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PubMed1994

The role of two-segment bronchoalveolar lavage in the diagnosis of pulmonary infections.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To determine if performing bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) from more than one lung segment augments the diagnostic yield in patients with pulmonary infection. PATIENTS AND STUDY DESIGN: Seventy-six patients who underwent bisegmental BAL for the diagnosis or exclusion of pulmonary infection were studied prospectively. MAIN RESULTS: In patients with AIDS, the concentration of Pneumocystis carinii was higher in the upper lobes than in the middle lobes, regardless of whether the patients had been receiving pentamidine prophylaxis. In patients without HIV infection, the number of P carinii clusters was much lower. In 2 of 5 HIV-negative patients, P carinii organisms were detectable but in one of two lavage specimens, whereas in only 1 of 19 AIDS patients, P carinii organisms were not found in both lavaged segments. In bacterial pneumonia, BAL fluid from a segment of the radiologically most involved area had a much higher cell concentration, percentage of neutrophils, and concentration of bacteria than from the segment that was not or less severely involved on chest radiograph. In two of nine patients with AIDS and cytomegalovirus (CMV) pneumonia, cytopathogenic CMV effects were not found in both lavaged segments. In one of eight patients, mycobacteria could be cultured only from one of two radiologically involved segments. CONCLUSION: An increase in the diagnostic sensitivity by performing BAL in two lung segments is limited to cases where P carinii pneumonia is a relevant consideration in immunocompromised patients without HIV infection. In bacterial pneumonia, BAL can be performed in a single radiographically involved lung segment without a loss in diagnostic sensitivity. Since our study population of patients with CMV pneumonitis, mycobacterial infections, and fungal infections was small, no reliable conclusions are possible and BAL of more than one lung segment seems justified until more information is available.

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections↗
PubMed2001

Diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction in angiographically documented occluded infarct vessel : limitations of ST-segment elevation in standard and extended ECG leads.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: The majority of thrombolysis studies require defined ST-segment elevations as an inclusion criterion for the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). However, depending on the occluded infarct vessel and the criteria applied, the ECG diagnosis of AMI can be difficult to establish. Accordingly, this study was performed to evaluate the sensitivity of ST-segment elevation of standard and extended ECG leads in a cohort of patients with angiographically confirmed diagnosis of AMI. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In 418 patients (mean +/- SD age, 60 +/- 13 years) with AMI (pain onset, 4.8 +/- 3.0 h), coronary angiography with percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty/stenting of the culprit lesion was performed. The diagnosis of AMI was confirmed by emergency coronary angiography and laboratory analyses. ST-segment elevation (in two contiguous leads) of 1 mm in standard lead I through aVF and ST-segment elevations of 2 mm (or 1 mm, corresponding values presented in parentheses) in V(1) through V(6) were considered significant. In a subset of 102 AMI patients, additional right precordial leads V(3)R through V(6)R for evaluation of right ventricular infarction and additional chest leads V(7) through V(9) for evaluation of posterior infarction were recorded. ST-segment elevations of 1 mm in the right precordial leads and 1 mm or 0.5 mm in the posterior leads were considered significant. RESULTS: Standard leads I through V(6) showed ST-segment elevation in 85% (96%) of patients with left anterior descending artery occlusion, in 46% (61%) of patients with left circumflex coronary artery (CX) occlusion, and in 85% (90%) of patients with right coronary artery occlusion. On consideration of additional ECG tracings in the subgroup of 102 patients (V(3)R through V(6)R and V(7) through V(9)), the respective numbers increased by 2 to 8% depending on different criteria for ST-segment elevation; in patients with CX occlusion, the increase amounted to 6 to 14%. There was a trend toward an extended infarct size (maximum creatine kinase [CK] values) with concomitant ST-segment elevation in additional ECG leads as assessed by maximum CK levels. CONCLUSIONS: The sensitivity of the ECG diagnosis of AMI is only marginally increased by extended precordial chest leads. There is a trend toward an extended infarct size in those patients with concomitant ST-segment elevation in additional ECG leads.

