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PubMed2003

Function, structure, and volume of thyroid gland following allogenic kidney transplantation.

The aim of the study was to assess the structure, volume, and function of the thyroid gland following kidney transplantation compared with those features of long-term transplant recipients as well as patients with normal native kidney function. Study group A consisted of 30 patients undergoing allogenic kidney transplantation, study group B included 30 long-term kidney transplant recipients who displayed stable renal function at 4 to 11 years following transplantation; control group C comprised 38 patients who were diagnosed or treated for reasons other than thyroid or renal insufficiency. Mean FT-3 concentrations in group A decreased from 2.19 pg/mL preoperatively to 1.52 pg/mL on the first posttransplantation day, returning to the preoperative values (2.06 pg/mL) at 30 days postoperatively. After 6 months the concentrations of thyroid hormones were similar to those among the long-term posttransplantation group (group B), although still lower than those in the control group. Mean thyroid volume in dialyzed patients was 17.10 mL; in the long-term group, 17.60 mL; and in the control group, 15.82 mL between groups that were not statistically significant. Abnormal structure of the thyroid gland was observed in 63% of group A (n = 19), 70% of group B (n = 21), and 29% of the control group. Significantly more abnormal thyroid gland structures were observed among dialyzed or transplanted patients. The thyroid volume was similar in all groups. Significant transient decrease in thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and free triidothyronine (FT-3) was not free thyroxine (FT-4) concentrations following kidney transplantation. Occasionally, increase accompanied by a change in FT-4 and TSH concentrations were observed, and antithyroid antibodies were detected only sporadically.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Primary neurilemoma of the thyroid gland: report of a case.

Neurilemoma, like other non-epithelial tumors, seldom occurs in the thyroid gland. A 57-year-old man was first referred to our hospital with an asymptomatic anterior neck tumor. A solid tumor was detected in the right lobe of the thyroid and an enucleation of the thyroid tumor was performed. The tumor was 35 x 33 x 33 mm in size, and diagnosed as Antoni A type neurilemoma. We were only able to find seven previously reported detailed cases of primary neurilemoma of the thyroid gland. A review of these cases, however, revealed that neurilemoma tends to develop in the right lobe of the thyroid gland. An operation is thus considered necessary and an enucleation of the tumor is appropriate.

Humans↗
PubMed1987

[Morphofunctional features of the development of the thyroid gland of Dicrostonyx torquatus during the drop in population stage].

By means of the histostereometrical method, peculiarities of the thyroid gland formation have been studied in the lemming (Dicrostonyx torquatus) fetuses and newborns at the stage of the population quantity drop, as well specificity of the organ's morphofunctional state during the postnatal period. On the 14th prenatal day the thyroid gland already has the follicular structure. Up to the 19th day progressive follicular growth, accumulation of colloid and increase of its density occur. On the 19th-20th days, as well as in newborn animals, there are certain signs, demonstrating as essential activation of the thyroid gland function. In the newborn animals cavities of the completely formed follicles are devastated. During the postnatal period again growth of follicles, accumulation of colloid are observed, signs of hypersecretion of the hypophysis appear.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Overview of surgical pathology of the thyroid gland.

The purpose of this overview is to provide timely information on selected topics on the surgical pathology of the thyroid gland. Selected publications of the author and his colleagues at the University of Michigan and the Maine Medical Center form the basis of this review. Information provided in our reports is updated by perusal of recent, pertinent publications. The following questions summarize the contents of the overview. What is a "lateral aberrant thyroid"? Does it always represent metastatic carcinoma? What are dyshormogenetic goiters? Can "focal thyroiditis" in thyroid glands removed for the treatment of Graves' disease and toxic nodular goiters be predictive of the development of postoperative hypothyroidism? What is the pathology of autonomously functioning (hot) nodules? Do tall-cell, columnar-cell, and diffuse sclerosing types of papillary carcinomas forbode bad prognoses? What is the controversy over Hurthle cell tumors? Does the presence of a better differentiated component in an anaplastic thyroid carcinoma modify its biologic behavior? Are poorly differentiated carcinomas unique histologic variants? Does their histology affect prognosis? What is the most common small-cell tumor of the thyroid gland? Has the Chernobyl nuclear disaster affected the incidence of childhood thyroid carcinoma? Are these radiation-induced tumors more aggressive? The answers, some of which are controversial, are found in this overview. The aims here were to provide information to surgeons and pathologists and to improve the care of patients with thyroid disease.

