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PubMed1986

Genetic regulation of carotene biosynthesis in selected tomato strains: aspects of beta-carotene biosynthesis and B gene specificity.

A comparative qualitative and quantitative study of the carotene compositions of a high beta-carotene type mutant Priya Darshini-1 (PD-1), high lycopene type, Pusa Ruby (PR) and the F1 hybrid of these two strains was carried out. Increased amounts of beta-zeacarotene and gamma-carotene were realized in the PD-1 parent and in the F1 hybrid. This correlates the increased beta-zeacarotene and gamma-carotene synthesis with increased beta-carotene synthesis. Introduction of gene B (the gene that regulates beta-carotene biosynthesis) to a system lacking it induces considerable amount of beta-carotene synthesis at the expense of lycopene in the hybrid. Based on these observations a 'three point control' for the beta-carotene biosynthesis in tomato fruits is suggested with the gene B capable of promoting two different pathways in the high beta-carotene types. The probable sites of action of the modifier mOB (the gene that regulates expression of B gene) are indicated. Beta-carotene and xanthophyll contents of different parts of tomato plants of a PD-1 type and the PR type F2 segregates of the F1 hybrid (PR X PD-1)F1 have been studied. Results indicate that the action of gene B is highly specific and exclusively oriented towards the fruit and not expressed in any other parts of the tomato plant.

Carotenoids↗

PubMed1978

[Repeated sampling of rat polymorphonuclear leucocytes from the pleural cavity. Application for the study of leucocyte chemotaxis (author's transl)].

A method is described for allowing the sampling of a homogeneous population of polymorphonuclear cells (PMN) from the rat pleural cavity a well as a technique involving the use of a phase-contrast microscope and video-recording system to study the necrotaxis of rat PMN towards a single erythrocyte lysed by ruby-laser irradiation. This allows both the speed of the leucocytes and the degree of their chemotactic response to be determined. The advantages and disadvantages of the experimental technique are discussed along with its application to the study of in vitro and in vivo actions of various drugs on rat PMN chemotaxis.

Animals↗

PubMed1979

[Repeated sampling of rat polymorphonuclear leucocytes from the pleural cavity. Application for the study of leucocyte chemotaxis (author's transl)].

Animals↗

PubMed1974

Population replacement in Culex fatigens by means of cytoplasmic incompatibility. Laboratory experiments with non-overlapping generations.

Bidirectional cytoplasmic incompatibility in the Culex pipiens complex appears to provide a mechanism for the replacement of a wild population by a strain refractory to filaria or a strain made partly sterile by a translocation. As a preliminary test of the feasibility of the replacement process, various ratios of strains with the cytoplasm of either Delhi or Paris, which are bidirectionally incompatible, were tested in laboratory cages. Where one strain was marked with the ruby-eye gene, this strain always declined in frequency in the next generation. In experiments in which the Paris strain was marked with a male-linked translocation complex, after 2-4 generations of breeding there was complete elimination of either the Paris or the Delhi type depending, as expected, on the relative frequencies of the two types with which the population began. In one experiment a type with Paris cytoplasm devoid of the translocation was found. This type increased in frequency in succeeding generations. The possible causes of origin of this type and its relevance to the practical use of the replacement principle are discussed.

Animals↗

PubMed1967

Genetical linkage relationships of DDT-resistance and Dieldrin-resistance in Culex pipiens fatigans Wiedemann.

The tropical house mosquito Culex fatigans readily develops resistance to DDT and to dieldrin and hexachlorocyclohexane. Studies of the mode of inheritance of these two types of resistance in material from Rangoon selected to a high resistance level showed DDT-resistance to be due to a single principal gene which was almost completely dominant and dieldrin-resistance to be due to a single gene allele neither dominant nor recessive, the hybrids being intermediate.The DDT-resistance factor was linked with the chromosome-2 marker genes y (yellow larva) and ru (ruby eye), at crossover distances of approximately 20 and 45 percentage units respectively. The dieldrin-resistance factor was linked with the chromosome-3 marker gene kps (clubbed palpi) with a crossover value between 35% and 40%. In contrast to Aedes aegypti, where these two genes are close together on chromosome 2, in Culex fatigans the dieldrin-resistance gene is separated on to chromosome 3.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Taxonomic position of Agrobacterium strains of hospital origin].