Angioplasty, Balloon, Coronary↗
PubMed2002

Occurrence of transient U-wave inversion during vasospastic anginal attack is not related to the direction of concurrent ST-segment shift.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: We sought to assess the incidence of transient U-wave inversion during vasospasm of the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) with ST-segment depression as opposed to that with ST-segment elevation. DESIGN: Retrospective study. SETTING: Cardiology division of acute-care hospitals. PATIENTS: We studied 49 patients with vasospastic angina whose vasospasm was induced in the LAD, not in the left circumflex coronary artery, by intracoronary injection of acetylcholine. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: The ECG traces obtained during acetylcholine-induced vasospasm of the LAD were examined. Based on the direction of ST-segment shift, the patients were categorized into two groups: the ST-segment elevation group (n = 27) and the depression group (n = 22). There were no differences in age, gender, or cardiovascular risk factors between the two groups. The distribution of the spastic site in the LAD was also similar. A total reduction in luminal diameter during a provoked attack was more often observed in the ST-segment elevation group than in the ST-segment depression group (37% vs 9%, p = 0.02). Collateral circulation to the LAD was found in only one patient in each group. There were no differences between the two groups in heart rate, systolic BP, and double product of heart rate and systolic BP during the attack. The incidence of acetylcholine-induced anginal attack with U-wave inversion in the ST-segment depression group was nearly as high as that in the ST-segment elevation group (77% vs 78%, p > 0.99). CONCLUSIONS: The development of transient U-wave inversion during vasospasm of the LAD induced by intracoronary injection of acetylcholine does not depend on the magnitude of myocardial ischemia as judged by the direction of ST-segment shift.

Acetylcholine↗
PubMed1997

Segmental difference of water and electrolyte transport in rat colon in vivo.

The segmental difference of water and electrolyte transport in the rat colon was studied in vivo. The proximal and distal colon segments were perfused separately but simultaneously at a constant rate with physiological solution, and net movements of water, sodium and chloride were determined. The effects of osmolality and sodium concentration of perfusate were assessed. The effect of a sodium channel blocker on the net transport of water and electrolytes was also studied in each colon segment. The net absorption of water, sodium and chloride correlated with the sodium concentration and osmolality of the perfusion solution in both colon segments and were dominant in the distal colon segment in each condition, compared with that in the proximal colon segment. The concentrations of three electrolytes in the collected fluid were almost the same as those of the perfusion solutions in both segments and these results indicated that water was transported isotonically through the colon lumen. Benzamil, a specific sodium ion channel blocker, inhibited net water and sodium absorption by 58.8% and 63.1% in the proximal colon segment and by 52.0% and 43.6% in the distal colon segment, respectively. These results suggest the existence of an electrogenic sodium transport mechanism and a paracellular pathway in normal (i.e., not treated with corticosteroids or sodium-depleted food) rats which has not been detected in in vitro studies with both apical and basolateral membrane vesicles.

Amiloride↗
PubMed1985

Alterations in myocardial perfusion during painless ST-segment depression in patients with angina pectoris.

In order to determine whether painless ST changes represent myocardial ischemia, we studied regional myocardial perfusion in patients with angina pectoris who showed painless ST-segment depression during a treadmill exercise test. Twenty-one patients were evaluated by myocardial imaging using thallium-201 injected intravenously during exercise when painless ST-segment depression was evident. The same examination was repeated in 5 of the above patients when they showed ST-segment depression with chest pain. Myocardial images obtained during painless ST-segment depression revealed perfusion defects in 15 of 21 patients (71%). Images obtained during ST-segment depression with chest pain showed perfusion defects in all 5 patients (100%) including 3 patients who demonstrated no defects during painless ST-segment depression. In these 5 patients, the ST-segment depression associated with pain was significantly greater than that without pain (3.4 +/- 1.1 vs 2.1 +/- 1.1 mm, p less than 0.01). These results suggest that the majority of episodes of painless ST-segment depression occurring during exercise are accompanied by regional myocardial perfusion abnormalities and that transient painless ST-segment depression in patients with angina pectoris might represent less severe myocardial ischemia.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Segment-specific expression of tight junction proteins, claudin-2 and -10, in the rat epididymal epithelium.

