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PubMed1977

[Rational use of antibiotics is the basis of their effectiveness and safety].

Many-year studies on the use of antibiotics in the general medical practice are summarized in the paper. The present trends in further improvement of the rational use of antibiotics are presented. It is shown that the present rational and safe antibiotic therapy is determined by 3 main factors: (1) choice of the drug with due regard for its pharmacological properties and spectrum, (2) isolation, identification and determination of the bacterial flora sensitivity to the antibiotic, (3) revealing or prevention of high sensitivity of the patients to the antibiotics chosen.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1986

[Effect of feeding various types of rations on the growth of lambs].

Two groups of female lambs--'hay' and 'concentrate'--of 10 animals each, equated in terms of age, breed, and live weight were given different rations from the age of two weeks to one year. The hay group was offered roughage ad libitum and concentrates up to 25 per cent of the total amount of feed. The concentrate group was given concentrates ad libitum and roughage up to 25 per cent of the total amount of the feed consumed. The body mass of the animals was measured every month. There was no differences in the live weight between the two groups up to the age of 6.5 to 7.5 months. Later on the concentrate group showed 1.52 kg higher weight. This difference rose with each following month, and at the age of one year it reached 10 kg. The curves of body mass growth for the two groups showed the same pattern up to the age of 7.5 months (the period of intense growth). Then the curve of the hay group slowed down its course, while that of the concentrate group continued its growth (a period of delayed growth and enhanced fattening, respectively). The growth of body mass exhibited a characteristic rhythm which was manifested regardless of the type of ration given ad libitum.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

[Rational diagnosis in pneumonology].

A survey is given of the rational use of diagnostic measures in pneumonology. Of the investigations following the anamnesis and the clinical findings (radiology, bacteriology, clinical chemistry, clinical immunology, electrocardiography, functional diagnostics, computed tomography) the radiological ones are most significant. Endoscopy is used in certain questions, in case that a diagnostic clarification could not be performed with the help of the simpler investigations. Rational diagnostics are always case-related, generalizations are only conditionally possible.

Bronchitis↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[B group and ascorbic acid vitamin allowance of the therapeutic rations of phenylketonuria patients].

The allowance of the vitamin group B and ascorbic acid in specialized rations for children suffering from phenylketonuria was studied. A significant deficiency in a number of the study vitamins (thiamine, riboflavin, pyridoxine, niacin, ascorbic acid) was detected, this being confirmed by the excretary findings. Inclusion of protein-free and of products enriched with vitamins in the ration could not fully correct the diet as concerns the study vitamins. An additional administration of vitamins in the form of preparations led to their passage with the urine reaching normal or higher levels.

Ascorbic Acid↗
PubMed1972

The advent of printing as an obstacle to the development of rational medicine.

At the time that printing came onto the scene in western Europe in the mid-1400s, the medical community was struggling in the depths of superstition, and little rational medicine was being practiced. With this new invention, a flood of ancient, outmoded texts was released upon the public, and eager readers frequently were unaware that books they were being sold as new works were actually in some cases a thousand years old. Added to this was the fact that the appearance in print of this irrational material lent credibility and authoritativeness to unscientific writings. Thus, in contrast to many other fields which were immeasurably helped by the advent of the printed book, rational medicine was in fact held back and prevented from developing for at least a full century. It was not until the Renaissance was well under way that important original contributions by such towering figures as Vesalius supplanted these worthless repetitions of ancient superstitions.

Europe↗
PubMed1979

A shortcut to rational prescribing. Matching the bug and the drug.

The rational use of antibacterial chemotherapy in the clinical setting is a necessary objective, but a difficult task. This article presents a particular interpretation of history that links bacteria, conditions and chemotherapy in a prescribing rule that applies to much of the bacterial infection seen in clinical practice. Whilst retaining a rational basis, use of the rule simplifies day-to-day prescribing of antibacterial chemotherapy.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

[The effect of sodium hydroxide-treated roughages in horses: I. Treated lucerne hay as a constituent of a complete ration for foals (author's transl)].

The possibility of including sodium hydroxide-treated lucerne hay as a constituent in rations for horses was investigated by measuring its effect on the performance and certain bloodcomponents of growing foals. As no adverse effects were found it is concluded that further investigation is necessary to see whether the inclusion of low grade-treated roughages in the ration of horses would be of economic significance.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Incorporation of sodium bicarbonate into laying rations. II. Effects on egg quality.

