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PubMed1988

Cue distinctiveness and response-to-change in scopolamine injected or hippocampal rats.

Our previous findings indicated that hippocampal lesions (H) or scopolamine' injections (Sc) affected stimulus information acquired by distant observation of the white-black T-maze arms (the passive test), but left the information intact when it was gained by T-maze exploration (the active test). Because this difference might reflect the attentional deficit in H or Sc rats, in the present experiment we attempted to investigate the effect of lowered distinctiveness of cues (dark grey vs black T-maze arms) on the performance of rats in the active test. A total of 75 rats were assigned to four groups: (i) damaged in the dorsal hippocampus (H); (ii) sham operated (C); (iii) scopolamine (Sc) injected (1.0 mg/kg i. p.) and (iv) saline injected (NaCL). Each group showed a significant preponderance of choices of the arm which was changed in brightness between the two consecutive trials, separated by 1 min break. The groups did not differ markedly among themselves in the percentage of changed arm choices (H group, 85 percent; C, 74 percent; Sc -72 percent; NaCL, 72 percent). This result indicates that H or Sc rats are able to perceive a slight difference of brightness and to retain it over a period of 1 min. Therefore, the different performance of H as well as Sc rats in the passive and active test, observed previously, cannot be accounted for by the attentional deficit hypothesis.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Effects of scopolamine and dextroamphetamine on human performance.

The effects of two drugs used to prevent symptoms of motion sickness in the operational environment were examined in this study of human performance as measured by computer-based tests of cognitive and psychomotor skills. Each subject was exposed repetitively to five tests: Symbol-Digit Substitution, Simple Reaction Time, Pattern Recognition, Digit Span Memory, and Pattern Memory. Although there have been previous reports of decreases in human performance in similar testing with higher dosages of scopolamine or dextroamphetamine, no significant decrements were observed with the operational-level combined dose used in this study (0.4 mg oral scopolamine and 5.0 mg oral dextroamphetamine.) The controversy over the use of combination drug therapy in this environment is discussed along with the indications for further research based on the findings.

Attention↗
PubMed1986

Scopolamine effects in vestibular defensiveness.

Disturbed vestibular function secondary to brain stem injury may result in postural gravitational insecurity, and aversion reactions or intolerance to movement. The Transderm scopolamine disc was applied in a double-blind, placebo-controlled study of five post-head-injury patients who underwent provocative vestibular stimulation such as turning in a wheelchair, head shaking, and the log roll. Four of the patients showed improvement in exquisite sensitivity to rotational movement. A surprise finding of improved truncal stability in two of the more severely injured patients indicates a potential usefulness of the scopolamine patch for patients with truncal ataxia.

Brain Injuries↗
PubMed1986

[Effects and side effects of transdermal scopolamine for premedication in general anesthesia in elderly patients].

Transdermal scopolamine has already proved an effective premedication to prevent postoperative nausea and vomiting. In a double-blind study, the effects and above all the side effects of TTS-scopolamine (TTS-s) and TTS-placebo (TTS-p) were investigated in elderly patients (greater than 50 years), who are particularly susceptible to adverse drug reactions. The 59 (out of 61) male and female patients who could finally be evaluated had to undergo long (1-6.3 hrs.) surgical or gynaecological interventions in general anaesthesia after premedication with benzodiazepines in the evening and in the morning. The operations were performed under intubation anaesthesia induced by barbiturate (3-5 mg/kg bw) or etomidate (0.2-0.3 mg/kg bw), together with enflurane (0.5-2.5 vol.%) or isoflurane (0.5-1.5 vol.%), N2O/O2 (2:1) and fentanyl (0.05-0.45 mg). Alcuronium or vecuronium were given for relaxation, pyridostigmine/atropine was administered for antagonisation. The patient groups did not differ significantly with regard to age (mean = 65 years vs. 63 years), sex, height, weight, concomitant diseases, method and duration of operation, method and duration of anaesthesia, postoperative antagonisation and analgesia. In patients under TTS-s postoperative nausea was less intensive and of shorter duration. In contrast to 7 patients of the placebo group (p less than 0.05), no case of vomiting could be observed in the TTS-s group. The efficacy of TTS-s was significantly better than that of TTS-p. TTS-s and TTS-p were both tolerated equally well. In both groups, the most frequent side effect was dryness of the mouth, but without any significant differences between the groups.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Administration, Cutaneous↗
PubMed1985

Relationship between heterosynaptic reflex facilitation and acquisition of the nictitating membrane response in control and scopolamine-injected rabbits.

