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PubMed1996

[Policy and practice].

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Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1987

Belorussia: the demographic transition and the settlement network in the 1980s.

Changes in the pattern of settlement in the Belorussian SSR, one of the constituent republics of the USSR, over the past 25 years is reviewed. The author suggests that Belorussia during this period has gone through the evolutionary process described in the demographic transition model. "The model outlines the changes in birth and death rates and their evolution over time in response to improved medical facilities, resulting in an increase of population of a region or country. At the same time the process of industrialization is accompanied by urbanization, which Belorussia has experienced in the period since 1959." A review of contemporary Soviet thinking on rural and urban settlement networks is included

Demography↗
PubMed1998

Modelling inter-ward migration in Hereford and Worcester: the importance of housing growth and tenure.

"In this paper, we use the 1991 Special Migration Statistics to analyse inter-ward flows in the British county of Hereford and Worcester. New modelling techniques...based on the Poisson distribution are used in this research which partially overcome the under-dispersion problem resulting from modelling zero and very small flows.... Analysis at this scale provides the potential for more detailed generalization about migration processes such as suburbanization, counterurbanization, intra-urban mobility, rural depopulation and the relationship between housing and demographic change at the local level. Unlike migration flows over long distances, which are often employment related, these flows are primarily motivated by residential requirements and housing type and growth are identified as key variables in the interpretation of these migration patterns."

Demography↗
PubMed2002

[Survey on vitamin A deficiency in children under-6-years in China].

OBJECTIVE: To understand the prevalence and spatial distribution of vitamin A deficiency (VAD) in China among children at ages under six years. METHODS: About 8,600 children under 6 years of age in 14 cities and 28 counties of 14 provinces were selected with stratified cluster sampling for survey, including interview with questionnaire for their family information and nutritional status. Blood specimens were collected for measuring serum level of VA with fluorescent spectrophotometry in laboratory. RESULTS: Totally, 8,669 children under 6 (2,877 in urban area and 5,792 in rural area) were surveyed in 14 provinces, with 4,629 males and 4,040 females. Eight cases of night blindness and seven cases of xerophthalmia were found among the children at ages of two to five years. Sixty-one mothers of the children in this group were also found suffering from night blindness. All the cases of night blindness and xerophthalmia both in children and mothers were living in rural areas. Based on their serum levels of VA, 11.7% of the all 1 018 children were diagnosed as VAD, with serum VA concentrations below or equal to 0.70 micro mol/L. Prevalence of VAD was 15.0% and 5.8% in rural (23.3% in the poverty-stricken counties) and urban areas, respectively, and 5.8%, 11.5% and 16.8% in the coastal, inland and remote areas, respectively. The average serum level of VA was 1.20 micro mol/L and 0.99 micro mol/L for urban and rural areas, respectively, with a national average of 1.06 micro mol/L. And, babies under six months of age with an average serum levels of VA < or = 0.70 micro mol/L accounted for 33.4%, and those at ages of four to five years with the same level of VA accounted for 8%. There was significant difference in serum levels of VA between ages, but no significant difference between genders. CONCLUSION: VAD did exist in children of China, especially in the remote and poverty-stricken rural areas and VA supplementation is urgently needed for the children in these regions.

Child↗
PubMed1993

Malaria prevalence and morbidity in relation to the use of permethrin-treated wall cloths in Kenya.

The effect of permethrin-treated wall cloths (Mbu cloth) on malaria parasitaemia prevalences and malaria morbidity, was evaluated in a population of over 10,000 for a period of three years in the Marigat area, Baringo District, Kenya. The use of the treated cloth in 2,000 houses resulted in significantly lower rates of malaria parasite prevalences with an overall reduction rate of 73% (P < 0.001) in the treated area. Control areas had an initial increase in rate of malaria parasite prevalence of 30% and later a reduction of 31%. There was a slight reduction in spleen rates in the control and treated areas but it was not significant for either between the surveys or among the villages.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Spatial and temporal distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments from Michigan inland lakes.

Concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were measured in sediment cores collected from 11 inland lakes in Michigan for examination of spatial and temporal trends in accumulation and sources. Concentrations of PAHs varied widely among these lakes; the highest concentrations were found in sediment collected from Cass Lake, located in an urbanized watershed. Concentrations of PAHs were correlated with watershed population density on a spatial scale. PAH concentrations have decreased over time since the 1980s in nine of the 11 lakes studied, most of which are located in suburban and rural areas. The rate of decline in PAH concentration was faster in Gratiot Lake, a remote lake with no known local sources of pollution in recent years. Concentrations of PAHs in surface sediments from Cass and Cadillac Lakes were greater than the threshold for adverse effects. Despite the wide variations in total PAH concentrations, fluoranthene, pyrene, chrysene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, and benzo[k]fluoranthene were the major PAHs in all of the lakes studied. The proportions of individual PAHs within the total PAH concentrations have changed both temporally and spatially, suggesting a shift in the sources of PAHs in the environment. A general increase in the proportion of high-molecular-weight PAHs suggests an increase in combustion-related sources recently.

Environmental Monitoring↗
PubMed2005

Particle size distribution and atmospheric metals measurements in a rural area in the South Eastern USA.

Atmospheric particle mass concentrations were measured at a site adjacent to Lake Hartwell, GA, during six dry sampling events in February-March 2003. The overall average PM2.5 mass concentration was 9.5 microg/m3 and the overall average total suspended particles mass concentration was 19.1 microg/m3. Particulate matter was collected on a deposition plate mounted onto a specially designed wind vane and was subsequently analyzed to determine the particle size distribution. The average geometric particle diameter was found to be 2.8 microm. Particulate matter collected was found to be closely approximately at log-normal distribution, with a count median diameter of 1.5 mum and a geometric standard deviation of 1.8. Individual metal concentrations present in airborne particulate matter were determined for cadmium, chromium, copper, iron, lead, manganese, nickel, and zinc using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry analysis of samples collected on Teflon filters. Ambient metal concentrations were found to range from 0.8 ng/m3 for cadmium to 512 ng/m3 for iron. The dry deposition flux of metals was estimated to be in the range of 0.17 mg/(m2 year) for cadmium to 102 mg/(m2 year) for iron. More samples need to be collected and analyzed, both temporally and spatially, in order to establish atmospheric metals fluxes onto surfaces.

Air↗
PubMed1991

Trends in lung cancer mortality in Scotland and their relation to cigarette smoking and social class.

This paper describes the trends in lung cancer rates in Scottish men and women during 1959-85, the relationship between lung cancer and cigarette consumption, and between lung cancer and social class, and the urban-rural gradient of lung cancer. Lung cancer rates in Scottish men have declined in all age groups under the age of 74 for at least the past two decades; the most notable decrease was in men aged 40-44 years, whose rates halved between 1970 and 1980. In women, who began smoking in large numbers only after World War II, lung cancer mortality declined slightly in those between 40-54 years and rose in those over 54 years. Trends in cigarette consumption did not fully explain the decline in lung cancer. Marked urban-rural gradients in the SMRs for lung cancer were evident in all periods, and these strengthened over time. Correlations between lung cancer and social class differed markedly from those found in previous studies, except for those with social classes II and V.

Adult↗