Humans↗
PubMed1980

Paraganglioma of the thyroid gland.

A case of a paraganglioma located within the thyroid gland is reported, and the light- and electron-microscopic features are described. Review of the literature reveals only one other case of intrathyroidal paraganglioma, which was associated with bilateral carotid body tumors. Regarding the present case, no similar tumors have been noted elsewhere. The findings support the view that the thyroid gland should be included among the unusual sites at which primary paragangliomas may occur.

Female↗
PubMed1982

Immunological characterization of mononuclear cells in thyroid gland and blood in Graves' disease, multinodular goiter and papillary carcinoma.

Mononuclear cell infiltrates in thyroid gland tissue sections from patients with drug-treated Graves' disease (n = 5), non-toxic nodular goiter (n = 12) and papillary carcinoma (n = 5) were characterized by immunological membrane receptors. T lymphocytes were identified using 2-aminoethylisothiouronium bromide hydrobromide (AET)-treated sheep erythrocytes (E) (E-AET). E sensitized with rabbit IgM antibodies (A) and human complement (C) (EAC) were used to detect receptors for C3b (B lymphocytes and monocytes) or C3d (B lymphocytes). E sensitized with rabbit IgG antibodies were used to detect receptors for the Fc portion of IgG (FcR; lymphocytes and monocytes). The results indicate that T and B lymphocytes infiltrate the thyroid gland in Graves' disease as well as in nodular goiter. T lymphocytes seemed to predominate in both disorders. In thyroid papillary carcinoma the number of B and T lymphocytes was negligible. However, EA absorbed strongly to sections from 3 of the 5 tumors studied, indicating the presence of FcR on tumor cells or infiltrating host cells. The percentage of active and total T lymphocytes in peripheral blood from the patients with drug-treated Graves' disease was markedly reduced (9 +/- 5 and 28 +/- 11%, controls 22 +/- 9 and 68 +/- 11%; p less than 0.01 and less than 0.001). In patients with nodular goiter the percentage of total T lymphocytes was slightly, but significantly decreased (p less than 0.05). We suggest that the marked decrease in blood T lymphocytes observed in Graves' disease might be caused by the drug therapy. In nodular goiter the predominance of T lymphocyte infiltration together with a slight decrease in blood T lymphocytes suggest that autoimmune mechanisms are involved in the pathogenesis.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Thyroid gland function in ovariectomized ewes exposed to phytoestrogens.

Phytoestrogens are by definition plant-derived substances that are able to activate the mammalian oestrogen receptors. We examined the possible effects of phytoestrogens on the secretion of thyroid hormones as well as on the immunoreactivity to oestrogen receptor alpha (ER alpha) in the thyroid glands of ovariectomized ewes. Eight ovariectomized ewes were fed 3.5 kg of 100% red clover silage for 14 days. Blood samples were collected before and on day 14 of exposure to phytoestrogens. After 5 months, four of the ewes were re-exposed to red clover silage as described above and the other four served as controls. Blood samples were collected as above. All ewes were slaughtered at the end of the experiment and the thyroid glands were weighed and examined for macroscopical changes. Tissue samples were taken for immunohistochemistry and image analysis. Ewes exposed to red clover silage had significantly higher plasma concentrations of total T(3) and free T(3) than ewes fed hay. The cross-section area of thyroid follicles tended to be larger in ewes fed red clover silage than in the control animals. ER alpha immunoreactivity was stronger in thyroid glands from ewes exposed to phytoestrogens than in ewes fed hay. In conclusion, daily ingestion of 81-95 mg phytoestrogens per kg body weight for 14 days stimulated secretion of thyroid hormones and tended to increase follicle size and ER alpha immunoreactivity of thyroid glands of ovariectomized ewes.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

[Normal thyroid gland volume and factors which affect it under physiologic conditions].