Classical conditioning of the rabbit nictitating membrane response was accomplished by presenting a 100-msec tone conditioned stimulus at intervals of 0, 100, 200, 400, and 800 msec before the presentation of a 100-msec shock unconditioned stimulus. In addition, tone-alone and shock-alone trials were interspersed during conditioning. On the first day of conditioning, during which there was no evidence of acquisition of conditioned responses to the tone conditioned stimulus, the amplitudes of the nictitating membrane response evoked on paired tone-shock trials were compared with the amplitudes obtained on shock-alone trials to provide a measure of reflex facilitation. There was a significant correlation (+0.86) in control animals between the degree of reflex facilitation and the degree of learning demonstrated at the various tone-shock intervals. Both reflex facilitation and learning were absent at the 0-msec tone-shock interval, increased at the 100-msec interval, reached a maximum at the 200-msec interval, and then declined at the longer intervals. Scopolamine (0.4 mg/kg) did not affect the amplitude of the nictitating membrane response elicited on shock-alone trials but eliminated any evidence of reflex facilitation or learning at the 100- and 800-msec intervals and significantly reduced both reflex facilitation and learning at the 200- and 400-msec intervals. The comparable effects of scopolamine on both reflex facilitation and learning were reflected by a significant correlation (+0.95) between these two measures.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed1979

Effect of physostigmine and scopolamine on the memory functions of chess players.

Six young trained chess players received 10 consecutive tasks comprising problematic play position at chess. Each subject was tested four times with drug orders balanced across subjects. Compared with saline placebo, physostigmine (20 microgram/kg i.v.) in the presence of peripheral muscarinic blockade (methylscopolamine 6 microgram/kg i.v.) impaired the performance of good players, but the amount of correct solutions was increased when the initial performance level was low. Scopolamine (6 microgram/kg i.v.) impaired the performance of all subjects, and saline placebo proved inactive. The effect of scopolamine together with physostigmine was about the average of the separate effects of these drugs. The subjects talked less, when mildly sedated, and felt nauseated after the physostigmine treatment. Antimuscarinics with and without physostigmine caused cycloplegia in all subjects.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

Galanthamine hydrobromide, a longer acting anticholinesterase drug, in the treatment of the central effects of scopolamine (Hyoscine).

Galanthamine hydrobromide, an anticholinesterase drug capable of penetrating the blood-brain barrier, was used in a patient demonstrating central effects of scopolamine (hyoscine) overdosage. It is longer acting than physostigmine and is used in anaesthesia to reverse the non-depolarizing neuromuscular block. However, studies into the dose necessary to combating scopolamine intoxication are indicated.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Transdermal therapeutic system scopolamine (TTSS), dimenhydrinate, and placebo--a comparative study at sea.

The efficacy of transdermally administered scopolamine was compared with the efficacy of oral dimenhydrinate and placebo therapy in the prevention of motion sickness at sea. Medication was administered on a controlled double blind basis to 140 subjects. A placebo effect reduced the motion sickness incidence (MSI) from 57.69% in the control group to 43.47%. Administration of dimenhydrinate reduced the MSI to 22.22% and the use of Transdermal Therapeutic System Scopolamine (TTSS) further reduced the MSI to 16.66%. TTSS afforded 61.67% protection against motion sickness at sea, compared to 48.88% protection with dimenhydrinate.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed1982

Antimotion-sickness efficacy of scopolamine 12 and 72 hours after transdermal administration.

The antimotion sickness remedy, transdermal therapeutic system-scopolamine, administered in this experiment was scheduled to deliver 1.0 mg of scopolamine over a period of 3 d, and this paper compares its efficacy 12 and 72 h after administration. In a double-blind study, six male college students were individually exposed to a standardized provocative test in a slow rotation room after six apparently identical treatments comprising four placebos and two medications. Efficacy was categorized as beneficial, inconsequential, or detrimental. None of the responses was detrimental. Following the first administration of the therapeutic system, there were four beneficial responses after 12 h but none was beneficial after 72 h. Following the second treatment regimen, there were four beneficial responses after 12 h and three beneficial responses after 72 h. Great individual differences were demonstrated, two subjects accounting for six beneficial responses and two accounting for only one beneficial response. The difference in efficacy after 12 and 72 h has practical and theoretical significance.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

The effects of scopolamine pretreatment on stereotyped behavior induced by apomorphine in rats withdrawn from long-term haloperidol administration.

1. The effects of scopolamine on intensity of stereotyped behavior induced by the ED50 dose of apomorphine in controls and in animals withdrawn from long-term haloperidol treatment were studied. 2. Doses of 1.0 and 3.0 microgram/kg of scopolamine increased apomorphine-induced stereotypy in both groups. However, this increase was smaller in the haloperidol-treated than in the control animals. 3. These data support the hypothesis that long-term administration of haloperidol may produce a change not only in dopaminergic but also in central cholinergic receptor sensitivity.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

The effects of scopolamine and ancillary analgesics upon the fetal heart rate recording.

Sixty-two fetal heart rate/uterine contraction recordings were examined prior to and following the administration of analgesia. Two groups, identified according to the receipt or absence of scopolamine, were evaluated concerning modification of baseline variability, beat-to-beat variability and fetal heart rate deceleration patterns. Scopolamine was found to be capable of eliciting fetal tachycardia, decreased beat-to-beat and baseline variability and decreased fetal heart rate decelerations. The mean one-minute Apgar scores for the two groups did not differ from each other nor from that of a control group that had not received any analgesia during labor.

Female↗
PubMed1995

Effects of isovanihuperzine A on cholinesterase and scopolamine-induced memory impairment.

