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PubMed1990

Differences in asymmetric perception of facial expression in free-vision chimeric stimuli and reaction time.

Two forms of a Chimeric Faces Free-Vision Task used to estimate cerebral asymmetry for perceiving facial expression were given to young male subjects, n = 60 in a first session and n = 40 in a retest session. Test-retest and split-half reliabilities were high. As expected from assumptions of right-hemisphere specialization for processing expression, faces with left-sided smiles were more frequently judged as looking happier than those with right-sided smiles in both forms. However, there were individual differences in direction and extent of bias, which were systematically related to reaction time, right visual field-biased subjects being slower. Differences in lateral bias as well as in reaction time are assumed to reflect individual patterns of hemispheric activation, whereas the average left bias in the present male group may reflect right-hemisphere specialization for processing of facial expression.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Effects of processing speed on cerebral asymmetry for left- and right-oriented faces.

A free-vision chimeric facial emotion judgment task and a tachistoscopic face-recognition reaction time task were administered to 20 male right-handed subjects. The tachistoscopic task involved judgments of whether a poser in the centrally presented full-face photograph was the same or different poser than in a profile photograph presented in the left or right visual field (LVF, RVF). The free-vision task was that used by J. Levy, W. Heller, M. Banich, and L. Burton (1983, Brain and Cognition, 2, 404-419) and involved judging which of two chimeric faces appeared happier, in which the two chimeras were mirror images of each other and each chimera consisted of a smiling half-face joined at the midline to a neutral half-face of the same poser. For the tachistoscopic task, subjects were divided into groups of Fast and Slow responders by a median split of the mean reaction times. For the Fast subjects, judgments were faster in the LVF than in the RVF, and there was a significant interaction between visual field and profile direction, such that responses were faster for medially oriented profiles; i.e., LVF responses were faster for right-facing than for left-facing profiles, with the reverse relationship in the RVF. The Slow responders did not show these effects. Only the Fast group showed the bias for choosing the chimera with the smile on the left as happier, and mean response speed and the LVF advantage on the tachistoscopic test correlated with the leftward bias on the free-vision task for all subjects combined. It was suggested that overall response speed on the face-matching task reflected the extent to which specialized and more efficient right hemisphere functions were activated.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Relations between tickling and humorous laughter: preliminary support for the Darwin-Hecker hypothesis.

Following hypotheses by Darwin and Hecker on the connection between tickling and humorous laughter, questionnaire data were collected from 100 college students regarding their reported ticklishness and tendencies to laugh and show responses ancillary to laughter. Ticklishness was related to propensities to: (a) giggle, (b) laugh, (c) smile, (d) piloerect, (e) blush, and (f) cry. These findings lend preliminary support for the Darwin-Hecker conjecture that reflexes underlying ticklishness mediate humor. We speculate on possible relations among tickling and humor, and reasons why people laugh and smile when they find things funny.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Maternal-infant interactions at one-year adjusted age in infants at low- and high-risk as newborns.

To compare maternal-infant interactions in high- and low-risk groups, we observed infants who had required neonatal intensive care and otherwise similar infants with normal perinatal histories in a follow-up clinic at one year adjusted age. The developmental level as assessed by the Bayley Scales of Infant Development was significantly lower for the high-risk infants than for the control infants at one year of age. Principal component analyses were used to define interaction patterns in each of five situations. Principal component analyses allow a more meaningful analysis of interrelated maternal and infant behaviors than do standard statistical analyses and minimize the likelihood of misleading 'significant' findings resulting from multiple comparisons. Prior to being examined, mothers of control infants were more likely to adopt an 'en face' position, play with, comfort, talk to, and smile at their infants than were mothers of high-risk infants. Control infants were more likely to smile in return. These differences between control and high-risk mother-infant dyads disappeared when the infants' developmental level was statistically controlled. Group differences in maternal-infant interactions independent of the infants' developmental level were observed in only one situation (collection of blood). Specific medical risk factors had little relation to findings at one year. Maternal-infant interaction should be interpreted in relation to the postconceptional and developmental age as well as the postnatal age of the infant.

Child Behavior↗
PubMed2004

Lasers in aesthetic dentistry.

This article focuses on lasers and aesthetic dentistry and their unique parallel in history from their early development to their present day usage and application. The demand for aesthetic dentistry has had a major impact not only on treatment planning but also on the choice of materials, techniques, and equipment. It is this demand that has married the use of lasers with aesthetic dentistry. A short literature review on the five basic laser types precedes the basic premise of smile design and its critical importance in attaining the desirable aesthetic end result. A short review on biologic width and biologic zone reinforces their importance when manipulating gingival tissue. Four case reports highlight the use of diode, erbium, and carbon dioxide lasers. The end results show the power of proper treatment planning and the use of a smile design guide when using these instruments and confirm a conservative, aesthetic treatment without compromising the health and function of the patients.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Are perceptual judgments dissociated from motor processes?--A prism adaptation study.

