatic cancer remains elusive. It predominates in males and in certain ethnic populations (i.e., Polynesians and blacks). Primarily a disease of aging, it is rare in individuals under 40. Genetics is believed to play a very small part if any. While diabetics have higher than expected incidence and mortality rates, several recent studies have indicated that in most cases the diabetes is an early sign of pancreatic cancer rather than a predisposing condition. Other conditions have been infrequently reported in association with pancreatic cancer. None of them have shown a definitive associative pattern and are believed to represent coincidental occurrences. Migrant studies of Japanese immigrants implicate some type of environmental etiology, since pancreatic cancer rates increase dramatically within one to two generations. Studies on atom bomb survivors have demonstrated no link between a single intense dose of radiation and subsequent development of this disease. Workers exposed to low-level radiation have shown an increase in pancreatic cancer, but this result may reflect methodologic problems. Many chemicals have been shown to cause pancreatic cancer in animals, and chemists exhibit higher pancreatic cancer rates than expected. However, the human cases have not been traced to any specific chemical. Many other occupations besides chemistry have shown increased pancreatic cancer rates, but the common factor in these occupations is not obvious. Studies analyzing the relationship of alcohol consumption to pancreatic cancer yield conflicting results. This may be explained if the observed effects are due to a confounder, such as cigarette smoking; to an ingredient other than alcohol contained in alcoholic beverages, such as nitrosamines; or to the immunosuppressive effects of chronic excessive alcohol consumption. Smoking is the risk factor showing the most definitive and consistent results. There is little doubt that it plays an etiologic role, and it probably accounts for the higher incidence of the disease in males. Most other research does not support MacMahon's reported association between coffee drinking and pancreatic cancer. Recent studies have indicated a generally increased fluid intake in pancreatic cancer patients due to a disease-induced disturbance in glucose tolerance function. Such increased fluid intake would tend to manifest itself in the most popular beverage of the country (i.e., coffee in the United States and tea in the United Kingdom). Animal studies have indicated a link between pancreatic cancer and high fat and/or high protein diets as well as raw soybean consumption.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed2004

Codelivery of a tea extract prevents morbidity and mortality associated with oral vanadate therapy in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.

Oral administration of vanadate has a strong hypoglycemic effect but results in toxic side effects like life-threatening diarrhea. Tea is known to have potent antidiarrhea effects. We investigated the potential of suspending the vanadate in a tea decoction to reduce the diarrheatic action of vanadate. A concentrated extract of Lichee black tea was, therefore, added to sodium orthovanadate. Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats were orally gavaged with vanadate suspended in water or in the tea decoction, or with the tea extract alone. Blood glucose levels were assessed daily over 11 weeks with levels greater than 10 mmol/L warranting therapeutic intervention. Both the vanadate/water and vanadate/tea solutions acutely reduced blood glucose. The tea extract alone had no effect. The majority of vanadate/water-treated rats developed diarrhea and mortality rates approached 40%. Vanadate/tea-treated diabetic rats experienced no diarrhea or mortality and liver and kidney analyses (plasma ALT and creatinine, blood urea nitrogen [BUN], and urine-specific gravity) were normal. Animals treated with vanadate/tea retained blood glucose levels less than 10 mmol/L for an average of 24 consecutive days without subsequent treatments. Cataract formation was completely prevented. The mechanism of action of vanadate may have involved beta-cell stimulation because vanadate/tea-treated diabetic rats exhibited normal plasma insulin levels. In summary, because of its long-lasting effects, oral administration, and lack of side effects, vanadate/tea represents a potentially important alternative therapy for an insulin-deficient diabetic state.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Effects of chronic kombucha ingestion on open-field behaviors, longevity, appetitive behaviors, and organs in c57-bl/6 mice: a pilot study.

Kombucha is a lightly fermented tea beverage popularly consumed as a self-prescribed folk-remedy for numerous ailments. Kombucha is claimed to enhance cognition, aid weight loss, and prolong life. This pilot study reports longevity, general health, and open-field exploratory behavioral outcomes from a 3-y longitudinal study of 64 C57-BL/6 mice (males and females), half of which chronically drank kombucha, and all of which experienced natural mortality. Compared by MANOVA to controls, mice that drank kombucha showed greater vertical exploration (P = 0.001) and a sex-interactive effect in novel object manipulation (P = 0.049). MANOVA of kombucha-drinking mice compared to controls detected differences in appetitive behaviors (food consumption, P < 0.001; beverage consumption, P = 0. 008), and gross body weight (P < 0.001). Appetitive behaviors changed with the addition of voluntary exercise on a running wheel, with differing patterns of change noted for males and females. Both male and female mice who drank kombucha lived longer than controls (P < 0.001), with the greatest variability among the male mice (sex interactive effect, P < 0.001). Comparable effects and mechanisms in humans remain uncertain, as do health safety issues, because serious health problems and fatalities have been reported and attributed to drinking kombucha.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Stability of tea polyphenol (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate and formation of dimers and epimers under common experimental conditions.

