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PubMed1990

Ionized calcium in human male and female reproductive fluids: relationships to sperm motility.

The levels of ionized calcium in seminal plasma were approximately 20% of the serum levels. In contrast, cervical mucus contained a level of ionized calcium similar to both serum and follicular fluid. Titration of seminal plasma and serum with increasing concentrations of calcium chloride indicated a 10-fold higher calcium-binding capacity for seminal plasma. In a random group of men under semen investigation, concentrations of ionized calcium and citrate in semen were inversely correlated (r = 0.732; P less than 0.001), an observation which was confirmed by studies of split ejaculates. These findings supported the contention that citrate is the major regulator of the levels of ionized calcium in seminal plasma and primarily responsible for maintaining the calcium gradient between the seminal plasma and cervical mucus. No significant relationship could be demonstrated between the levels of ionized calcium in the ejaculates and any of the motility characteristics of the spermatozoa in the same sample. Furthermore, the addition of increasing quantities of calcium chloride (0.16-20.00 mM) to washed spermatozoa had no major effects on their progressive motility. These data suggest that human spermatozoa are effective in maintaining an appropriate level of internal ionized calcium, necessary for normal motility, despite fluctuations in external calcium.

Ascitic Fluid↗
PubMed2004

Mitochondrial DNA polymorphisms and sperm motility in Mytilus edulis (Bivalvia: Mytilidae).

The system of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) inheritance in Mytilus and other bivalves, termed doubly uniparental inheritance (DUI), is novel among animals. Males pass on their male transmitted (M-type) mtDNA from fathers to their sons whereas females pass on their female transmitted (F-type) mtDNA from mothers to both sons and daughters. Thus, Mytilus males contain two distinct types of mtDNA. Interestingly, sperm contains only the paternal mtDNA. Phylogenetic analysis has shown that some female types have been able to switch their route of inheritance. These "recently masculinized" mitochondrial genomes behave as a typical M-type in that they are transmitted from generation to generation through sperm. Because the "recently masculinized" and "standard" male mitotypes in M. edulis exhibit approximately 8.7% amino acid sequence divergence, we hypothesized that these differences could affect mitochondrial, and hence sperm, functions. Furthermore, since recently masculinized mitotypes have been shown to replace standard male types periodically over evolutionary timescales, we tested the hypothesis that sperm swimming speeds would be greater for males with recently masculinized M-type genomes. Sperm activity was videotaped, digitized and tracked. A linear mixed effects model found no significant difference in linear velocities or curvilinear speeds between the mitotypes suggesting that swimming speeds are similar for both in the period shortly after spawning.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Two plasminogen activators, streptokinase and urokinase, stimulate human sperm motility.

The stimulatory effects of two plasminogen activators, namely streptokinase and urokinase, were measured with a trans-membrane migration method. Both drugs induced maximal motility increase at a concentration of 200 international unit/ml; the amplitude of maximal motility increase ranged from 17% to 19% of control. Although their stimulatory effects were much less than those of calcium regulating agents, the clinical application of these two drugs for improving the successful rate of artificial insemination deserves further investigation because the action site is seminal plasma rather than sperm.

Dose-Response Relationship, Drug↗
PubMed1988

A rapid sperm motility bioassay procedure for quality-control testing of water and culture media.

A rapid bioassay procedure is described for quality-control testing water and apparatus used in the preparation of media for gamete and embryo culture. This bioassay is based on the sensitivity of hamster epididymal spermatozoa to contaminants present in water and/or in the culture apparatus. The bioassay is usually performed using a modified Tyrode's solution as the sperm culture medium, although complex media can be used. The sensitivity of this test is greatly enhanced by the absence of protein in the medium. The bioassay has been used to detect impurities in water prepared by a standard cartridge filtration system and to verify that reverse-osmosis pretreatment of water could eliminate the problem. It has also detected toxic contaminants leached from syringe filters during medium sterilization. The bioassay is simple to perform and can be completed in 1 working day. It may be a useful alternative to the conventional mouse embryo tests that are in widespread use in human in vitro fertilization (IVF) laboratories.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Spontaneous lipid peroxidation in rabbit epididymal spermatozoa: its effect on sperm motility.