When asked to choose which of two chimeric faces composed of 'smiling' and 'neutral' half-faces is happier, healthy adults select the face in which the left half is smiling. Here, we show that this perceptual leftward bias is associated with a bias in eye movements to the same side. However, when we shifted the pattern of eye movements towards the right side by using prismatic lenses, we did not observe a concurrent shift in the perceptual judgments. Therefore, we argue that overt motor responses are not necessary for perceptual judgments. Furthermore, we argue that while prism adaptation influences performance on motor tasks, it cannot influence higher-order representational processes.

Cognition↗
PubMed2006

Four-dimensional sonographic assessment of fetal facial expression early in the third trimester.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the characteristic patterns of facial expression in fetuses aged from 28 to 34 weeks using 4-dimensional (4-D) ultrasonography. METHODS: The faces of 10 healthy fetuses aged from 28 to 34 weeks were recorded continuously for 15 min with a 4-D ultrasonographic machine performing up to 25 frames per second. The occurrence rates of blinking, mouthing, yawning, tongue expulsion, smiling, scowling, and sucking were evaluated. RESULTS: Mouthing was the most frequent facial expression (median, 6.5; range, 2-19) whereas the least frequent were scowling (median, 1; range, 0-9) and sucking (median, 1; range, 0-2). Mouthing was evident in all fetuses and significantly more frequent than any other movement (P<.05). Yawning (median, 3; range, 0-6), smiling (median, 2; range, 0-9), and blinking (median, 1.5; range, 0-6) were observed in most cases. Tongue expulsion (median, 1.5; range, 0-5), scowling, and sucking were each observed in 6 cases. CONCLUSION: 4-D sonography provides a means of evaluating fetal facial expression early in the third trimester. It may be a key to predicting fetal brain function and well-being and an important modality in future fetal neurophysiologic research.

Blinking↗
PubMed2004

Just how happy is the happy puppet? An emotion signaling and kinship theory perspective on the behavioral phenotype of children with Angelman syndrome.

The favored level of parental investment in a child may differ for genes of maternal and paternal origin in the child. This conflict can be expressed in the phenomenon of genomic imprinting that refers to situations in which the same gene is differentially expressed depending on its parent of origin. Two disorders that show the effects of genomic imprinting--both at 15q11-q13--are Angelman Syndrome (AS) which is due to the absence of expression of maternally-inherited genes and Prader-Willi syndromes (PWS) which is due to the absence of expression of paternally-inherited genes. However, although both disorders can arise from the deletion of the same genetic region, the gustatory, behavioral, and affective characteristics of AS and PWS children are remarkably distinct. Recent research inspired by kinship theory has suggested the origins of these phenotypic differences may lie in the differential investment of each parent's genome in the AS or PWS child. Specifically, it is thought that each set of parental genes have different 'ideas' regarding how the child should behave towards the mother and how much investment they should look to extract. In normal cases, the trade-off between the competing parental genomes produces a behavioral equilibrium in the child. However, in pathological instances, particularly where gene expression is one-sided, the evolved behavioral strategies favored by the contributing genome will dominate the child's behavior. To date, research in the area of genomic conflict in AS and PWS children has primarily focusing on differences in post-natal nutrition-related behaviors. The current paper extends this framework by offering an emotion and evolutionary signaling interpretation of the affective characteristics of AS children. A review of the affective characteristics of the two syndromes (PWS and AS) is presented before kinship and emotions theory are used to examine the functions that differential affect expression may serve in altering maternal investment. We expected that because the ultimate goal of paternal genes is to increase the child rearing burden of mothers, the Angelman behavioral phenotype should exhibit the emotion signaling characteristics that elicit levels of investment more consistent with paternal genetic interests. AS children display more positive, relative to negative, affect expressions (i.e. AS children laugh and smile more frequently than PWS children). In affect signaling theories, positive affect signals (i.e., smiling, laughing) have evolved to manipulate the sensory systems of receivers to increase social resources. In contrast, because the expression of some negative affects may indicate to the mother that the infant is not viable, negative affect expression is characteristically low among AS children. However, AS children may nonetheless have high levels of non-expressed anxiety because of its role in assisting the child (and its paternal genome) to maintain vigilance for changes in investment on the part of the mother. Overall, our kinship and emotion signaling analysis of AS children suggests that their global pattern of affect signaling represents one manifestation of an array of possible evolved strategies within the parental genome. Specifically, because AS exhibits the effects of paternally-inherited genes unhindered by the expression of maternally-inherited genes, the AS infant manifests a pattern of expression and non-expression that maximize maternal investment and thus paternal fitness. This theory is a significant departure from the standard but erroneous conjecture that a mother and child's inclusive fitness interests are one and the same.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Effects of snoezelen, integrated in 24 h dementia care, on nurse-patient communication during morning care.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effectiveness of snoezelen, integrated in 24-hour care, on the communication of Certified Nursing Assistants (CNAs) and demented nursing home residents during morning care. METHODS: A quasi-experimental pre- and post-test design was conducted, comparing sic psychogeriatric wards, that implemented snoezelen, to six control wards, that continued in giving usual care. Measurements were performed at baseline and 18 months after a training 'snoezelen for caregivers'. Independent assessors analysed 250 video-recordings directly from the computer, using an adapted version of the Roter Interaction Analysis System (RIAS) and non-verbal measurements. RESULTS: Trained CNAs showed a significant increase of resident-directed gaze, affective touch and smiling. The total number of verbal utterances also increased (more social conversation, agreement, talking about sensory stimuli, information and autonomy). Regarding residents, a significant treatment effect was found for smiling, CNA-directed gaze, negative verbal behaviours (less disapproval and anger) and verbal expressed autonomy. CONCLUSION: The implementation of snoezelen improved the actual communication during morning care. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: Teaching CNAs to provide snoezelen has added value for the quality of care. Morning care by trained CNAs appeared to take more time. This suggests that (some) time investment might be required to achieve positive effects on CNA- resident communication.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Mission Liberia--1989. A memorable experience.

