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PubMed2003

First cases of animal diseases published since 2000. 5. Sheep.

In this fifth article of a series of papers listing first case reports of animal diseases published since 2000, the following five cases of sheep diseases are discussed: Ependymoma. Mastitis caused by Burkholderia cepacia infection. Meningoencephalitis associated with Globicatella sanguinis infection. Neospora caninum infection in an adult sheep and her twin fetuses. Plasma cell tumor. After a short introduction, the bibliographical data, the abstract of the author(s), and some additional information derived from the article are given. The article will be regularly updated adding overlooked as well as new first reports.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Disease-associated PrP in the enteric nervous system of scrapie-affected Suffolk sheep.

Disease-associated prion protein (PrP(d)) in the enteric nervous system (ENS) of 20- to 24-month-old Suffolk sheep in the late subclinical and early clinical phase of scrapie was studied. Sites in the alimentary tract extending from the forestomachs and abomasum to the colon from scrapie-affected sheep (PrP(ARQ/ARQ)) and scrapie-resistant sheep (PrP(ARR/ARQ) and PrP(ARR/ARR)) were examined. PrP(d) was found only in scrapie-affected sheep and was most prominent in the ENS when abundant deposits of PrP(d) were also present in adjacent lymphoid nodules. Immunolabelling with the nerve fibre markers PgP 9.5 and neuron-specific enolase and the satellite cell marker glial fibrillary acidic protein revealed the extensive ganglionated networks of the myenteric and submucosal plexi. Fewer nerve fibres were present in the lamina propria, T-cell dominated interfollicular areas and dome regions of Peyer's patches. A substantial network of nerve fibres was detected in many lymphoid nodules of both the scrapie-affected and scrapie-resistant sheep. Nerve fibres were also detected within the capsule of lymphoid nodules. Electron microscopy revealed the presence of nerves in the lymphoid nodules, showing a close association with follicular dendritic cells, lymphocytes and tingible body macrophages. In demonstrating that lymphoid nodules in the Peyer's patches of scrapie-affected sheep possess a substantial network of nerve fibres, the present study shows that nodules provide close contact between nerve fibres and cell populations known to contain abundant PrP(d), including follicular dendritic cells and tingible body macrophages, and that gut-associated lymphoid nodules in sheep may represent an important site for neuroinvasion.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Ventricular dyssynchrony as a cause of structural disease in the heart of Dorper sheep.

Ventricular dyssynchrony is a disturbance of the normal, organized electromechanical coupling of the two ventricles. This condition has many causes, such as left bundle branch block, ventricular preexcitation, right ventricular pacing and right ventricular premature ventricular complexes (PVCs). Ventricular dyssynchrony has many adverse haemodynamic effects on the left ventricle and we wanted to know whether these adverse haemodynamic effects might have any structural consequences on the left ventricles of such hearts. Six healthy Dorper wethers were subjected to numerous right ventricular PVCs to induce ventricular dyssynchrony in order to determine whether any structural consequences will occur in the left ventricles of these hearts. Myocarditis in the musculature of the left ventricles of all six these hearts was seen.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Border disease in a flock of Minnesota sheep.

A flock problem affecting newborn lambs on a Minnesota farm was investigated. The lambs had hairy fleece and rhythmic tremors, and were unthrifty. Histologic examination revealed hypomyelinization of the CNS and hypertrophy of primary follicles in the skin. A virus antigenically related to bovine viral diarrhea virus was isolated. Serum neutralization showed that a large number of flock ewes had much higher titers to bovine viral diarrhea virus than did control animals.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Paratuberculosis in sheep: an emerging disease in South Africa.

During a serological survey for ovine paratuberculosis a total of 145934 ovine serum samples from 2019 farms throughout South Africa were tested by means of the AGID assay. Fifty-two infected farms were identified in the Western Cape and Eastern Cape provinces. Links between infected farms in the two provinces were established. Examination of the distribution of infected farms in the Western Cape indicated a positive correlation between acid soils and occurrence of infection. In an attempt to increase the sensitivity and facilitate screening of large numbers of sera two commercial ELISA systems were evaluated for their potential use in a future monitoring program. Sera from histologically positive sheep and known negative sheep flocks were used. The highest sensitivity (50. 9%) was found if both ELISA systems were run concurrently and the results of both systems combined.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed1980

[Changes in the alkaline phosphatase activity and properties of the blood serum in sheep with experimental liver disease].

An acute liver injury was provoked in 13 sheep by using tetrachlormethane. The study traced out the changes in the activity and properties of alkaline phosphatase in the blood serum. It was proved that the total activity of the enzyme increased from an average of 60.7 +/- 7.8 UI to an average of 104.3 +/- 14.8 UI on the 72d hour of the experiment, and then it decreased. In the first 24-48 hours after the treatment with tetrachlormethane the inhibition of the enzyme increased by the use of 1-homoarginine (on an average from 60.0 to 65.6%), whereas the use of 1-phenylalanine put down inhibition (on an average from 36.9 to 31.3%). In the next days the inhibition decreased due to 1-homoarginine (up to an average of 48.5%) and increased due to 1-phenylalanine. It was proved that in the initial phase of the poisoning in the blood serum of sheep the contents of the liver isoenzyme of the alkaline phosphatase increased, whereas in the second phase it was the contents of the liver isoenzyme of the latter that increased.