Rabbit spermatozoa released from the cauda epididymidis into Tris phosphate medium containing KCl or NaCl and 0.4 mM EDTA underwent spontaneous lipid peroxidation during aerobic incubation at 37 degrees C. In the medium containing 130 mM K+ and O mM Na+ (KTP), the rate of lipid peroxidation, as measured by malonaldehyde production, proceeded at a linear rate of 0.045 nmol malonaldehyde/h per 10(8) cells for 22 h. The motility of these spermatozoa declined with time in medium KTP, with 40% initial forward motility decreasing to zero in 4 h and initial 60% flagellar beating ceasing after 12 h. The percent inert spermatozoa showing no flagellar motion in KTP increased linearly with production of malonaldehyde; all flagellar activity stopped at 0.5 nmol malonaldehyde/10(8) cells. In the Tris phosphate medium containing 120 mM Na+ and 10 mM K+ (NTP), the percentage of sperm showing forward motility was close to 100% and this declined to 60% after 16 h aerobic incubation. Flagellar beating was not observed. In medium NTP, the rate of lipid peroxidation was 0.0056 nmol malonaldehyde/h per 10(8) cells, eightfold lower than that observed in KTP. The same linear correlation between malonaldehyde production and percent inert sperm was found as for KTP: 0.5 nmol malonaldehyde/10(8) cells also corresponded to cessation of flagellar motion. The dependence of motility maintenance on K+ concentration in Tris phosphate medium containing (Na+ + K+)=130 mM showed maximal maintenance at 10 mM K+, with a decline at 0 mM K+ and steep decline at K+ concentrations greater than 30 mM. This strong dependence of rabbit sperm peroxidation on ionic composition of the medium is suggested to involve perturbation of the equilibrium between O2 .- and its conjugate acid species being the agent of peroxidation.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Objectively measured boar sperm motility parameters correlate with the outcomes of on-farm inseminations: results of two fertility trials.

Two fertility trials were undertaken to evaluate the relationship between boar semen quality and fertility (conception rate and litter size) after on-farm artificial insemination (AI). Trial 1 included 98 ejaculates from 27 boars, and trial 2 included 72 ejaculates from 26 boars. The semen quality was measured by computer-assisted semen analysis (CASA) using the Hobson Sperm Tracker. Boar semen was diluted in a standard extender (Beltsville Thawing Solution, BTS), dispensed into 75 ml allquots each containing 1.5 x 10(9) spermatozoa and dispatched to farms by overnight mail for use by their normal AI procedures. Randomly selected 75 ml aliquots of semen from each boar were also sent to the institute of Zoology for CASA measurement. Prior to CASA analysis, the spermatozoa were recovered from the BTS using Percoll gradients, resuspended in trisbuffered saline media containing 40 mM Ca++, and incubated at 39 degrees C. Parameters of sperm motion were measured after 0, 2, 4, and 6 hours of incubation. Various multiple regression models based on measured motion parameters could account for up to 24% of the variation in litter size. Using logistic regression, highly significant (P < 0.0001) models explaining conception rate in terms of sperm motion were derived for trial 2 only. The change in sperm velocity during the first 2 hours of incubation and the magnitude of the velocity parameters after 2 hours were identified as the most consistent indicators of fertility. Other attributes of sperm quality, i.e., frequency of spontaneous acrosome reactions (AR) and ARs induced by ionophore A23187 or solubilized pig zona pellucida, were also examined. When the "within-trial" median litter size was used as a way of allocating ejaculates to "high" or "low" litter-size groups, higher litter size was associated with lower frequency of both spontaneous and induced AR. These results demonstrate that fertility information can be derived from the CASA analysis of boar semen provided it is combined with a period of incubation in capacitating conditions.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Initiation of sperm motility after mating in the rat and hamster.

