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PubMed2001

Plasticity of the electric organ discharge waveform of male Brachyhypopomus pinnicaudatus. II. Social effects.

Many electric fish produce sexually dimorphic electric organ discharges. Although electric organ discharges are comprised of action potentials, those of the Gymnotiform family Hypopomidae show significant plasticity in response to stress and time of day. We show here that male Brachyhypopomus pinnicaudatus (Hopkins 1991), adjusts the degree of sexual dimorphism in its electric organ discharge depending on immediate social conditions. Three to five days of isolation resulted in gradual decrease of two sexually dimorphic waveform characters: duration and amplitude. Introduction of a second fish to the experimental tank restored electric organ discharge duration and amplitude. Duration recovered quicker than amplitude, and both recovered faster in the presence of males than females. In studies of other electric fish species, treatment with steroid sex hormones have taken several days to increase sexual dimorphism in the electric organ discharge. The socially induced changes seen in this study are initiated too quickly to involve classic steroid action of genomic transcription and thus may depend on another mechanism. Socially induced regulation of the male's electric organ discharge waveform is consistent with the compromises in signaling strategy shown by other taxa with costly sexual advertisement signals.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

[Women and sex-specific health research in the German Society for Social Medicine and Prevention].

Since the 1970s women's health research has put gender-specific topics on the agenda of health research and practice. Based on a social science approach, it focuses on social conditions of the maintenance of women's health and of their needs in prevention, health promotion, medical treatment, and rehabilitation. Besides an analysis of woman-specific topics (such as sexual violence or drug abuse) women's health research addresses questions of gender bias in health research. In Germany, guidelines are lacking that ensure appropriate attention to gender issues for health research. The section "Woman-specific and gender-specific health research" of the German Society for Social Medicine and Prevention (DGSMP) intends to intensify the discussion on the gaps in health research and prevention and on the development of guidelines to detect gender bias. The main goal is to implement the concept of gender mainstreaming in public health.

Female↗

PubMed2004

Social inclusion and the City of Swan public libraries in Western Australia.

The focus of this paper is on an understanding of social exclusion/inclusion: the concept and how a specific public library service, namely the City of Swan Public Library service, has responded to this social issue. The terms social inclusion/exclusion are explored and clarified from an international, Western Australian State Government, and public library perspective. This is followed by a brief overview of Western Australia as an Australian state, and how public libraries operate based on a partnership with the State Library of Western Australia and Local Government. The City of Swan Public Libraries are described in some depth and also portrayed in their local setting namely the City of Swan, a city of extensive growth that offers a unique environment of both rural and urban areas. The concept of social inclusion is then applied to the City of Swan Public Library service and how the library service addresses social inclusion within its physical environment, policies, operations, future planning, programmes and services. This includes the results of a Library Non-user Survey that was conducted in 2001. The aims of this survey were to: ascertain why non-users within the City of Swan do not make use of the library facilities; explore why past members were not using the library services; examine the effectiveness of library promotions; and investigate the access to and usage of the Internet. The paper concludes with a list of the potential social conditions of which public libraries need to be aware in their strategic planning activities so that community members are not excluded from participating and accessing the public library service.

Community Networks↗

PubMed1995

[Psychiatric treatment--methods and ethics].

The success rate of psychiatric treatment is satisfactory for selected disease categories, but is hardly so when all psychiatric ailments are considered together. This is amongst other things reflected in psychiatric patients' high frequency of readmission, their increased mortality, their large and frequently long-term use of medications and in their social conditions. A low success rate is a problem not only for the individual patient who does not receive sufficient help, but also for psychiatry as a whole. Psychiatry's reputation depends largely on treatment success, and this reputation is vital for the confidence of patients when seeking treatment and of society when allocating resources. Treatment success may be improved by a methodical development of treatment technology, in psychiatric terms first and foremost a coordination of medical therapy, psychotherapy and social treatment. A technological advance is however not sufficient in itself. Treatment success also depends on a suitable demarcation of those problems that psychiatry takes it upon itself to solve. The professional debate has been particularly lacking in this area, and often out of touch with the debate in the rest of society. If people with thought or emotional disturbances or abnormal behaviour are to be satisfactorily helped, it is necessary that society's different groups giving professional treatment enter a dynamic development that constantly adjusts the balance between the groups to be helped and the helpers of different educational background that are available.

Denmark↗

PubMed1997

From their own perspective. A Kenyan community's perception of tuberculosis.