Tight junctions are known to be related to the variance by segment of the luminal fluid microenvironment of the epididymis. We examined the expression of claudins that regulate the paracellular permeability of ions, solutes, and water through tight junctions in the rat epididymis. RT-PCR analysis showed that claudin-2 and -10 were expressed in a segment-specific manner among fifteen claudins examined. Immunofluorescence microscopy demonstrated that both claudins showed developmental stage- and segment-specific subcellular localizations in the epididymal epithelium. Claudin-2 was detected principally in the apical junctional region in the initial segment at postnatal day 7 and week 10 but lost its expression in all the distal segments including the caput, corpus, and cauda. Claudin-10 was detected principally in the apical junctional region in all segments on postnatal day 7 but only in the initial segment--especially along the entire lateral membrane--at 10 weeks. In freeze fracture electron microscopy, well-developed intramembranous particle strands were observed on the P face and complementary grooves with a few particles on the E face at 10 weeks. Many particles were occasionally observed on the grooves in the E face in the initial segment and distal caput. Tight junction strands were continuous and impermeable to lanthanum nitrate on postnatal day 7, suggesting the establishment of functional tight junctions. These segment-specific expressions of claudin-2 and -10 may contribute to creating the specific luminal fluid microenvironment which is necessary for the transport, maturation, and storage of spermatozoa.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

The relationship between lumbar segmental motion and pain response produced by a posterior-to-anterior force in persons with nonspecific low back pain.

STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association between lumbar segmental motion and pain response during the application of a posterior-to-anterior (PA) force to the lumbar spinous processes in persons with nonspecific low back pain. BACKGROUND: Although low back pain is believed to be associated with altered segmental motion of the lumbar spine, the relationship between subjective reports of pain and objective measurements of segmental motion has not been established. METHODS AND MEASURES: Thirty-five individuals between 18 and 45 years of age with nonspecific low back pain (less than 3 months' duration) participated. All subjects participated in 2 separate procedures: (1) segmental motion assessment during a PA force application over the lumbar spinous processes using dynamic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and (2) pain assessment during a PA force application procedure outside of the MRI environment. Frequency counts were used to determine the lumbar segments that were most painful, and which functional spinal units had the most and least motion. Fisher exact tests were performed to determine if an association existed between the most painful segment and the functional spinal unit with the most or least motion. RESULTS: L5 was deemed the most painful segment in nearly half of the participants (48.1%). The L1-2 and L3-4 functional spinal units most frequently had the most motion (25.9% each) and the L4-5 functional spinal units most frequently had the least motion (29.6%). No association was found between the most painful segment and the functional spinal units with either the most or least motion. CONCLUSION: The results of this study indicate that an assumption regarding segmental motion cannot be inferred from the pain response when using a PA force application procedure.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

New water absorption and mucosal morphometry of ileal reservoirs and of ileal segments transposed to the colon in the cat.

New water absorption and changes in villous height were studied in ileal reservoirs and in ileal segments transposed to the colon in the cat. A continuous perfusion technique was used to estimate net water absorption. The villous height was reduced both in ileal reservoirs and in the transposed segments compared with normal ileum. The serosal area of the reservoir was significantly increased compared with the initial segment used in construction of the reservoir. The reservoir showed a reduced net water absorption rate per unit serosal area compared with a control segment, but when the absorption of the whole reservoir was compared with that of a control segment of the same initial length, there was no significant change. In the transposed segments no significant change in net water absorption could be revealed. Data from both series of experiments showed a positive correlation between net water absorption per unit serosal area and villous height. Blood flow registration in ileal segments transposed to the colon showed a blood flow of the same magnitude in the transposed segment as in the control segment.