Unlike those of many mammals, rat and hamster spermatozoa do not appear to be fully activated at ejaculation. Most rat spermatozoa transported en masse to the uterus approximately 2 minutes after coitus were vigorously motile on recovery soon thereafter in uterine fluid, whereas a majority, and sometimes all, were immotile in samples collected less than 2 minutes after coitus from the anterior vagina of normal females and up to 15 minutes after coitus from the anterior vagina in females with obstructed cervices. Many of these immotile rat vaginal spermatozoa began instant vigorous movement upon exposure to Tyrode's solution or uterine fluid. Hamster spermatozoa recovered from the vagina about 2 minutes after coitus were also immotile or displayed only slow, languid serpentine movements, but that motility profile remained very similar in spermatozoa taken 0.5 hours to 6 hours after coitus from the uterus, which is essentially fluid-free in the hamster. In the hamster, actively motile spermatozoa were evident only in the isthmus of the (transilluminated) oviduct. As in the rat, immotile vaginal and uterine hamster spermatozoa instantly began vigorous progressive motility in vitro on contact with Tyrode's solution or rat uterine fluid. Immotile spermatozoa from the rat and hamster cauda epididymidis immediately became highly motile in Tyrode's solution, and they developed a somewhat less rapid flagellar beat in 150 mmol/L NaCl or KCl, with or without 2 mmol/L CaCl2. In contrast, dilution with an isotonic sucrose solution containing no ions, or only 2 mmol/L CaCl2, evoked very slow and transient movement of rat and hamster epididymal sperm tails.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Protective effect of various chemicals on the impairment of sperm motility by Staphylococcus aureus.

In female genital tract spermatozoa remain active for several days, however, their activity is of much shorter duration if they remain in the seminal fluid outside the body. Majority of spermatozoa cease to move within first 24 hrs. This may be due to presence of bacteria or excretion of bacterial toxic products; To check whether the addition of certain chemicals can enhance the motility of spermatozoa in presence of bacteria, in vitro studies were conducted. 72h old culture supernatant of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from infertile male causing 100% immobilization of spermatozoa was incubated with semen samples in presence of various chemicals. The results showed that sodium chloride, magnesium sulfate, sodium citrate, folic acid, nicotinic acid, H2O2 and glutathione had protective effect on the impairment of motility. This study implicates that even if bacteria causing 100% immobilization of spermatozoa are present, supplementation of certain chemicals is beneficial.

Antioxidants↗
PubMed1994

Effect of sodium nitroprusside on sperm motility, viability, and lipid peroxidation.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the effect of sodium nitroprusside, a nitric oxide releaser, on sperm motion and lipid peroxidation-induced membrane damage in cryopreserved human sperm. DESIGN: Post-thaw, cryopreserved, human sperm samples were washed and divided into three aliquots. Each aliquot was incubated with either 0, 50, or 100 nM sodium nitroprusside. INTERVENTIONS: Samples were analyzed for lipid peroxidation (measured by malonaldehyde-thiobarbituric acid reactivity) at 3 hours post-thaw. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Percent viability and motion parameters were assessed at 0, 10, and 30 minutes and 2, 3, 5, and 6 hours post-thaw. RESULTS: All results represent a mean +/- SEM, n = 10. Lipid peroxidation in samples incubated with 50 nM sodium nitroprusside (15.1 +/- 2.1 nM malonaldehyde/10(8) sperm) or 100 nM sodium nitroprusside (13.2 +/- 2.1 nM malonaldehyde/10(8) sperm) was significantly lower than in controls (22.7 +/- 3.1 nM malonaldehyde/10(8) sperm). Percent viability was significantly reduced from 0 minutes (60.6% +/- 3.5%) to 6 hours post-thaw in controls (38.0% +/- 5.1%) but not in 50 nM (46.8% +/- 10.4%) or 100 nM (48.8% +/- 6.5%) sodium nitroprusside-treated samples. Compared with controls (18.3% +/- 3.4%), maintenance of percent motility at 3 hours post-thaw was significantly improved in 50 nM (24.5% +/- 2.9%) and in 100 nM (26.3% +/- 3.2%) sodium nitroprusside-treated samples. Straight line velocity maintenance was significantly improved in 50 nM (37.3 +/- 1.3) and in 100 nM (37.0 +/- 1) sodium nitroprusside-treated samples as compared with controls (30.5 +/- 1.7). Significant improvements in curvilinear velocity maintenance compared with controls (56.3 +/- 2.9) also were observed in 50 nM (65.9 +/- 2.1) and 100 nM (72.1 +/- 4.1) sodium nitroprusside-treated samples. Significant differences in the motion parameters of sodium nitroprusside-treated samples were maintained at 5 and 6 hours post-thaw in comparison to controls. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that sodium nitroprusside is beneficial to the maintenance of post-thaw sperm motion and viability for up to 6 hours and that reduction of lipid peroxidative damage to sperm membranes may be the mechanism for these benefits.

Cell Survival↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Fresh versus frozen seminal plasma for enhancing sperm motility in asthenozoospermic males.