A collection of 31 strains received as Agrobacterium tumefaciens and A. radiobacter was subjected to detailed phenotypic and genomic studies. These strains were recovered from plants, soil, water and clinical specimens. Type strains of A. tumefaciens, A. radiobacter, A. rhizogenes and A. rubi were also included. The strains were tested for their ability to use 169 organic compounds as sources of carbon and energy. In addition, 11 conventional characters were studied for each strain. Relatedness among the strains was assessed by determining the extent of reassociation in heterologous DNA preparations. S1 nuclease and diethylaminoethyl-cellulose filters were used to separate reassociated from non-reassociated nucleotide sequences, and to determine the thermal stability of related nucleotide sequences. The resultant data revealed the following points: regardless of their phytopathogenic effects, 3-ketolactose-producing A. tumefaciens and A. radiobacter strains group into one species; this species contains 9 taxa which can be differentiated from each other by phenotypic and genomic characters; clinical isolates did not induce tumours on plants and clustered in three taxa of this species; the clinical and ecological significance of these organisms is not known; the present classification of the genus Agrobacterium is based on phytopathogenicity and does not reflect the phylogenetic relationships amongst these bacteria; as proposed previously by several workers, the genus Agrobacterium should be divided into 3 species on the basis of phenotypic and genomic characteristics. Different aspects of the classification and nomenclature of Agrobacterium are discussed.

DNA↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Instrumentation for urologic laser surgery.

Carbon dioxide, neodymium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet, ruby, and argon lasers are the only commercially available lasers with wavelengths suitable for laser surgery. Consequently, researchers have attempted to make the tool fit the clinical need. A pediatric #6 bronchoscope was fitted to a carbon dioxide laser endoscopic coupler to form a modified cystoscopic laser delivery system. This instrument was able to vaporize small condylomata of the distal male urethra. However, the restricted visibility of this crude adaptation represents an inferior solution compared with the endless possibilities of sophisticated fiberoptic technology. Future prospects in infrared optical fiber technology portend a breakthrough for transurethral carbon dioxide laser surgery. Adapting the Nd:YAG laser for urologic surgery is attractive because it can be easily incorporated into conventional cystoscopes. The argon laser's capacity to absorb blood and traverse water suggests future importance for transurethral surgery. Investigation is needed to develop a surgical laser adaptable to both open and transurethral urologic surgery.

Argon↗

PubMed1984

[Anesthesia programmed by enflurane].

A microcomputer type 6502 is the central unity of a volatile anaesthetic injector for use in a closed circuit breathing system. Estimated calculations for quantity of anaesthetic liquid are done in agreement with the formula of J.W. Severinghaus and H. Lowe. Clinical assay is realised with enflurane. The syringe efficacy is controlled by permanent recorder of halogenate concentration in upper airways Fi-FA: infrared analysor cosma Rubis 3000).

Anesthesia, Inhalation↗

PubMed1978

[Incorporation of glycine(14C) into liver proteins during low energy laser pulse irradiation].

The authors examined the action of irradiation with ruby lazer at lambda=6,948 A and level of energy 0.13 j/sm2. Liver of rats was irradiated through the surrounding tissues in five successive impulses. The skin in the region of action was stained with methylene blue. Changes in the incorporation of the label in the free amino-acids, in total cholesterol of liver and ribosomal protein as well as the proteins in the supernatant over ribosomes were examined. Glycine (14C) was identified by chromatographic was and autoradiographycaly. The relative radioactivity was determined by a scintillation radiometer. The data, estimated statistically, on the studies showed that 48 hours after lazer irradiation the incorporation of glycine was elevated over 12%. There were no apparent changes macroscopicaly and in the usual histologic preparations during the same period of time. Electronmicroscopic investigation revealed a certain alteration of the membrane structures, vacuolization at sites, but preserved ribosomal structures, accumulation of glycogen. The established changes were described as a manifestation of nonthermic effects of the type "striking wave" with successive increased course of reparative processes.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

The medical laser: an indispensable tool of the physician and surgeon.

The enormous proliferation of developments in the field of lasers has brought many changes and improvements to medicine. Lasers generate electromagnetic radiation unique in nature: Their light is coherent, collimated, and monochromatic. Because of these qualities, laser rays can be focused to very small spots of enormous power density. The wavelengths produced by a particular type of laser are determined by the characteristic energy levels of the emitting elements in the laser medium. The wavelengths of lasers currently used in therapy and surgery range from about 400 nm to 10,600 nm; at surgical power densities and at these wavelengths, because photonic ionization of atoms does not take place, laser rays are not oncogenic. Lasers can be used for converting radiant energy into heat in living tissues, for stimulating or moderating chemical reactions, or for mechanically disrupting histologic structure. Argon-ion, carbon dioxide, helium-neon, neodymium-doped yttrium-aluminum-garnet, ruby, organic-dye, and krypton-ion lasers are frequently used in medicine for therapeutic, analytical, or surgical applications. Laser use in medicine will increase as new developments bring forth new applications.