Acid-Base Equilibrium↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Applicability of semi-automatic segmentation for volumetric analysis of brain lesions.

This project involves the development of a fast semi-automatic segmentation procedure to make an accurate volumetric estimation of brain lesions. This method has been applied in the segmentation of demyelination plaques in Multiple Sclerosis (MS) and right cerebral hemispheric infarctions in patients with neglect. The developed segmentation method includes several image processing techniques, such as image enhancement, amplitude segmentation, and region growing. The entire program operates on a PC-based computer and applies graphical user interfaces. Twenty three patients with MS and 43 patients with right cerebral hemisphere infarctions were studied on a 0.5 T MRI unit. The MS plaques and cerebral infarctions were thereafter segmented. The volumetric accuracy of the program was demonstrated by segmenting Magnetic Resonance (MR) images of fluid filled syringes. The relative error of the total volume measurement based on the MR images of syringes was 1.5%. Also the repeatability test was carried out as inter-and intra-observer study in which MS plaques of six randomly selected patients were segmented. These tests indicated 7% variability in the inter-observer study and 4% variability in the intra-observer study. Average time used to segment and calculate the total plaque volumes for one patient was 10 min. This simple segmentation method can be utilized in the quantitation of anatomical structures, such as air cells in the sinonasal and temporal bone area, as well as in different pathological conditions, such as brain tumours, intracerebral haematomas and bony destructions.

Brain↗
PubMed1995

Expression of the alternatively spliced EIIIB segment of fibronectin.

Previous descriptions of the expression and distribution of the alternatively spliced EIIIB segment of fibronectin (FN) relied upon an antibody which, on subsequent testing, was shown not to recognize this segment directly. This raises concerns regarding the reliability of all such previous descriptions. In order to prepare reagents directly reactive with this segment, we raised polyclonal antibodies to two different bacterial fusion proteins containing intact EIIIB segments, and to a synthetic 36 amino acid peptide from the center of the EIIIB segment. Antibodies raised to each of these three immunogens recognized fusion proteins containing the EIIIB segment, but failed to recognize full length EIIIB+ FNs produced by mammalian cells, suggesting that oligosaccharide linked to Asn1359 within the EIIIB segment, or potentially to other residues in FN, might interfere with antibody recognition of this segment. Consistent with this hypothesis, N-deglycosylation of recombinant full and partial length EIIIB+ FNs permitted their specific recognition by the anti-fusion protein (but not anti-peptide) antibodies. Using anti-fusion protein antibodies coupled with deglycosylation procedures, we provide a series of new results relevant to the functions of the EIIIB segment: 1) Endogenously synthesized EIIIB+ FN is incorporated into the extracellular matrix of cultured fibroblasts, where it appears by immunofluorescence microscopy and radioimmunoprecipitation analyses to have a distribution very similar to both EIIIA+ forms and the total pool of FNs. 2) No reproducible changes can be shown to occur in the extent of synthesis or matrix incorporation of EIIIB+ FNs upon cellular transformation. 3) Low levels of EIIIB+ FN are normally present in blood plasma and consequently also in purified preparations of plasma FN. 4) EIIIB+ FN is present in blood platelets, where it constitutes a minor fraction of total platelet FN, yet is greater than 4-fold enriched relative to plasma FN. 5) EIIIB+ FN is synthesized by first passage cultured endothelial cells, suggesting that the endothelium could constitute a source for this FN isoform in the circulating blood. The antibodies and methods used in this study constitute the first direct assays of EIIIB+ FN protein expression and are applicable to a variety of species.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Fibronectin isoform distribution in the mouse. I. The alternatively spliced EIIIB, EIIIA, and V segments show widespread codistribution in the developing mouse embryo.