(-)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), the most abundant and biologically active compound in tea, has been extensively studied for its activities related to disease prevention in animal models and in vitro. However, its stability under different experimental conditions has not been well-characterized. In the present study, the stability of EGCG in animal drinking fluid and under cell culture conditions and the factors that affect its stability under these conditions were investigated. Our results demonstrated that auto-oxidation and epimerization are the two major reactions causing the instability of EGCG. The structures of the major oxidation products, EGCG dimers, were identified. The rates of these reactions were affected by the temperature, pH, the partial pressure of oxygen, the level of antioxidants, the concentration of EGCG, and other components of tea. In future studies with EGCG, its stability should be considered in order to avoid possible artifacts.

Benzopyrans↗
PubMed1995

Shift related dietary intake in day and shift workers.

To study the impact of work hours on eating habits the dietary intake of 96 male industrial workers on day work and two- and three-shift work was investigated using repeated 24 h recall. The intake of energy, 14 nutrients, and coffee and tea was computed, using a nutrient data base, for 8 h work and shifts (day, morning, afternoon, night) and for the 24-h periods including these work shifts. No changes in intake of energy, nutrients and coffee/tea were observed between 8 h morning and afternoon shifts, but there was a reduction in intake during 8 h night shifts. Night shift work caused a redistribution of food and coffee intake, but not an overall 24 h reduction. On the whole, the energy-intake and the quality of food intake (percentages of energy from macronutrients and density of micronutrients) were not affected by shift work, although the intake of carbohydrates was lower in day- and three-shift workers during days off. The intake of alcohol was higher during days off in all groups. In summary, two- and three-shift work in this study affected the circadian distribution of food intakes and coffee consumption, but not the overall 24-h consumption.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Spousal correlations for lifestyle factors and selected diseases in Chinese couples.

PURPOSE: Spouses usually are genetically unrelated and share a common living environment. Thus, concordance of diseases in spouses reflects mainly environmental etiologic contributors. The purpose of this study is to investigate spousal associations for selected lifestyle characteristics and common medical conditions. METHODS: Baseline information from 66,130 married couples participating in the Shanghai Women's Health Study was used in this analysis. Husband-wife associations were evaluated by means of logistic regression, using women's lifestyle and medical conditions as dependent variables. Adjustments were made for women's age, education, occupation, and family income in all models. RESULTS: Women were more than twice as likely to be current or former smokers; be regular consumers of alcohol, tea, and ginseng; and exercise regularly if their husbands had the same habit. A statistically significant husband-wife disease association was found for tuberculosis, chronic bronchitis, asthma, chronic gastritis, chronic hepatitis, ulcerative colitis, cholelithiasis, high blood pressure, coronary heart disease, and stroke. CONCLUSIONS: Spouses share common lifestyle habits and health risks. This study supports the hypothesis that the shared marital environment may contribute to similarities in lifestyle and morbidity in spouses and provides a basis for health promotion and prevention strategies that target the spouses of patients.

Aged↗
PubMed1981

Coffee consumption, cigarette smoking and reporting of drowsiness in anxious patients treated with benzodiazepines or placebo.

Data obtained from anxious outpatients treated with either chlordiazepoxide or diazepam (n = 533) or placebo (n = 285) were used to explore the impact of coffee/tea and cigarette consumption upon the frequency of reporting of drowsiness after 2 weeks of treatment. Strong evidence was provided that both cigarette smoking and coffee drinking affect the frequency with which drowsiness is reported by patients receiving the two benzodiazepines. However, not only the magnitude but also the direction of the impact of coffee consumption upon drowsiness depends upon the level of cigarette smoking and vice versa. For patients smoking less than or equal to 1 pack of cigarettes/day, drowsiness is reported less frequently by heavy coffee users while for patients smoking greater than 1 pack of cigarettes/day, drowsiness is reported more frequently by heavy coffee users. Similarly, for patients drinking less than or equal to 2 cups of coffee/day, drowsiness occurs less frequently among heavier smokers while for patients drinking greater than 2 cups of coffee/day, drowsiness occurs more frequently among heavier smokers. These results are consistent with reports that particular substances contained in coffee and tea and in cigarette smoke stimulate the synthesis of hepatic enzymes which metabolize both the benzodiazepines here studied and the substances which have stimulated enzyme synthesis.

Anxiety Disorders↗