The replacement of 0.67% NaCl in the ration by 1% NaHCO3 leads to improvements of several parameters of the shell quality and some other egg quality characteristics in the Rhode Island Red breed. In the Fayoumi breed this influence was not clearly discernible. This also holds for an increase of the NaHCO3 content in the ration to 2%. Under the conditions in the AR Egypt the addition of 1-2% NaHCO3 for the Rhode Island Red is recommended in order to improve the shell quality and the internal quality of the eggs.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1983

[Rational occupational arrangements for disabled epileptics].

Five hundred epileptics working at common enterprises of various industries were examined in order to evaluate the character of their work arrangements. It was established that in 76% of the patients, the working arrangements were quite rational whilst in 24% they were not. On the material provided by the latter group, the author outlined the factors that negatively affect the mechanisms of biological compensation and the stability of social and occupational adaptation. The quality of occupational recommendations in 10 administrative areas of the RSFS R was also studied. It was revealed that the proportion of those rationally employed is higher among the disabled whose occupational recommendations contain references to the nature and conditions of a desirable job and also to the character of personality changes in a given individual.

Disability Evaluation↗
PubMed1981

Toxicosis in sows and their pigs caused by feeding rations containing polybrominated biphenyls to sows during pregnancy and lactation.

The toxicity and the distribution of polybrominated biphenyls (PBB) were investigated by feeding rations containing different concentrations of PBB to sows during pregnancy and lactation. Sows and newborn pigs were clinically unaffected. Mortality was increased among pigs nursing sows fed rations containing PBB. Although transplacental passage of PBB resulted in an appreciable amount of PBB in tissues of newborn pigs, far more PBB were transferred to the pigs through the milk. On a body-weight basis, nursing pigs consumed PBB in concentrations similar to the concentrations given to the sows. The highest tissue concentrations of PBB (fat basis) were found in the liver, followed by the adipose tissue, kidney, and brain. Dietary concentrations of 10 mg of PBB/kg of feed increased serum concentrations of alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase, and thyroid hormones of pigs, whereas dietary concentrations of 100 or 200 mg of PBB/kg of feed caused those values to decrease. Gross pathologic changes consisted of increased weight of the thyroid gland of newborn pigs and increased weight of the liver of 4-week-old pigs. Histologically, thyroid glands of newborn pigs were slightly hyperplastic, and the colloid was scant and vacuolated. In the liver, lesions consisted of fatty change and centrolobular necrosis; changes were more severe in the sows than in the pigs nursing those sows. Measuring serum concentrations of ornithine carbamoyltransferase was the most effective clinical test in assessing the degree of liver damage in the pigs.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1984

Can physicians be rational about diagnostic tests?

Concerns about diagnostic test utilization have led to interest in the role of tests in clinical decision-making, and researchers have developed guidelines for interpreting the results of diagnostic tests using Bayesian probability revision and decision analysis. Although it acknowledges the importance of these quantitative models in medical education, this article identifies major obstacles that limit their application, demonstrating that " rational " decision-making may not be rational or optimal in clinical practice.

Clinical Laboratory Techniques↗
PubMed1982

Rational basis for the use of sleeping pills.

The diagnosis and treatment of insomnia is a major clinical issue. This is because the complaint of insomnia is highly prevalent and because the various clinical and laboratory manifestations of insomnia are complex. In addition, insomnia involves both day and night. This paper attempts to provide a rational framework for the evaluation of insomnia and the use of sleeping pills. Insomnia is defined and described with special attention to differentiating the subjective complaint and the laboratory assessment of objective sleep parameters. Specific disorders causing or associated with sleep disturbance and the complaint of insomnia are described, and some data bearing on relative prevalence of specific disorders are presented. Consideration of sleeping pills involves the evaluation of hypnotic efficacy as a property of the medication on the one hand and the practical clinical application on the other. Properties of different hypnotics are reviewed, including factors that affect the use of hypnotics in clinical practice. It is concluded that the rational use of sleeping pills demands a systematic approach to the evaluation of the individual patient and a specific attempt to formulate individual treatment goals together with a knowledgeable consideration of the specific chemotherapeutic agent to be utilized.

Arousal↗
PubMed1980

[The effect of the addition of vitamin E and selenium to sow feed ration on the concentration of vitamin E in the blood serum of piglets].