Fibronectins (FNs) are extracellular matrix glycoproteins that are essential for embryonic development. In order to gain clues to possible developmental roles played by the particular isoforms of FN, we used indirect immunofluorescence microscopy to examine and compare the distributions of the alternatively spliced EIIIB, EIIIA, and V segments, as well as the total pool of FNs, in serial sections from mouse embryos. Antibodies to each of these segments produced staining patterns that colocalized during gastrulation (E7.5) and during early morphogenesis of somites and notochord (E9.5). During the period of continuing organogenesis in the latter half of gestation (E10.5 to E16.5), the antibodies generally continued to produce similar staining patterns localized to epithelial basement membranes, stromal connective tissues, blood vessel walls, and muscles. However, as development proceeded, there was a gradual decline in the intensity of staining for the spliced segments relative to the total pool of FN, with a particularly noticeable decline in staining for EIIIB and EIIIA segments in certain glandular organs, including the liver. A specific reduction in expression of these latter two segments was also evident in the uterus and placenta at early timepoints in gestation. However, the most dramatic difference in the expression of the spliced segments occurred in developing hyaline cartilage, which showed a selective reduction in staining for the EIIIA segment that was evident in the axial skeletal precursors by E12.5 and complete throughout the embryo by E15.5. Our findings suggest that the alternatively spliced EIIIB, EIIIA, and V segments are included in the FN that is required for the morphogenesis of "FN dependent" structures, including somites, notochord, and the vasculature. Conversely, these segments would appear to play divergent, and sometimes exclusive, biological roles in specific tissues such as liver, cartilage, and placenta.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Multiple-element line segment precues: orientation and location effects on attention.

Three experiments were conducted to examine the hypothesis that a uniquely oriented line segment located at the end of the directional flow produced by the alignment of the long axes of identically oriented background segments will not be detected as rapidly as when the segment appears at locations within the flow. The hypothesis was supported with response time measured in Experiment 1. A location-cuing task was used in the last two experiments, with the unique segment becoming a precue to indicate the location of an upcoming target character, accuracy was the dependent measure. Poorer detection of the unique segment at end-of-flow locations was shown not to be due to a local configuration effect produced by the uniquely oriented segment in conjunction with the segment on either side. The time course of attentional development with multiple-segment precue displays was comparable to that with an arrow at fixation as the precue, and slower than that with a line segment appearing alone.

Attention↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Surgical anatomy of the medial segment (S4) of the liver with special reference to bile ducts and vessels.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Resection of the inferior area of the medial segment (S4a) plus S5 with preservation of the superior area of the medial segment (S4b) is being performed to manage hilar bile duct carcinoma and pT2 type gallbladder carcinoma, and thus, attention has been focused on the surgical anatomy of the medial segment of the liver to identify the specific vessels and bile ducts of the areas of that segment to be resected and to be preserved. METHODOLOGY: Anatomical study of the bile duct, portal vein, middle hepatic vein, and middle hepatic artery to the medial segment branches of the liver (S4) was performed in a total of 171 specimens comprised of 71 adult cadavers, and 100 liver casts. RESULTS: 1) Two main types of bile duct branches of the medial segment (B4) were recognized. Type I included the branches which joined to the left hepatic duct on the hilar duct side (35.5%), and type II included the branches that joined on the peripheral side (54.6%). Several subtypes were also found in both types. The B2-B3 confluence was mostly on the left (41.7%) or posterior (42.7%) to the umbilical portion (UP) of the portal vein, and to the right of the UP (hilar side) in only 15.6%. 2) The portal vein of the medial segment branches (P4): P4a branched from the right angle and upper right border of the UP in every specimen. The most common morphology was 1 large and 2-3 small branches (41%). P4b was almost always found to branch posterior to the UP and lower than P4a, and the most common morphology was 1 large and 0-1 small branches (57.8%). 3) The middle hepatic vein: In 83.2% a common trunk was observed at the confluence with the inferior vena cava, and 8 types of the middle hepatic vein were recognized. 4) The middle hepatic artery: It arose from the left hepatic artery in 61.5%, from of the right hepatic artery in 27.5%, from the proper hepatic artery in 5.5%, and from both the left and the right hepatic artery in 5.5%. CONCLUSIONS: The detailed vascular and bile duct anatomy of S4 is described. This study should be helpful in identifying the specific vessels and bile ducts of the areas of the medial segment to be resected and to be preserved, thereby facilitating resection of the medial segment.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Mucin gene expression in human urothelium and in intestinal segments transposed into the urinary tract.