Previous data demonstrated improvement in severe asthenozoospermia in men with retrograde ejaculates by adding donor seminal plasma (DSP); interestingly, no such improvement was demonstrated following suspension in Ham's F-10 medium. A study was performed to examine whether DSP would also improve asthenozoospermic ejaculates from men with antegrade semen. In addition, the study further explored whether the ameliorative effect of DSP could be maintained after freeze-thawing. The mean increase in motility following fresh DSP in 37 specimens was 102% and was -1.3% for DSP frozen at -20 degrees C and 16.7% for DSP frozen at -196 degrees C. The only statistical difference (using Student's t test) was seen in the comparison of fresh DSP to DSP frozen at -20 degrees C (p = .001). Nine of twenty-four men exhibited doubled baseline motility rates following addition of fresh DSP, compared to only 1 of 20 and 1 of 5, respectively, following addition of semen treated with DSP frozen at -20 degrees C and -196 degrees C, respectively. The data suggest that poor motility may improve when DSP is added to the specimen. However, proper quarantine may not be possible because efficacy is lost after freezing.

Cryopreservation↗
PubMed2002

Relationship between platelet-activating factor concentration in rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) spermatozoa and sperm motility.

Platelet-activating factor (PAF) is a potent signaling phospholipid that has been implicated in a number of biological activities. PAF concentration in primate spermatozoa has a positive correlation with fertility. While PAF is present in rhesus spermatozoa, there are no relational reports on its concentration and the cell's motility. The study objective was to determine if PAF concentration in rhesus spermatozoa was correlated with motility indices (percent motility and forward progression). Semen was collected from sexually mature males and cell counts, and percent motilities and forward progressions were recorded prior to PAF measurement by radioimmunoassay. Spermatozoa-derived PAF concentration ranged from a low of 0.9 picomoles/10(6) cells to a high of 13.0 picomoles/10(6) cells. The overall mean (+/-SEM) PAF concentration was 4.6 (+/-1.6) picomoles/10(6) spermatozoa. Regression analysis revealed a positive and significant relationship between PAF concentration in the spermatozoa and percent motility (R2 = 0.914; P < 0.01) as well as forward progression (R2 = 0.849; P < 0.05). A receiver-operator characteristic curve and the calculation of the probability that a positive forward progression will be predicted indicated a cutoff limit of 1.5 picomoles/10(6) cells for PAF concentration in rhesus sperm. Rhesus monkey spermatozoa motility was significantly greater (P < 0.01) in the high-PAF (> or =2 picomoles/10(6) cells) group (31.0 +/- 7.6) than in the low-PAF (<2 picomoles/10(6) cells) group (6.8 +/- 2.1). Rhesus monkey spermatozoa forward progression was significantly greater (P < 0.05) in the high-PAF (> or =2 picomoles/10(6) cells) group (3.0 +/- 1.0) than in the low-PAF (<2 picomoles/10(6) cells) group (0.7 +/- 0.3). The data demonstrate that PAF concentration in rhesus spermatozoa has a significant relationship with percent motility and the cell's forward progression. Determining PAF concentration in spermatozoa may be a significant predictor of fertility in the primate. Additional studies will elucidate the role of PAF in spermatozoa function and the significance PAF plays in primate fertility.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Initiation of sperm motility in the mammalian epididymis.

Spermatozoa acquire the capacity for motility as they traverse the mammalian epididymis. The biochemical basis for this induction of motility is still largely unknown. Current theories are discussed and recent studies from the authors' laboratory are described which indicate that two separate processes are involved and that these act synergistically. These processes are an increase in the intrasperm content of cyclic AMP during epididymal transit combined with the binding of a specific forward-motility protein. A second increase in cyclic AMP and stimulation by calcium ion is likely involved in the expression of the acquired potential for motility at the time of ejaculation.

Adenosine Triphosphatases↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Human sperm motility--enhancement and inhibition measured by laser Doppler spectroscopy.

