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PubMed1994

[Stuttering in childhood: etiology and follow-up. Initial results of a 5-year longitudinal study].

For about 15 months a multifactorial longitudinal study on the development of stuttering in preschool children has been conducted at the Phoniatric Outpatient Department of the University of Ulm. The main subject of the study is to determine valid indicators to estimate the risk of future chronicity or remission of stuttering and to find out whether and how it is possible to differentiate normal developmental dysfluencies from chronic abnormal dysfluencies. Preliminary results are presented and discussed.

Child↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Prevention and treatment of stuttering.

Evidence is reviewed that forms the basis for prevention and treatment of stuttering as a problem of motor speech coordination. Simplification of phonatory complexity and retardation of phone rate have been demonstrated experimentally to virtually eliminate stuttering. These invariant relationships are used in rate control and breath stream management procedures to facilitate fluency.

Behavior Therapy↗
PubMed2000

Telehealth in speech pathology: applications to the treatment of stuttering.

The potential value of telecommunications systems in treating communication disorders is being increasingly recognized. This mode of service delivery shows particular promise in giving patients access to specialist services for problems like stuttering, which are difficult to manage and often require long-term follow-up support. The Institute for Stuttering Treatment and Research at the University of Alberta has used videoconferencing to provide follow-up support to geographically remote adults who have undergone intensive treatment on site.

Alberta↗
PubMed1981

Behavioral self-control of stuttering using time-out from speaking.

Research has shown that stuttering may be attenuated by a variety of response-contingent consequences. To date, however, few attempts have been made to develop comprehensive clinical procedures based on the operant manipulation of stuttering. The present research examined the efficacy of self-initiated response-contingent time-out from speaking in two experiments involving a single subject. Multiple baseline designs were used in which the subject's speech was monitored in a variety of laboratory and community settings. In Experiment 1, the time-out procedure produced reliable reductions in disfluency across all observational settings. Experiment 2 combined a response-cost contingency with time-out in an attempt to increase the reliability with which the subject timed himself out, and to increase further the effectiveness of the procedure. Increases in reliability were produced, and the associated improvements in fluency were maintained at 6- and 12-months' follow-up.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

A case study of mediated learning, delayed auditory feedback, and motor repatterning to reduce stuttering.

A case study of DW, an 11-yr. old monolingual, English-speaking boy who exhibits stuttering, language delay, and ADHD is presented. DW experienced only limited improvement during stuttering therapy received in public schools, according to parents and the public school clinician. The purpose of this case study was to assess whether fluency treatment which incorporated Mediated Learning, Delayed Auditory Feedback, and Speech Motor Repatterning would enhance progress. Therapy was delivered in two treatments, with each treatment being 5 wk. of intense therapy, separated by one year. Treatment 1 of combined Mediated Learning and Delayed Auditory Feedback yielded improvement in fluency, judged by parents and the teacher to be clinically significant. The improved fluency was maintained for one year when DW was pretested for participation in Treatment 2, which combined Mediated Learning, Delayed Auditory Feedback, and Speech Motor Repatterning Exercises. As no conclusions are possible, further study is needed.

Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity↗
PubMed1978

Inter-judge agreement for identifying stuttered words.

Inter-judge (n = 5) agreement for identifying stuttered words of an 18-yr.-old college woman was studied. In contrast to earlier studies, the agreement (.91) was considerable. The high agreement seems to reflect the duration, complexity, and consistency of the subject's stutterings.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

A multimodal approach to elimination of stuttering.

Various approaches have been used in the treatment of stuttering. However, none of these approaches have been systematically incorporated via a multifaceted treatment program for the elimination of this disorder. The following case of a 15-yr.-old stutterer is presented to illustrate Lazarus' Multimodal Behavior Therapy Model, which is proposed to integrate various procedures whose singular effectiveness has been demonstrated.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Effect of directed attention on cerebral asymmetries in stuttering adults.

9 stutterers and 9 nonstutterers were administered a dichotic digits test under conditions of free recall and directed attention. Analysis indicated right-ear preference for both groups and no differences between the free recall and directed listening conditions. Results are discussed in relation to previous studies in which dichotic digit-stimuli were presented to stutterers.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Social anxiety and stuttering.

Social anxiety among 110 stutterers was compared with the measures of two control groups (110 social phobic patients and 110 normal persons). Results do not support the notion of social anxiety as an essential part of stuttering.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Fast finger extensions are slower in stutterers than in nonstutterers.

10 adult stutterers and 10 nonstutterers were required to extend as fast as possible their right and left index fingers under isometric conditions in response to an auditory signal. Force developed during finger extension was measured continuously during each trial. From these force records reaction time, contraction time, and peak force were measured. For stutterers, contraction times were longer (about 36 msec.) than for nonstutterers. Possible reasons for this result are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Disruptions in auditory and temporal processing in adults who stutter.