Alkaline Phosphatase↗
PubMed2003

Benefit-cost analysis of vaccination and preemptive slaughter as a means of eradicating foot-and-mouth disease.

OBJECTIVE: To assess relative costs and benefits of vaccination and preemptive herd slaughter to control transmission of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) virus (FMDV). SAMPLE POPULATION: 2,238 herds and 5 sale yards located in Fresno, Kings, and Tulare counties of California. PROCEDURE: Direct costs associated with indemnity, slaughter, cleaning and disinfecting livestock premises, and vaccination were compared for various eradication strategies. Additional cost, total program cost, net benefit, and benefit-cost value (B/C) for each supplemental strategy were estimated, based in part on results of published model simulations for FMD. Sensitivity analyses were conducted. RESULTS: Mean herd indemnity payments were estimated to be dollars 2.6 million and dollars 110,359 for dairy and nondairy herds, respectively. Cost to clean and disinfect livestock premises ranged from dollars 18,062 to dollars 60,205. Mean vaccination cost was dollars 2,960/herd. Total eradication cost ranged from dollars 61 million to dollars 551 million. All supplemental strategies involving use of vaccination were economically efficient (B/C range, 5.0 to 10.1) and feasible, whereas supplemental strategies involving use of slaughter programs were not economically efficient (B-C, 0.05 to 0.8) or feasible. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Vaccination with a highly efficacious vaccine may be a cost-effective strategy for control of FMD if vaccinated animals are not subsequently slaughtered and there is no future adverse economic impact, such as trade restrictions. Although less preferable than the baseline eradication program, selective slaughter of highest-risk herds was preferable to other preemptive slaughter strategies. However, indirect costs can be expected to contribute substantially more than direct costs to the total cost of eradication programs.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Development and application of an ELISA for Goodpasture's disease based on sheep alpha 3(IV)NC1 domains.

A high titre of antibodies to collagenase-solubilised human glomerular basement membrane (CS-GBM) is almost pathognomic of Goodpasture's (anti-GBM) disease. In order to develop an assay independent of scarce human material, a molecule of approximately 26 kD corresponding to the C-terminal NC1 domain of the alpha 3 chain of type IV collagen was purified from sheep GBM by gel filtration and reverse phase HPLC. This molecule was antigenic when assessed by inhibition studies, by immunoblotting, and as a ligand on ELISA plates. An ELISA using this sheep alpha 3(IV)NC1 preparation to detect circulating anti-GBM antibodies gave comparable results to the standard RIA using crude CS-GBM. Sera from patients with a variety of nephropathies other than Goodpasture's disease gave negative results. In a prospective study, 170 consecutive sera were analysed by both the ELISA and the RIA. Twenty seven specimens gave positive results in one or both of the assays. Eleven of these were confirmed as true positive results and all were correctly identified by the RIA. Two false negative results in the ELISA occurred in previously treated cases, and both sera were only weakly positive by RIA. The RIA gave 13 false positive results compared with five by ELISA. The ELISA using highly purified sheep antigen is a robust, reliable, and more specific alternative to immunoassays based on crude human antigen preparations.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Evaluation of a direct ELISA for the serodiagnosis of Oestrus ovis infections in sheep.

Oestrosis is a parasitic disease of sheep and goats caused by the nasal bot fly Oestrus ovis. In the United Kingdom the economic losses as a result of infestation can be considered negligible, but the differentiation of O ovis cases from more serious diseases such as listeriosis, gid and sheep scab is of considerable importance. Currently, diagnosis of oestrosis relies on the subjective observation of clinical signs or the demonstration of larvae postmortem. This paper assesses the effectiveness of a direct enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using a crude somatic antigen from first-stage larvae (L1) in the serodiagnosis of oestrosis. The system has been validated with sera from both endemic and non-endemic areas and the results correlated with the clinical data found postmortem. The sensitivity and specificity of the assay were 97.4 per cent and 97.6 per cent, respectively, using a cut-off point based on 35 per cent binding of a reference positive control serum.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

The early effects of Clostridium perfringens type D epsilon toxin in ligated intestinal loops of goats and sheep.

Clostridium perfringens type D produces enterotoxaemia in goats, sheep and other animals. The disease is caused by C. perfringens epsilon toxin and, while enterotoxaemia in goats is usually characterized by enterocolitis, the disease in sheep is characterized by systemic lesions (such as lung and brain oedema) with minor and inconsistent changes observed in the intestine. A possible explanation for these differences is that epsilon toxin is more promptly absorbed by the ovine than by the caprine intestine. In an attempt to clarify this, we examined the early effects of epsilon toxin on caprine and ovine intestine. Intestinal loop assays were performed to analyse the physiological and morphological changes induced by epsilon toxin in the intestine of these species. Fluid accumulation was observed in caprine and ovine ileum and colon treated with epsilon toxin. Ileal loops from goats treated with epsilon toxin retained sodium and water earlier than ovine ileal loops treated with the same toxin. Histological analysis showed morphological alterations in the colon of both species as early as 2 h after the commencement of epsilon toxin treatment: these changes were more marked in goats than in sheep. No morphological changes were observed in the ileum of either species after 4 h incubation with epsilon toxin. These results suggest that epsilon toxin modifies ion and water transport in the small and the large intestine of goats and sheep through different mechanisms.

Animals↗