As I write this article, Liberia is being torn apart by a bloody civil war. Information about individuals is nonexistent. One of our biggest supporters was a church that was bombed, and the civilians taking refuge within the church courtyard were all killed by rival soldiers. The main headquarters of Operation Smile in Liberia also was destroyed. Reports indicate that the insurrectionists seem to be concentrating on the educated population. The time I spent with Operation Smile in Liberia was one of my most rewarding and memorable experiences (Fig 5). Perhaps this experience can never be repeated, but it will never be forgotten.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Temperature dependence of DCDD/F isomer distributions from chlorophenol precursors.

The temperature dependence of the gas-phase, rate-limited formation of dichlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (DCDD) and dichlorodibenzofuran (DCDF) isomers from 2,6-dichlorophenol and 3-chlorophenol, respectively, has been studied experimentally in an isothermal flow reactor over the range 300-900 degrees C under pyrolytic, oxidative and catalytic conditions and computationally using semi-empirical molecular orbital methods. At high temperatures, distributions of sets of DCDD/F condensation products are consistent with the calculated thermodynamic distributions, indicating that the relative rates of formation are governed by differences in symmetry and steric hindrance present in the isomer product structures. At low temperatures, however, this is not the case. In the case of 1,6- and 1,9-DCDD formed from 2, 6-dichlorophenol via Smiles rearrangement, the 1,6 isomer is favored at low temperatures more than thermodynamically predicted. This result appears to be consistent with kinetic effects of either the expansion of the five-membered ring Smiles intermediate or a lower activation energy six-membered ring intermediate pathway that produces only the 1,6 isomer. For formation of 1,7-, 3,7- and 1,9-DCDF from 3-chlorophenol, the 1,7 isomer fraction increases at low temperatures whereas thermodynamics predicts a decrease. This result can be attributed to steric effects in alternative "sandwich-type" approach geometries of phenoxy radicals to form the o,o'-dihydroxybiphenyl (DOHB) intermediate via its keto-tautomers. Higher level molecular theory (ab initio) is needed to provide a more quantitative description of these kinetics.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2000

Reduced facial expression and social context in major depression: discrepancies between facial muscle activity and self-reported emotion.

The expression of emotion is determined by emotion and the presence and absence of others, i.e. social context. The present study examined social context differences in facial muscle activity and self-reported emotion of 11 major depressed and 11 non-depressed patients. Subjects were asked to imagine happy and sad situations with and without visualizing other people. Facial muscle activity over the brow and cheek region was reduced in depressed compared to non-depressed patients during happy and sad imagery whereas self-reported emotion showed no group differences. In both subject groups, happy imagery induced increased smiling and self-reported happiness whereas sad imagery induced increased frowning and self-reported sadness. Smiling and self-reported happiness were increased during happy-social compared to happy-solitary imagery in both groups. In contrast, frowning showed a lack of social context differences, although self-reported sadness was increased during sad-social vs. sad-solitary imagery in both groups. Reduced facial muscle activity in depression may indicate psychomotor retardation whereas the lack of social context differences in frowning may suggest social disengagement and an inhibition of sad facial expression in the presence of others.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Refinement in the rehabilitation of the paralyzed face using botulinum toxin.