Early passive case finding and treatment compliance are the cornerstones of tuberculosis (TB) control programs. As human behavior plays a critical role in both strategies, a better understanding of it is important for the planning and implementation of a successful TB programme, especially for the health education component, Our qualitative study in Uasin Gishu, Kenya, aimed at a better understanding of the community's beliefs and perceptions of TB, recognition of early symptoms and health-seeking behavior. Five focus groups with a total of 49 people were held: on with hospitalized TB patients, two with rural and two with urban participants. Tuberculosis is well known in the communities and many vernacular names for the disease exist. TB is perceived as a contagious, 'sensitive' disease difficult to diagnose and treat. Community members believe that TB should be diagnosed and treated in a hospital or by a medical doctor and not at the peripheric level. TB treatment is perceived as long, agonising and cumbersome. Traditional treatment is considered a valid alternative to modern treatment, believed to be as effective and much shorter. Initial symptoms such as cough and fever are often overlooked and/or confused with malaria or a common cold. Symptoms associated with the disease refer to the later stage of TB. TB is attributed to causes such as smoking, alcohol, hard work, exposure to cold and sharing with TB patients. Many participants believe TB is hereditary. Prolonged self-treatment and consultation with the traditional health sector as well as the social stigma attached to the disease increase patient's delay. Only after symptoms persist for some time and/or the suspect's health deteriorates, are modern health services consulted. These social conditions necessitate culturally sensitive health education, taking into account local perceptions of TB.

Alcohol Drinking↗

PubMed2006

Adding insult to injury: workplace injury in English professional football.

Sociologists studying the topic of workplace injury have neglected professional athletes despite the fact that, for such employees, remaining 'active' at work is of paramount importance. This study involved semi-structured interviews with 47 current and former male professional footballers who all had careers in the English professional football leagues. The interviews focused on the players' experiences of injury and rehabilitation and their relationships with club managers, physiotherapists and doctors. The object of this empirical article concerns an examination of how professional footballers become, or perceive themselves as being, stigmatised when they are injured or in pain. For players, the social conditions of work, for example the internal competition for places, all have implications with respect to their presentation of self when they are claiming to be injured or in pain. The often conflict-ridden relations between players and managers, combined with a culture that normalises pain and injury, means that players often find themselves in health-compromising situations. Thus, examining this highly physical vocation provides an opportunity to add to the literature in which injury at work is socially produced through interpretive social interaction.

Accidents, Occupational↗

PubMed2004

Massachusetts residents rank third nationally in health and social standings.

Residents of Massachusetts are positioned at almost the highest/most favorable end of all state rankings based on an overall listing of health, social conditions, and services. However, while these statistics are encouraging, they are not uniform throughout all population groups in the state. The challenge is to move beyond complacency with current standings to reach those in need.

Boston↗

PubMed2002

Dental care utilization: a study of 50- to 75-year-olds in southern Sweden.

This study investigates dental care utilization in an adult population in Southern Sweden in relation to dental and social conditions, attitudes to costs, and perceived need to obtain dental services. The study was based on responses to a questionnaire sent in 1998 to a random sample, 1974 persons, aged 56-75 years. The response rate was 66%. A significantly higher probability of dental care utilization less than once a year was found for men, for those with few remaining teeth, and for those with removable dentures. A higher probability of dental care utilization less than once a year was found for those who stated perceived need to obtain dental care with no possibility because of the cost and for those who stated that the cost had influenced their attendance for dental care. The results showed that there were differences for sex and dental conditions in dental care utilization and that dental care utilization was related to attitudes towards costs of dental care.

Aged↗

PubMed1990

Health promotion for adolescents: preventive and corrective strategies against problem behavior.

This paper, in its first part, gives an overview of research on "problem behavior" in adolescence. Adolescence is considered to be a stage in life characterized by more experimentation, exploration, risk-taking, and rebellion than any other stages. Many health-damaging behaviors (drug consumption, precocious sexual activity, riskful driving, aggressive behavior, etc.) have important psychosocial functions in adolescents' developments. Some of these behaviors can be signals of "stress", defined as a bio-psycho-social state of tension resulting from a variety of stressors which confront adolescents daily in modern industrial societies. In the second part of the paper, the implications of this research for strategies of intervention are discussed. The systematic analysis distinguishes between different stages in the process by which problem behavior emerges and separates "preventive" from "corrective" forms of intervention. Additionally, the analysis differentiates between the dimensions targeted by the measures: interventions addressed toward individual behavior ("personal resources") on the one hand, and living conditions ("social resources") on the other hand. The resulting types of intervention approaches are illustrated with examples and discussed in view of how appropriate they are for health promotion in adolescence. Implications for "social policy for adolescents" are discussed.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1994

The mortality and social prognosis of hip fractures. A prospective multifactorial study.