10 stutterers and 10 nonstutterers' abilities to perceive accurately prosodic information (stress, contrast, and emotion), linguistic stimuli staggered in time and nonspeech stimuli (tone bursts) were examined. Analysis indicated significant differences between the two groups on the Staggered Spondaic Word Test and the stress subtest of the Sentence Disambiguation Task. In addition, 7 of the 10 stuttering subjects performed more poorly on the three measures than nonstuttering subjects.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Active inhibition of stuttering results in pseudofluency: a reply to Craig.

Craig discussed fluency outcomes following stuttering therapy that involved retraining the speech system, on the assumption that the speech end product is truly fluent. As previously outlined by Dayalu and Kalinowski, we strongly disagree with the notion that behavioral paradigms can ever result in automatic, long lasting natural sounding fluent speech. Fluent speech is within the grasp of one who stutters as seen in the effects of choral speech and derivatives such as delayed auditory feedback.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

Homosexuality treated adventitiously in a stuttering therapy program: a case report presenting a heterophobic orientation.

The heterophobic orientation toward treatment of homosexuality is discussed. A case report is presented where homosexuality apparently "spontaneously remitted" and heterosexuality was instated while the patient underwent treatment for stuttering. The change in sexual orientation is interpreted as possibly adventitiously induced through generalization effects from treatment of the relevant phobic aspects of the stuttering problem to the associated social aspects of the sexual problem.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Stuttering therapy with British-Asian children. II: Speech and language therapists' perceptions of their effectiveness.

This paper tested hypotheses arising from the literature on the treatment of stuttering in British-Asian children and adolescents, using data obtained from a postal questionnaire completed by 87 therapists. The results showed therapists treating lower numbers of Asian clients than expected, but perceiving their therapy to be less effective with their Asian clients than with their British ones. The variables affecting therapists' perceived success were not those expected. Greater experience with Asian clients did not increase perceived success, nor did Asian therapist and client sharing broadly the same cultural background guarantee success. A satisfactory interpreter service did not lead to a higher perceived success rate, nor did postgraduate training or making special changes to usual working practices. On the contrary, therapists in the last two categories were less likely to perceive success with their Asian clients. Therapists identified a very wide range of cultural factors needing special consideration in therapy, but consensus centred around parental attitudes to stuttering and to therapy.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Stuttering as a complication of strabismus surgery.

Children may experience extremely high levels of psychological stress in the operating suite because of anxiety associated with the separation from their parents, the unfamiliar and intimidating environment, the presence of strangers in unusual attire (masks, caps, gowns), the act of being forcibly restrained, and the forceful pressing over the mouth and nose of an anesthetic mask which emits a foul-smelling gas and which seems to restrict breathing in a manner reminiscent of suffocation. High levels of anxiety can lead to regression in a child's mental development, including stuttering, which is a regression to an earlier speech pattern and failure to develop fluent speech. Two cases are reported in which children developed stuttering following inappropriate or abusive treatment by the anesthesia departments of the hospitals in which they had surgery for strabismus. Both patients were four-year-old boys.

Anxiety, Separation↗
PubMed1997

Pimozide-induced depression in men who stutter.

BACKGROUND: Neuroleptic-related dysphoric reactions are well recognized in the context of psychiatric disorders, especially in association with extrapyramidal side effects. Very few controlled data exist regarding the effects of neuroleptics on the mood of psychiatrically "normal" subjects. In this study, the depressogenic effect of the neuroleptic drug pimozide was assessed in men without psychiatric disorders. METHOD: Eight men with developmental stuttering but no past or present psychiatric illness participated in a double-blind, placebo-controlled study assessing the effect of 6 weeks of pimozide treatment on speech fluency and mood. RESULTS: Four of the seven subjects who were compliant with the treatment developed marked depressive symptoms. No clear association was found between these reactions and pimozide dose, blood level, or degree of neurologic side effects. Symptoms abated soon after drug discontinuation. CONCLUSION: Pimozide induced significant depressive symptoms in this group of psychiatrically normal men who stutter. Neuroleptic drugs may have a causal effect in the induction of depression in psychiatrically normal subjects, ostensibly independent of dose or severity of neurologic side effects.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

[Acquired stuttering associated with callosal infarction: a case report].

A 66-year-old right-handed man with acquired stuttering was reported. He complained of paresis in his left leg and speech dysfluency. He was not aphasic in terms of comprehension and writing. His speech dysfluency was mainly characterized by initial syllable repetitions. He has apraxia with his left hand, but has neither agraphia with his left hand nor crossed optic ataxia. MRI showed cerebral infarction in the truncus of the corpus callosum, and angiography revealed occlusion of the right anterior cerebral artery. 99mTc HM-PAO SPECT showed decreased blood flow in the right frontal lobe. Within six months of its onset, the patient's speech dysfluency had diminished. As the causative lesion for acquired stuttering, we proposed a hemispheric lesion in addition to a callosal lesion.

Aged↗