Under the experimental conditions of a clinic, the dynamics of vitamin E was studied in the blood serum of 57 piglets from birth to the age of 90 days. The piglets came from eight litters delivered by sows, four of which were given a ration with an addition of vitamin E (tocopherol acetate -- 100 i. u. per kg of feed) and selenium (0.1 ppm Se as Na2SeO3) during gravidity, and another four were given these supplements only during lactation. In the first group the piglets showed a high level of vitamin E immediately after birth, before the first sucking (4.048 mumol .1-1), which increased to the maximum average level at the age of 10 days (24.127 mumol .1-1). Then followed a marked decrease down to 1.679 mumol .1-1, recorded after weaning. In comparison with this, after the supplementation of the sow feed ration during lactation, the highest value of vitamin E concentration was found on the 5th day of age (21.482 mumol .1-1). The level of vitamin E gradually decreased, but still after weaning the average value was quite high (2.783 mumol .1-1). The results suggest the possibilities of eliminating the critical values of low vitamin E concentration in the blood serum of pigs at birth and after weaning.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1983

Health care technology and the inevitability of resource allocation and rationing decisions. Part I.

Increasingly, it is recognized that resources available to meet health care needs are limited. Recently, this has been evidenced by reductions in federally funded health care programs and the leveling off of research funds made available to the National Institutes of Health. The problem of severely constrained resources is likely to become more acute, given new medical technology and the high cost of medical care. It is now apparent that both resource allocation and resource-rationing decisions will become inevitable, since not all persons with catastrophic or complicated medical conditions will be able to benefit from medical technology. While the careful assessment of health care technology can conceivably increase the efficiency of the health care delivery system, the methods by which allocation and rationing decisions are made must be improved. In doing so, it will ultimately be essential for this society to come to grips with life and death issues in a manner to which it is not accustomed.

Biomedical Research↗
PubMed1982

[Topographo-anatomical substantiation of the choice of a rational approach to the terminal region of the thoracic duct].

With the aim to state the dependence between the projection of the place where the thoracic duct flows into and the superior part of its arc with the position of its external reference marks in order to choose a rational approach to the terminal part of the thoracic duct, an investigation on 50 embalmed human corpses has been performed by the method of graphic reconstruction and quantitative estimation of the planimetric images obtained. Certain regularities have been revealed in the interconnection of the terminal part of the thoracic duct with the elements of the cervical vascular-neural fasciculi, the sternocleidomastoid muscle, the clavicle, etc. There is a correlative dependence between the position of the external reference points and topographic peculiarities of the cervical part of the thoracic duct. A technique is suggested to calculate the projection zone of the cervical part of the thoracic duct in every case with the aim to choose a rational approach for the external drainage.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

[Effect of the protein content in the ration of sheep on the development and pathogenic action of F. hepatica].

Examined were two groups of 12 sheep each, infected with metacercaria of Fasciola hepatica. The first group were given a ration that contained 14 g crude protein per kg of metabolic weight, and the second group--a ration, containing 8.24 g, i.e., as much as was fed to animals in the field. In animals that were given higher amounts of protein developed 29.1 per cent less Fasciolae, on an average, and 5.2 per cent less worms reached sexual maturity as against the group that was offered less protein. The higher content of protein in the diet was shown to produce a protective effect against the strong clinical development of facioliasis.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1995

Evaluating relative speech recognition performance using the proficiency factor and rationalized arcsine differences.

This study evaluated two measures that have been used to compare the performance of particular subjects to outcomes predicted by the articulation index (Al). One measure was the proficiency factor, that is, the ratio between the Al derived from a test score and the Al derived from objective measurements of speech and noise spectra. The other measure was the difference between rationalized arcsine transforms of the observed score and the score predicted from the Al. The results indicated that rationalized arcsine differences are statistically superior to proficiency factors for comparing two sets of scores. Proficiency factors are best used to correct the Al, and thus an expected score, for the effects of subject variables that might bias the comparison. An assessment procedure that combines the strengths of both measures is described.

Computer Simulation↗
PubMed1995

Evaluation of an educational program in rational prescribing for GP trainees.

Education on rational prescribing is receiving increased emphasis but the effectiveness of this education is not well researched. This study used a randomised trial to evaluate a seminar for general practice trainees on rational prescribing of antibiotics and benzodiazepines, two important areas of general practice prescribing. Results show a decrease in prescribing of antibiotics by the group of trainees attending the seminar but no effect on an already low level of benzodiazepine prescribing. The study provides evidence that group educational approaches to influencing prescribing behaviour can be effective.

Chi-Square Distribution↗