A prospective 5-year study was carried out of 143 patients with trochanteric fractures treated by Ender nailing. A detailed proforma was used for multifactorial analysis in order to identify the prognostic indicators of social function and quality of life of the patients. Their mean age was 81 years and the female: male ratio 7:1. The mortality rate 6 months after injury was 23%, and at the end of 5 years 45.5%. The patients surviving the first 6 months had the same life expectancy as the general population. Dementia, associated disease, medical complications, total dependency and age were the most significant predictors of mortality. These factors, with pressure sores and poor rehabilitation, were also significant in determining the prognosis of social function. Deterioration of health status was seen in 36% during the first 6 months after injury and 40% showed deterioration of their social condition within this period. Later, most survivors recovered and were restored to their previous state. Postoperative geriatric care is essential to achieve this aim.

Aged↗

PubMed1984

Social complexity and hormonal influences on sexual behavior in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta).

Rhesus females in multi-animal groups mate only during the mid-follicular and periovulatory portions of their ovarian cycle, whereas females in pair-tests often mate at all cycle phases. We investigated the influence of social context on hormonal mediation of rhesus sexual behavior by observing the same males and females in both pair-tests and in single male/multi-female group-tests. Five intact adult female rhesus were tested with each of four males during their follicular, periovulatory, and luteal cycle phases as verified by steroid radioimmunoassay. Male initiated behaviors of approach, hiptouch, mount, and ejaculation were significantly above luteal levels during periovulatory group-tests, with periovulatory approach and hiptouch frequencies also significantly above follicular levels. Approach did not vary with the female's cycle phase in pair-tests and both follicular and periovulatory frequencies of hiptouch, mount, and ejaculation were higher than luteal levels. Pair-test frequencies were greater than group-test frequencies at all cycle phases, except for male approach, where the difference depended upon female cycle phase. When group-tested, females approached the male, presented, and handslapped most frequently during periovulatory tests. In pair-tests, females approached and handslapped equally during follicular and periovulatory tests and lower luteally, but presents did not vary cyclically. Females approached males significantly more frequently during pair- than group-tests, but there were no consistent differences between the two social conditions for present and handslap. In group-tests, periovulatory females were approached and threatened by other group females significantly more often that they were at other cycle phases.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗

PubMed1994

Cost of acute stroke care in Toronto, Canada.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Stroke cost consumes a large proportion of the gross domestic product in all developed countries, and while health care costs are rising, the ability to contain them is diminishing. METHODS: We calculated the cost of acute stroke care for all first admissions to a teaching hospital in Toronto, Canada, in 1991 through 1992 for 285 consecutive patients. RESULTS: The average cost per patient was $27,500 Canadian, and strokes in men cost less than in women ($23,000 versus $32,000 Canadian), for a total cost of $8 million Canadian over 2 years. More women died than men (34% versus 17%, P < .02), mainly from systemic complications of stroke, but because women stayed hospitalized longer, they cost more in the long term. The major factor determining cost was social support, and more men than women went home or to rehabilitation units (P < .02). Family support was greater for men (82%) than women (39%, P < .0002). CONCLUSIONS: Significant cost reductions are more likely to be achieved by altering discharge policies and improving social conditions for early return to the home than by reducing laboratory or medical personnel costs.

Cerebrovascular Disorders↗

PubMed1983

[Unexpected effect of repetition of imaged behavior].

In order to examine the efficiency of covert behavior rehearsal, 33 subjects, randomly assigned to three groups, were submitted to a task in a social condition. To reduce the stress-induced anxiety, the participants of the first group had been prepare by covert behavior rehearsal in a relaxed condition. Those of the second group received only relaxation and the third group had no preparation at all. The behavior rehearsal had no positive effect on the efficacy of the task execution. Moreover, a negative influence appeared. The results are discussed.

Adult↗

PubMed2007

Ethnomedicine and dominant medicine in multicultural Australia: a critical realist reflection on the case of Korean-Australian immigrants in Sydney.

BACKGROUND: Viewed through the micro focus of an interpretive lens, medical anthropology remains mystified because interpretivist explanations seriously downplay the given context in which individual health seeking-behaviours occur. This paper draws upon both the interpretivist and political economy perspectives to reflect on the ethno medical practices within the Korean-Australian community in Sydney. METHODS: We draw on research data collected between 1995 and 1997 for an earlier study of the use of biomedical and traditional medicine by Korean-Australians in Sydney. A total of 120 interviews were conducted with a range of participants, including biomedical doctors, traditional health professionals, Korean community leaders and Korean migrants representing a range of socio-economic backgrounds and migration patterns. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: First, the paper highlights the extent to which the social location of migrants in a host society alters or restructures their initial cultural practices they bring with them. Second, taking hanbang medicine in the Korean-Australian community as an illustrative case, the paper explores the transformation of the dominant biomedicine in Australia as a result of the influx of ethnomedicine in the era of global capitalism and global movement. CONCLUSION: In seeking to explain the popularity and supply of alternative health care, it is important to go beyond the culture of each kind of health care itself and to take into consideration the changes occurring at societal, national and global levels as well as consequential individual response to the changes. New social conditions influence the choice of health care methods, including herbal/alternative medicine, health foods and what are often called New Age therapies.