PURPOSE: The repertoire of mucin (MUC) gene expression in the normal human urothelium is poorly defined and the alterations in MUC gene expression following transposition of intestinal segments into the urinary tract has not previously been studied. The aims of this study were to define MUC gene expression in the normal human urothelium; and in transposed intestinal segments. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Non-isotopic in-situ hybridization was carried out using eight digoxigenin labeled oligonucleotide mucin gene probes (MUC 1 - 7). Immunohistochemistry using NCL-MUC1 and NCL-MUC2 monoclonal antibodies was performed on sections of paraffin-embedded tissues. Twenty-seven patients were investigated (normal human urothelium, n = 6; transposed ileal segments, n = 14 and normal ileal controls, n = 7). RESULTS: MUC1 and MUC4 were the predominant mucin genes expressed in the normal urothelium with MUC3 being expressed in a third of cases studied; MUC2, 5AC, 5B, 6 and 7 were not expressed. Despite the morphological changes seen in transposed ileal segments, MUC2 and MUC3 continued to be expressed in these segments albeit in a disorganised fashion. Both MUC1 and MUC4 were up-regulated in transposed ileal segments, genes expressed by the normal human urothelium. All eight mucin genes were expressed in an area of pyloric-type metaplasia found in one transposed ileal segment. In patients with clam enterocystoplasty there was evidence of increasing up-regulation of MUC2, 3, 4 and 5AC expression in the urothelium toward the anastomotic site. CONCLUSION: Transposition of ileal segments into the urinary tract results in up-regulation of MUC1 and MUC4, the predominant MUC genes expressed in the human bladder. The clinical implication of the up-regulation of some MUC genes toward the anastomotic site in patients with an enteroplasty and the aberrant expression of MUC5AC - MUC7 by transposed segments is at present unclear.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Adenoviral transduction of human E-selectin into isolated, perfused, rat aortic segments: an ex vivo model for studying leukocyte-endothelial interactions.

E-selectin, a member of the selectin family of adhesion molecules, is thought to play an important role in leukocyte-endothelial (EC) interactions during inflammation and atherosclerosis. To critically examine the role of E-selectin in leukocyte-EC interactions in the vascular system, we created a recombinant adenoviral vector containing a human E-selectin cDNA (AdRSVE-sel) and examined the effect of AdRSVE-sel in an ex vivo vascular model of a rat aortic segment. A segment of abdominal aorta was isolated from a male Sprague-Dawley rat transduced with AdRSVE-sel ex vivo. After 72 h, surface expression of transduced E-selectin in the segment was confirmed by Western blotting and immunohistochemistry using anti-E-selectin mAb. Aortic segments were connected to a perfusion system and the adhesion of human polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN), and a human monocytic cell line (THP-1) to the EC surface was studied in the presence of a physiological level of flow (0.85 ml/min, approximate luminal surface shear stress=1.76 dyn/cm2). Adhesion of PMN was assessed by scanning electron microscopy and quantified using fluorescently labeled PMN. AdRSVE-sel transduced aortic segments mediated significantly more PMN and THP-1 adhesion than control segments transduced with AdRSVLacZ. Pretreatment of AdRSVE-sel transduced aortic segments with anti-E-selectin mAb inhibited PMN adhesion significantly, as well as THP-1. These data indicate that human E-selectin expressed in rat aortic segments can support the adhesion of human PMN as well as THP-1 under physiological flow conditions. This genetically modified, excised, vascular-segment model provides a useful tool for the study of leukocyte recruitment in the vascular system.