A number of surgical procedures exist to improve facial symmetry for patients with facial paralysis. Whereas static symmetry is often improved, dynamic asymmetry frequently persists because of the imbalance of complex coordinated movements of facial expression. The paralyzed face is often distorted by the excessive pull of the normal contralateral face during emotional expression. This study reports an expanded clinical indication for botulinum toxin in patients with unilateral facial paralysis. Ten patients with facial paralysis and markedly asymmetric smiles were treated with botulinum toxin A injections into the contralateral zygomaticus major, levators labii superioris and angulii oris, or risorius muscles. Eight of the 10 patients noted improvement in the symmetry of their smiles and underwent repeat injections. The onset and duration of effect averaged 5.9 days and 3 months, respectively. Botulinum toxin therapy provides a safe and efficacious modality for refining the appearance of the paralyzed face during mimetic activity.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Facial and other non-verbal communicative behaviour in chronic schizophrenia.

Facial behaviour may be an important determinant in clinical ratings of psychopathology. A standardized objective technique was used to quantify measures of facial behaviour in 21 chronic schizophrenic subjects, in comparison with control groups of depressed, demented and Parkinsonian subjects. Facial behaviours were counted and timed from video recordings of each subjects' face during a clinical interview. Separate measurement of behaviours were obtained while subjects were speaking and silent. For most variables, the amount of facial behaviour was significantly less in schizophrenic subjects than in control groups. The groups differed significantly on a number of measures, but schizophrenics could not be reliably identified by a single facial behaviour variable. However, using a discriminant function analysis with measures for eye contact while speaking and silent, broad smiles and small smiles, discrimination between groups was good, with over 80% correctly classified as either schizophrenic, or not schizophrenic. These techniques may increase our understanding of psychopathological signs and the mechanisms that underly them.

Chronic Disease↗
PubMed1993

Size for gestational age and neonatal sleep variables: behavioral indices of risk in fullterm twins.

Neonatal sleep behaviors and behavioral state cycling were observed for 20 pairs of same-sex, fullterm twins in which one twin of the pair was appropriate-for-gestational-age (AGA) and the other twin was small-for-gestational-age (SGA). Time-sampling recordings were made in active sleep of number and vigor of limb movements, body and head movements, and mouth movements. No group differences were observed for time spent in first active sleep, first quiet sleep, or length of first sleep cycle. Examination of specific behaviors indicated a significantly higher incidence of vigorous limb movements and right hand-to-mouth movements, with a trend for more small limb movements and left hand-to-face movements, for AGA twins when compared with SGA twins. SGA twins had significantly more spontaneous smiles and a trend for spontaneous startles than AGA twins. A stepwise discriminant analysis indicated that a composite of the variables smile, large limb movement, startle, and left hand-to-face significantly discriminated between the two groups, with 90% correct classification of the AGA twins and 75% correct classification of the SGA twins. The results demonstrated the utility of evaluating specific sleep behaviors, rather than state cycling only, to describe differences in neonatal sleep characteristics between AGA and SGA twins.

Behavior↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Internet software for the calculation of the lipophilicity and aqueous solubility of chemical compounds.

In this paper we describe an Internet Java-based technology that allows scientists to make their analytical software available worldwide. The implementation of this technology is exemplified by programs for the calculation of the lipophilicity and water solubility of chemical compounds available at http://www.lnh.unil.ch/~itetko/logp. Both these molecular properties are key parameters in quantitative structure-activity relationship studies and are used to provide invaluable information for the overall understanding of the uptake distribution, biotransformation, and elimination of a wide variety of chemicals. The compounds can be analyzed in batch or single-compound mode. The single-compound analysis offers the possibility to compare our results with several popular lipophilicity calculation methods, including CLOGP, KOWWIN, and XLOGP. The chemical compounds are analyzed according to SMILES line notation that can be prepared with the JME molecular editor of Peter Ertl. Conversion to SMILES from 56 formats is also available using the molecular structure information interchange hub developed by Pat Walters and Matt Stahl.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2005

A new practical one-pot conversion of phenols to anilines.

A novel one-pot synthesis of anilines from phenols was developed. Using this methodology, anilines are produced in good yield (86%) by a reaction of phenols with 2-bromo-2-methylpropionamide and NaOH in DMA via Smiles rearrangement. Phenols, which are substituted electron-withdrawing groups, are more reactive for Smiles rearrangement. Thiophenols are also converted to anilines. The process is a convenient, safe, and inexpensive method for large-scale preparation of anilines. [reaction: see text]

Journal Article↗
PubMed2006

O-arylative Passerini reactions.

The three-component addition of isocyanides to phenol derivatives and aldehydes proceeds easily in methanol to form O-arylated compounds in a new Passerini-type reaction. The key step of the conversion lies in an irreversible Smiles rearrangement of intermediate phenoxyimidate adducts. It represents the first use of a Smiles rearrangement in a Passerini reaction. [reaction: see text]

Journal Article↗