Acculturation↗

PubMed1997

Effects of preventive health services on survival of the elderly living in a community in Osaka, Japan.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To examine the relationships between the use of preventive health services--such as health checks, basic health examination/cancer screening, and daily preventive health practices--and survival of elderly people living in the community. DESIGN AND SETTING: A cohort of elderly people aged 65 years and over living in Settsu City, Osaka was followed for 38 months. Data on the history of health management, disability scores, and psychosocial conditions were collected in October 1992 by interview during home visits. SUBJECTS: Of the 1491 people randomly selected from the computerised sex-age register at enrollment, 1473 were contacted and responses were obtained from 1405 (95.4%). They constituted the study cohort. Follow up was completed for 1325 (94.3%) (154 decreased and 1171 alive). MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: From the analysis using the Kaplan-Meier method and the log-rank test, female sex, younger age group (65-74 years), use of health checks, use of basic health examination and/or cancer screening, use of daily preventive health practices, less disability, taking part in social activity, and finding life worth living were univariately statistically significantly related to survival. The estimated survival rates were highest in those with regular health checks or daily preventive health practices before 59 years of age or both basic health examination and cancer screening. From the Cox proportional hazards model, use of health checks and use of daily preventive health practices remained as statistically significant factors associated with survival, controlling for other factors such as sex, age group, medical treatment, disability scores, and psycho-social conditions, and these hazard ratios (not used v starting at 59 years) were 0.41 (95% CI, 0.25, 0.66) and 0.52 (95% CI, 0.30, 0.88), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Health management efforts such as health checks and daily preventive health practices may increase survival in the elderly.

Aged↗

PubMed1997

Social context affects phee call production by nonreproductive common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus).

Common marmosets produce two variants of their long call (phee call) in different situations. Intergroup calls are produced in territorial situations, and intragroup separation calls are produced by marmosets isolated from group members. Marmoset groups frequently include postpubertal, nonreproductive members; their roles in the spontaneous production of territorial vocalizations is unclear. This study analyzed the production of home cage phee calls by nonreproductive, postpubertal marmosets while they were housed in their natal groups and after pairing with an opposite-sex conspecific. Additionally, the production of the separation phee call variant was assessed in both social conditions. The results indicated that the marmosets rarely produced home cage, or territorial, phee calls while they were natally housed. In contrast, both males and females produced the territorial phee call at a much higher rate as early as 4 days after pairing. Agematched females remaining in their natal groups throughout the study produced home cage phee calls infrequently. Most marmosets produced separation phee calls at a high rate after separation from either their natal group or a partner, suggesting that the makeup of a social group has little effect on an animal's motivation to reunite with conspecifics. These results suggest that the social environment has an important influence on the production of territorial phee calls.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Social unsuitability in the developmental age. Hypothesis for new structures helping social adjustment].

In this report the Authors analise, according to their different competences, from a psychiatric, psycho-sociological, and of judicial politics point of view, a case of neurosis of conflict during adolescence, with an anti-social development, regarding which it has been ascertained that the measures of restoration, which have been adopted, have failed their purpose. They have, as a matter of fact, paradoxically fixed the subject even more in his anti-social condition, not giving him the possibility of escaping the psycho-pathological destiny of negative sociopatic deviation. The Authors, in this report, reflect upon the meaning of the Institutes of restoration and punishment in the light of the new re-educational conceptions, pointing out their limits. They long for the institution of supplementary structures of little dimensions in the bosom of the family, well integrated with the school, the working milieu, and the local community and wish the structures of restoration for anti-social disadaptations to stop from being static Institutions far from the real social problems of a democratic life, in order to become centers of social democratic life and places of comparison, according to a dialectic method of knowledge, between subculture as deviation (which is not always negative) and the dominating culture with its needs and rules.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1992

Aggressive behavior: from laboratory to clinic. Quo vadit?

This article sets forth two theses: (1) that animal models of aggressive behavior have utility in fostering and guiding human aggression research; and (2) that clinical violence research should now focus on the severely and repetitively aggressive patients for study and therapeutic research. Animal models are reviewed in terms of typology; studies of temperament; the role of sensory cues; neuroanatomy, neurochemistry, and neuroendocrinology; studies of stress; and studies of social conditions. Examples are presented that have implications and potential utility for human research. Clinical approaches to the study of human aggressive behavior are examined and five suggestions are made to enhance the efficacy and utility of clinically relevant aggression research.

Aggression↗