Adenoviridae↗
PubMed2001

The optimal measurement of across elbow segment in ulnar motor conduction study.

There is room for considerable error in the measurement of across-elbow conduction velocity due to the different possible positions of the elbow and the difficulty in accurately measuring distance. A standardized method should be used for clinical measurement. Many advocate a fully flexed elbow position with the arm abducted at 90 degrees. When the elbow is fully flexed, skin measurement across the bent elbow is difficult with respect to defining the path, which most accurately follows the nerve. However, studies on measurement technique for across-elbow segment have not been performed to date. We have proposed a standardized technique for the measurement of conduction velocity through the elbow segment. We assumed "ideal" across-elbow segmental conduction velocity is the mean of the forearm and arm segmental conduction velocities, and established an optimal deflection point at the elbow, which best reflects the ideal conduction velocity. The optimal deflection point was located medially two thirds distance between the epicondyle and the olecranon in an arm abducted 90 degrees, fully flexed elbow position. Our data suggests that an across-elbow segment velocity lower than 57.8 m/sec, or a difference of more than 7.7 m/sec between the across-elbow and forearm segments is to be considered abnormal. The lower limit values expressed as mean-2 S.D. for absolute across-elbow segmental conduction velocity and relative velocity difference between the across-elbow segment and forearm segments at other possible deflection points of the elbow were also calculated.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

[Cloning and nucleotide sequencing of full length L segment cDNA of Hantavirus strain A9].

OBJECTIVE: Cloning and nucleotide sequencing of full length cDNA sequence of L segment of Hantavirus strain A9. METHODS: The L segment cDNA of Hantavirus strain A9 was amplified by RT-PCR. PCR products were cloned and sequenced. Full length cDNA clone of the L segment was obtained by subcloning. RESULTS: The L segment of strain A9 was 6 533 nucleotides in length and encoded a putative L polymerase that was 2 151 amino acids in length. Analysis of nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences of the L segment of strain A9 showed a close relationship with the other Hantaviruses most notably the 76-118, Cl-1 and Cl-2 strains, with which they shared a 83.8% nucleotide identity. More distant similarity could also be seen with other Hantaviruses. Sequence comparison performed among the RNA-dependent RNA polymerases of 27 negative stranded RNA viruses revealed that the same existence of six conserved regions and several strictly conserved residues located at the deduced amino acid sequence of A9 L segment. CONCLUSIONS: The nucleotide sequence of L segment of strain A9 was similar to other Hantavirus L segments. Deduced amino acid sequence of A9 L segment shares 6 conserved regions with other RNA virus RNA polymerase. The conserved residues in these polymerases and their possible functions in light of the available structural information have been discussed.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Pancreatic arteries and anatomicosurgical segments in dogs.

The distribution of the arteries supplying the pancreas was studied in 22 adult dogs (7 females and 15 males) of mixed breed. The pancreas was divided into 2 lobes, 4 sectors and 6 anatomicosurgical segments. These segments are defined as territories recognizable anatomically and surgically removable. The division and subdivision of the pancreas and the segmental arteries were the following: Left Lobe: Omental sector: I. Proximal segment: splenic a. II. Middle segment: splenic a. III. Distal segment: gastroduodenal and right gastro-omental Interpapillary sector: IV. Juxtaduodenal segment: cranial pancreaticoduodenal a. Right Lobe: Distal sector: V. Distal segment: cranial pancreaticoduodenal a. Proximal sector: VI. Proximal segment: caudal pancreaticoduodenal a.

Animals↗