The introduction of accurate methods for assessment of the volume of the thyroid gland in vivo into clinical practice is a new aspect of the problem of the normal size of the thyroid in healthy subjects. So far we have only vague ideas on its value in the Czechoslovak population. Standards from abroad cannot be adopted mechanically and a local investigation is necessary which will evaluate also the possible persistence of regional differences. The influence of body weight on the volume of the thyroid is accepted in general and this explains also sexual differences. There are no unequivocal views on the effect of age and the stage of the menstrual cycle on the volume of the thyroid gland; few reports on the influence of the season; there is no definite proof of the effect of smoking and alcohol consumption. Precise sonographic measurements did not prove a correlation between the volume of the thyroid gland and basic laboratory parameters (plasma thyroxine, triiodothyronine, thyroglobulin level, level of free fractions of thyroxine and triiodothyronine, globulin binding thyroxine and adenopituitary thyrotropic hormone). So far we do not know when and to what extent omission of these factors distorts diagnostic and therapeutic conclusions.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1971

Ultrastructural localization of calcitonin in the parafollicular cells of pig thyroid gland with cytochrome c-labeled antibody fragments.

Parafollicular cells in mammalian thyroid glands are thought to be responsible for the secretion of calcitonin. In this study, calcitonin was localized in pig thyroid gland by an indirect immunocytochemical technique using rabbit antiserum directed against synthetic porcine calcitonin for the first step, and sheep Fab fragments prepared against rabbit Fab and coupled to cytochrome c for the second step. The antigenic determinants of calcitonin were present only in the parafollicular cells, whose secretory granules were heavily labeled. Labeling of the cytoplasmic matrix is thought to indicate a possible leakage of the polypeptide from the granules. A striking observation was the complete absence of labeling in the cisternae of the rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum and of the Golgi apparatus. It is concluded that the secretory granules of parafollicular cells contain calcitonin; the mechanism of synthesis of this peptide is not clearly understood.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Unusual calcification in mixed papillary and follicular carcinoma of the thyroid gland.

An unusual egg-shell calcification was found in the thyroid gland on a routine radiograph. The 99mTc-pertechnetate thyroid image showed a cold nodule in the inferior pole of the left lobe which proved to be mixed papillary-follicular carcinoma. There was no characteristic pattern of calcification in the thyroid gland which would permit precise diagnosis of cancer; however, psammomatous calcification frequently occurs in papillary carcinoma of the thyroid.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1976

Protein metabolism in hypo- and hyperstimulated rat thyroid glands. II. Degradation of newly formed thyroidal proteins.

The rate of degradation of total thyroidal proteins is modified in differently stimulated glands. It is slowed down in hypostimulated thyroids and accelerated in hyperstimulated ones. Comparative evaluation of the rates of degradation (either in absolute terms - DPM/mg of tissue or as specific activity) of different proteins shows that a modified hormonal state affects the degradation of the thyroglobulin much more significantly than the degradation of non-thyroglobulin proteins. In the absence of thyrotropic hormone (TSH) the degradation of thyroglobulin is almost completely inhibited, while with excess of hormone it is dramatically accelerated. Comparing the TSH action on the synthesis with its effect on the degradation of thyroglobulin, it appears that it has a much stronger effect on the process of degradation than on the process of synthesis. This means that TSH significantly modifies the turnover of thyroglobulin. This effect of TSH leads, in chronically hypo- or hyperstimulated glands to the new levels of colloidal thyroglobulin which are highly increased in hypostimulated and significantly decreased in hyperstimulated glands. These results are in perfect agreement with the classical morphological description of hypo- and hyperstimulated glands.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

[Renal cell carcinoma metastases to the thyroid gland -- report of 3 cases and review of the literature].

Clinically significant, solitary metastasis to the thyroid gland is a rare occurrence. The clear cell carcinoma of the kidney (RCC) is the most common primary tumor site. Late recurrence is a notable feature of renal carcinoma. Solitary metastases in the thyroid gland occur as late as 100-120 months from the date of nephrectomy. There is a clear survival benefit in selected cases if surgical approach to the thyroid metastases is chosen. In those patients who have undergone complete resection, 5-year-survival-rates of 50 % have been reported. We describe 3 cases of surgically treated thyroid metastases of RCC, and review the literature.

Aged↗
PubMed1999

CD30 positive (non-anaplastic) peripheral T-cell lymphoma of the thyroid gland.

Primary non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of the thyroid gland are infrequent tumors. They almost exclusively derive from B cells of mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue and only a very small minority of them is represented by T cell lymphomas. CD30 molecule, other than in Hodgkin's and Redd-Sternberg' cells, is strictly associated with anaplastic large cell lymphoma and ALK lymphomas, the latter being identified by the monoclonal antibody ALK1. We report a case of CD30-positive non-anaplastic (ALK1-negative) peripheral T cell lymphoma of the thyroid gland and speculate on aspects concerning diagnosis and the morphologic and immunohistochemical findings.

Adult↗