Biophysical Phenomena↗

PubMed1984

Platelet storage pool deficiency in mouse pigment mutations associated with seven distinct genetic loci.

Seven mouse pigment mutants, which have alterations at distinct genes, are known to have a defect in kidney lysosomal enzyme secretion. Two of these, beige and pale ear, have a bleeding abnormality associated with a deficiency in the number of platelet dense granules. In the present study, five other mutants with defective lysosomal enzyme secretion--pearl, pallid, light ear, maroon, and ruby-eye--were likewise found to have abnormally prolonged bleeding times after experimental injury. Platelet counts were similar to those of normal mice, but the platelet dense granule components serotonin, adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and morphologically identifiable dense granules were markedly reduced in these mutants. The capacity to accumulate exogenous 3H-serotonin in platelets was reduced 2-3-fold. Thrombin-stimulated secretion of 3H-serotonin was slightly decreased in all mutants. However, the seven mutants could be subdivided into three groups based on the degree of secretion of lysosomal enzymes after thrombin stimulation. Thus, all seven mouse pigment mutants have symptoms consistent with platelet storage pool deficiency and may serve as useful animal models for specific types of human platelet storage pool disease. Also, the results emphasize the genetic, morphological, and functional interrelatedness of three organelles: melanosomes, lysosomes, and platelet dense granules.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

In vitro destruction of urinary calculi by laser-induced stress waves.

A new, nonsurgical technique is proposed for the destruction of urinary calculi. This technique exploits recent advances in laser-fusion research in the generation of shock waves from high-intensity pulsed lasers and the principles evolved from extensive military research on fragmentation resulting from the interactions of shock waves on solids. In the in vitro experiments reported here, stress waves were generated by irradiating a thin film confined between glass and metal substrates with a high-intensity pulsed laser. It was shown that a nominal 2-J, Q-switched Ruby or Nd-glass laser is easily capable of producing stress waves of up to 10-kbar peak pressure and that the rise time of the stress pulse is on the order of the laser pulse duration. Urinary calculi (kidney or bladder stones) of different sizes, shapes, colors, hardnesses, and composition were fragmented by laser-induced shock waves into sizes quite capable of being passed spontaneously. Critical laser parameters have been determined, and the associated threshold pressure for the destruction of the hardest types of urinary stones has been measured. The possible application of this technique to in situ destruction of urinary calculi is described.

Acoustics↗

PubMed1981

[Laser in dermatology: biological effects; indications (author's transl)].

The various laser-systems can be classified according to: 1) the wavelength or range of wavelengths of the beam and 2) the method of delivery of the laser output: continuous or pulsed. -- Principal continuous-wave lasers are: -- the argon-ion laser, which produces multiple transitions ranging from 448 to 544 nm, -- the neodymium yttrium aluminium garnet (Y. A. G.) operating in the near infrared at a wavelength of 1,060 nm, -- and the carbon-dioxide laser with its output occurring in the far infrared, at 10,600 nm. Continuous-wave lasers induce essentially thermal effects which are used to coagulate or volatilize various superficial skin lesions. But when high power density is required, the relative benefit of lasers as compared with other conventional thermal devices (such as high-frequency electrocoagulator) is not obvious. On the other hand, the argon laser is capable of selectivity damaging pigmented cutaneous lesions with satisfactory healing of the laser wound and sparing of the overlying skin. This selective absorption is useful in the treatment of some vascular lesions such as port-wine stain or melanotic lesions or tattoos, and gives a good results. The specific color absorption is not so pronounced with the Nd-YAG laser and is absent with the carbon dioxide laser, chiefly used as an "optical scalpel". Photochemical effects produced by other continuous-wave lasers such as U.V. lasers, seem to be of interest in photobiology research and in destruction of tumors after the addition of a colorant. -- Pulsed laser systems produce not only thermal but also "non-linear" reactions, which are not well-known. The classical ruby laser is still appropriate in the treatment of some skin lesions.

Humans↗

PubMed1995

A gene causing Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome in a Puerto Rican population maps to chromosome 10q2.

Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome (HPS) is an autosomal recessive disorder that affects pigment production and platelet function and causes the deposition of a ceroid-like material in various tissues. Variability in the phenotype and the presence of several potential mouse models suggest that HPS may be a heterogeneous disorder. In order to identify a gene responsible for HPS, we collected blood samples from a relatively homogeneous population in Puerto Rico where the HPS carrier frequency is estimated to be 1 in 21. Analysis of pooled DNA samples allowed us to rapidly screen the genome for candidate loci, and significant evidence for linkage was detected for a marker on chromosome 10q. This region of the human genome is conserved syntenically with the region on mouse chromosome 19 where two possible mouse models for HPS, pale ear and ruby eye, are located. This linkage result was verified with additional markers, and a maximum LOD score of 5.07 at theta = .001 was calculated for marker D10S198. Haplotype analysis places the HPS gene in a region of approximately 14 cM that contains the markers D10S198 and D10S1239.

