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Results for “Reality Testing”

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At least 955 records · Page 53Linked to original sources
PubMed1991

Internalization of the absent father.

The analysis of a woman, born of an unmarried mother, is presented. Her mental representation of the fantasized father was derived partly from her own wishes and fears, partly from what she was told by her mother, and partly from what she discovered through her own observations and enquiries. The revival in the transference of the split-off parts of her self and of the related bipolarity in her representation of the absent father, the search for their origin in her childhood, the discussion of their operation in her present and past relationships, and the working through of her resistances to change, enabled her to integrate the split-off parts of her self, and to maintain stable relationships. The child's need to internalize a father, whether or not the latter exists in reality, raises the question whether human offspring have an innate propensity to relate to a father, or a father introject, even when the latter is derived from fantasy alone.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

The influence of theory on the psychoanalyst's countertransference.

The emotional reaction in the analyst occurs in shared analytic work under the influence of the patient's transference phantasies and is the analyst's creation and contribution. The idea that the analyst has emotions introduced directly into the analyst by the patient such that the analyst contains somebody else's feelings is refuted. Examples have been offered to show how the analyst's working theory influences the countertransference. If the analyst is unaware of this, the analyst may mistakenly attribute negative countertransference to the patient's projection.

Conflict, Psychological↗
PubMed1991

Understanding the eating-disordered patient: engaging the concrete.

Anorexic patients typically present major obstacles when beginning psychotherapy, including a tendency to focus concretely on their food- and weight-related symptoms. The author seeks to clarify the meaning of this "concrete attitude" and presents a treatment approach that accepts the anorexic person's "limitations." The case of a 14-year-old anorexic girl illustrates how acceptance and understanding of the patient's concrete attitude, especially during the initial phase of treatment, can reduce the probability of a therapeutic impasse and can enhance the treatment process.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Cognitive-developmental systems theory in pervasive developmental disorders.

The concept of reality systems is introduced in context of cognitive-developmental systems theory. Examination of the parallels between the reality systems of normal infants and those of children with pervasive developmental disorders supports the view that the latter are stalled at an early stage of development. Evaluation of pervasively disordered children with closed-system and system-forming disorders indicates the aberrant manner in which such children orient toward and engage objects and events, a manner that precludes flexible adaptation to people or surroundings. Attention is given the role of interruption as it triggers a compensatory reaction to maintain systems and the contribution of such reactions in developing the intentional behavior so lacking in children with pervasive developmental disorders. Finally, the author discusses theory-driven strategies to correct deficits in the body schema, coping with surroundings, social development, and communication and representation.

Child↗
PubMed1991

Extra-analytic contacts: fantasy and reality.

E-A.C. are avoided in our practice and literature. However, they often blur the distinction between transferential illusion and reality, more so in training analyses. E-A.C. excite the patient's curiosity, exhibitionism and 'primal scene' fantasies with their concomitant anxieties. Such fears lead patients to phobically avoid analysing these encounters, whose effects analysts may also dread. However, calling attention to the avoidance may promote significant analytic developments. Illusion on the psychoanalytic stage is a regressive force which brings out significant affects and internalized relationships. Affects focus the patient's attention. E-A.C. occur in a 'transitional space' where fantasy and reality become both confused and differentiated, allowing for playfulness, creativity and emotional growth. The reality elements within psychoanalysis are reviewed: the patients' actual experience, the contract, the setting and the analyst's personality. The setting becomes the container of a mute symbiotic transference that may turn persecutory when the analytic routine is altered by an E-A.C. Hence, patients and analysts alike become anxious after an E-A.C. E-A.C. reminds us that analysis--like life!--is a constant dynamic interplay between fantasy and reality.

Fantasy↗
PubMed1991

A confusion of tongues or whose reality is it?

In a 1933 paper Ferenczi implied that conflict between the adult's and the child's construction of reality is traumatic for the child. As all individuals construct their own view of reality, it is inevitable that there will be conflicting constructions between child and adult--and between analyst and analysand. This may be biologically rooted; recent ethological studies suggest that parent-child conflict is ubiquitous because of a divergence of needs. When a child perceives a marked divergence between his or her construction of reality and that of the caretaker, the child may tend to reject the information proffered by the caretaker. This may appear later as a resistance to learning from the analyst. The divergence of needs between child and caretaker may have a profound influence on the child's cognitive development. The capacity to share other constructions of reality is a developmental achievement which may be facilitated by the psychoanalytic process.

Child↗
PubMed1990

[Psychological technics and meditation--reflections on some aspects of a borderline treatment area].

The pretentious propagation of psycho-techniques and psychotherapies that claim to be doctrines of salvation has resulted in a continually increasing number of persons who are cheated of their basic wish for meditation by their being led away under false pretences from the initial signs of meditation to merely suggestive or analytical procedures. While psychotechniques are useful and even mandatory for achieving prophylactic and therapeutic goals, they do not help the patient to step out of the self. The need for meditation, however, stems from his encounter with reality. Nevertheless, psychotechnique can support or promote meditation provided one is basically ready to transcend therapy. This would be an important contribution to psychohygiene.

Adaptation, Psychological↗