AIM: To study the effects of isovanihuperzine A (IVHA) on cholinesterase and scopolamine-induced memory deficit. METHODS: AChE and BuChE activities were determined by the colorimetric method of Ellman. The Ki value was determined by the plotting method of Lineweaver and Burk. In a behavioral test, rats were trained to perform a radial arm maze task using a partially baited procedure. RESULTS: The anti-AChE activity of IVHA was comparable to huperzine A (Hup-A), and was more potent than those of physostigmine and galanthamine with an IC50 value of 0.11 mumol.L-1. IVHA was a mixed competitive type with a Ki value of 32 nmol.L-1. It bound to AChE in a reversible manner. IVHA at a dose of 0.2 mg.kg-1 ip significantly reversed scopolamine-induced working memory and reference memory impairments in radial arm maze. CONCLUSION: IVHA is a new potential reversible AChE inhibitor and merits further study as a cognitive enhancer.

Acetylcholinesterase↗
PubMed1996

Clinical manifestations of transdermal scopolamine addiction.

Transdermal scopolamine patches have been extensively prescribed for nonspecific dizziness and vestibular disorders. Patient response may be favorable and side effects are generally limited to xerostomia and blurred vision. However, subtle dependency and outright addiction may develop. Tapered reduction and drug elimination will suffice to eliminate the dependency. However, hospitalization may be necessary to treat severe cases of physiological chemical dependency. Long-term use of transdermal scopolamine patches carries a risk of chemical dependency. Prescribing physicians should review and heed the manufacturer's recommended use.

Administration, Cutaneous↗
PubMed1996

Effects of ginsenosides on impaired performance caused by scopolamine in rats.

The effects of five structurally different ginsenosides on the performance impaired by scopolamine in rats were studied in a radial-arm maze. Ginsenoside Re had an ameliorating effect, but the ginsenosides, 20-O-glucosyl-protopanaxadiol, F2, Rf, and Rh1, did not. We reported previously that ginsenoside Rg1 had an ameliorating effect but that ginsenosides Rb1 and Rd did not (Yamaguchi et al., 1995, Psychoneuroendocrinology 20, 645). The sugar moieties at C(6) and C(20), which are possessed by Re and Rg1, seem to be indispensable for an ameliorating effect on the performance impaired by scopolamine.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Effects of strychnine-insensitive glycine receptor antagonists and sigma agents on working memory performance: comparison with dizocilpine and scopolamine.

The strychnine insensitive glycine receptor antagonists (+/-) HA 966 (2.5, 3.5, 4.25 and 5.0mg/kg) and 7 chlorokynurenic acid (5.0, 10.0, and 15.0mg/kg), the putative sigma agents NPC 16377 (5.0 and 8.0mg/kg), BMY 14802 (5.0, 7.5 and 10.0mg/kg), and ifenprodil (5.0 and 7.0mg/kg) and the reference agents scopolamine and dizocilpine [(+) MK 801] were evaluated in a nonspatial delayed matching to sample working memory task in rats. (+/-) HA 966 impaired accuracy at the longest retention interval and decreased response probability measures. 7-Chlorokynurenic acid was essentially without effect. The noncompetitive NMDA antagonist dizocilpine reduced accuracy at all retention intervals, decreased the probability of a choice response and increased the probability of an intertrial interval response. The anticholinergic agent scopolamine selectively reduced accuracy at the longest retention interval but did not affect other performance measures. Sigma agents decreased response probability measures but did not affect accuracy at any retention interval. The results support the notion that sigma agents, glycine antagonists and NMDA antagonists produce different effects in cognitive tasks including working memory performance.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1996

Septal scopolamine-systemic diazepam interaction in passive avoidance learning in rats.

The role of the septal region in passive avoidance (step-through) learning was studied by administering 15µg/0.5µl of scopolamine intraseptally to rats, together with an i.p. injection of 2mg/kg of diazepam to the same animals. The combined treatment provoked a severe impairment in retention of the learning situation, whereas animals which received either scopolamine or diazepam alone did not show any deficit.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1995

Scopolamine blocks olfaction-induced fast waves but not olfactory evoked potentials in the dentate gyrus.

The presentation of some odorous materials such as xylene or toluene under the snout of rats has been shown to elicit 15-30 Hz fast-wave bursts in both the olfactory bulb and dentate gyrus. Electrical stimulation of the olfactory bulb elicits an evoked potential (latency of first peak is 16-18 ms) in the dentate gyrus. The present study demonstrates that scopolamine or atropine blocks toluene-induced fast-wave bursts in the dentate region and to a lesser degree in the olfactory bulb while leaving dentate gyrus electrically evoked potentials intact. Further, rhythmical burst stimulation of the olfactory bulb at fast-wave frequencies will elicit fast-wave-like oscillations in the dentate gyrus. These fast-wave-like events, unlike evoked potentials to single-pulse stimulation, are abolished after muscarinic receptor antagonism with atropine. Mechanisms at the olfactory bulb and dentate gyrus that produce fast oscillations may involve muscarinic cholinergic synapses while the simple transmission of single, non-oscillatory olfactory signals to the dentate gyrus does not.

Animals↗