Laser Doppler spectroscopy is an excellent instrument to measure motility parameters of human spermatozoa. Experiments have been performed by the aid of a now commercially available instrumental setup called LAZYMOT to study enhancement and inhibition as well as influences of different physical treatments on the motility of human spermatozoa. The motility enhancing influence of Kallikrein (up to 40% with 4 KU/ml) and prostaglandin E2 could be proven, thereby verifying some sort of mechanism of action within the Kallikrein-Kinin system. Furthermore tested substances in this context were bradykinin (no effect), caffeine (enhancement), salicylic acid (slight decrease), and other prostaglandins (no effect). The influence of washing, centrifugation, resuspension liquid, and temperature has been examined. It turned out that the lowest motility degradation is to be achieved by washing twice at a pH value of 7.4 at forces of 200 g for 10 min each time. The optimal temperature during this process and the measurements thereafter was found to be 36 degrees C. Unsaturated fatty acids like arachidonic acid have been found to be very strong motility inhibiting substances, which can totally block any movement of spermatozoa.

Bucladesine↗
PubMed1984

Stimulation of sperm motility and oxygen consumption of fowl spermatozoa by a low molecular weight fraction of seminal plasma.

Washed fowl spermatozoa were incubated in a phosphate buffer containing various concentrations of fowl seminal plasma at 41 degrees C, normal body temperature, and the motility and oxygen consumption of spermatozoa were determined. Immediately after the incubation, spermatozoa showed good motility in the various diluents. However, with concentrations of seminal plasma at or below 20%, spermatozoa quickly became immotile. In contrast, at concentrations higher than 40% seminal plasma, spermatozoa were motile even after 15 min. As the concentration of seminal plasma was increased, oxygen consumption of spermatozoa also increased. A filtrate of the seminal plasma, obtained by passing the fluid through an Amicon YM-2 ultra-filtration membrane (Mr less than 1000), also stimulated the motility and oxygen consumption of spermatozoa. These results suggest that some low molecular weight factor(s) in fowl seminal plasma stimulated motility and oxygen consumption of fowl spermatozoa at 41 degrees C. A physiological role of this factor(s) may be to assist passage of spermatozoa through the vagina after natural mating.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Powerful anti-sperm motility action of cobaltous ion and its recovery by a sulfhydryl compound.

Cobaltous ion, at extremely low concentrations, exercises powerful sperm-immobilizing properties, which could be recovered by a sulfhydryl compound, cysteine. The loss of sperm surface thiol groups and the augmented production of superoxide anion radicals are observed, which could explain the loss of motility of human spermatozoa in vitro as a consequence of cobalt treatment.

Cobalt↗
PubMed2003

Effect of platelet-activating factor (PAF) on stallion sperm motility, capacitation and the acrosome reaction.

Phospholipids are an essential component of all mammalian cells; platelet activating factor (PAF=1-O-alkyl-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine) is a signalling phospholipid that has many biological properties in addition to platelet activation. PAF receptors have been detected on stallion spermatozoa; therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of synthetic PAF on the motility, capacitation and the acrosome reaction of stallion spermatozoa. Treatment of ten stallion semen samples with 10(-4)-10(-13) mol PAF l(-1) resulted in significant differences in motility and capacitation (r(2)=0.81 and 0.83, respectively). Statistical analysis indicated that PAF also has an effect on acrosome reaction (r(2)=0.20). PAF concentrations, incubation time and their interaction had a highly significant (P<0.01) effect on motility. After capacitation in vitro with PAF, and induction of the acrosome reaction by progesterone, transmission electron microscopy was conducted on the spermatozoa of three stallions to detect the true acrosome reaction. Differences in PAF concentrations were highly significant (r(2) for intact: 97.2; reacted: 89.8; and vesiculated: 98.1). The results indicate that a lower concentration of PAF enhances motility and induces capacitation of stallion spermatozoa, whereas a higher concentration of PAF induces the acrosome reaction.

Acrosome Reaction↗
PubMed1977

The effect of temperature on sperm motility and viability.

Semen specimens from fertile prevasectomy patients maintained at 4 degrees, 20 degrees, and 37 degrees C were evaluated at 3, 6, 12, and 18 hours after collection. Sperm viability, assessed by eosin-nigrosin stain, and motility decreased with time at 20 degrees and 37 degrees C, but at a significantly higher rate at 37 degrees C (where the motility was halved by 12 hours). The slope of the decrease in viability closely paralleled that of the motility except at 4 degrees C, where motility was nearly absent at 6 hours but viability was retained through 18 hours. Bacterial counts rose markedly and the pH fell at 37 degrees C, which may explain the decrease in motility and viability. It is clear from this study that semen should be kept at room temperature (20 degrees C) and not at 37 degrees C if there is to be any delay in its analysis, or a falsely lowered motility will result.

Antibodies↗