Albinism, Oculocutaneous↗

PubMed1995

[A multicenter study on the quality of use of long-term medication card].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate and improve the use of Long-term Medication Cards (LMC) at three Primary Care Centres and to obtain information about the impact of ongoing education on quality guarantee methodology. DESIGN: A before and after study. SETTING: The Caldes de Montbui, Rubi-1 and Concordia (Sabadell) Primary Care Centres. PARTICIPANTS: LMC samples from these three centres: 462 and 333 LMC for the first and second evaluations, respectively. INTERVENTIONS: The professionals involved were fed back the results of the evaluations carried out. Modifications in the system of control and organisation of the LMC were introduced. These included keeping the information contained on the LMC in the centres and changes in their cancellation and renewal norms. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: The results showed intracenter increases on all except one of fifteen measurements, presenting the following extreme values in the two evaluations performed at the three centres: record on the LMC of the length of treatment (from 63 to 98%); non-inclusion of treatments with authorization of less than three months (58 to 100%); non-inclusion of authorization above a year (83 to 100%); recording of the guidelines (61 to 87%); non-inclusion of antibiotic treatments on the LMC (94 to 100%). CONCLUSIONS: As for training, experience showed that its is feasible and profitable to follow up ongoing training, both to evaluate the impact of this training and to use the application of the quality guarantee cycle in the introduction and setting-up of internal QEI activities.

Drug Prescriptions↗

PubMed1994

Lasers used in dermatology.

This review introduces the various lasers available for the treatment of dermatological conditions. The applications of various lasers used in dermatology, including the carbon dioxide, argon, Q-switch Nd:YAG, ruby, dye and metal vapour lasers are discussed. We present our experience with the use of the carbon dioxide laser, flashlamp pulse-dye laser and Q-switch Nd:YAG laser in the National Skin Centre, Singapore. Our experience indicated that the lasers if used selectively are useful tools in the management of numerous skin disorders. The carbon dioxide laser is a versatile tool, useful for vaporizing or destroying skin lesions. The treatment of vascular or pigmented (melanin) lesions requires lasers that emit wavelengths corresponding to the absorption spectrum of haemoglobin or melanin respectively. Choosing the right laser gives optimal cosmetic result whereas the wrong lasers can lead to a less satisfactory result and even severe scarring. It is important to note that there is no single laser system that is versatile enough to be used to treat all skin disorders. To provide full coverage in the treatment of skin disorders, a laser centre has to be equipped with many different laser systems. This makes using lasers in the treatment of skin disorders very expensive.

Humans↗

PubMed1993

Negative necrotaxis.

We studied necrotaxis in several strains of protists and compared the reaction of living cells in the vicinity of cells killed by a ruby laser. Negative necrotaxis was observed for the unicellular green alga Euglena gracilis, whereas Chlamydomonas was shown to exhibit positive necrotaxis. The cellular colony Pandorina morum exhibited no reaction to the killing of nearby colonies. Both the colorless cryptomonad Chilomonas paramecium and the ciliate Tetrahymena pyriformis exhibited negative necrotaxis following the lysis of vitally stained specimens of their own species. They also exhibited negative necrotaxis following the lysis of Euglena cells. It was also demonstrated that the cellular content of Euglena cells lysed by heat or by a mechanical procedure acts as a repellent to intact Euglena cells. These results suggest that the negative necrotaxis provoked in Euglena by the laser irradiation is probably due to the chemotactic effect produced by the release of cell content in the extracellular medium. This cell content could, according to its chemical composition, act either as a repellent, an attractant, or be inactive. The sensitivity of cells (specific or nonspecific ion channels or chemoreceptors) are also of prime importance in the process.

Animals↗

PubMed1977

Laser treatment of extensive mixed cavernous and port-wine stains.

An extensive, disfiguring mixed nodular cavernous and port-wine stain of the face of an adult who had psoriasis and diabetes was treated with ruby and argon lasers for a period of seven years with substantial cosmetic improvement. There was no deep scarring, secondary granuloma telangiectatic reactions, or chronic radiation changes. Prolonged treatments were necessary because of the small size of the laser emission impact areas.

Eyelid Neoplasms↗