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PubMed1986

[Further development and restandardization of an approach to the diagnosis of aggressive social behavior in childhood].

The present paper continues and concludes an investigation into the restandardization of a first attempt, checked in respect of content and method, at the diagnosis of aggressive social behavior initially concentrating on the 9-11 age group. The work has its origin in a paper by Petermann and Petermann (1980), which we consider could be of significance to gradual restandardization, both in methodological research and in practical clinical application. A previous article demonstrated under various aspects the fundamental suitability of the attempt to restandardization. Arising out of this and the present analysis, some fundamental consequences, both in content and in method, of a fuller development and the therapy oriented employment of the attempt are discussed.

Aggression↗
PubMed1985

Single measurements of chorionic gonadotropin and schwangerschafts protein for assessing gestational age and predicting the day of delivery.

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and schwangerschafts protein 1 (SP1) were measured in blood samples from 26 women at 36-60 days of normal pregnancy. There was a highly significant linear correlation between the levels of these placental proteins and the stage of gestation as judged from the day of the last menstrual period and the day of spontaneous delivery at term. There was no relationship between hCG and SP1 levels in early pregnancy and the sex or birth weight of the child. These findings confirm the previous demonstration of the practical value of biochemical estimations in dating an early pregnancy. In addition, and for the first time, they demonstrate that such determinations may be used to ascertain the expected date of term delivery.

Chorionic Gonadotropin↗
PubMed1985

Methods for evaluation of costs associated with permanent and temporary control methods for salt marsh mosquito abatement.

Faced with reduced operating expenses, mosquito control agencies must be able to assess cost-effectiveness of various control techniques using practical and simple procedures. Previous economic literature on this subject is sparse, controversial, and not routinely applicable. This paper proposes and tests methodologies for comparing costs of temporary and permanent control strategies utilizing actual biological and cost data routinely generated by two New Jersey mosquito extermination commissions.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Field testing of cardiorespiratory fitness in primary school children.

The purpose of the investigation was to explore the validity of using timed distance runs as predictors of cardiorespiratory fitness in first, second and third grade children. Maximal oxygen uptake (Vo2 max), determined via the open-circut method during treadmill running, and performance on runs of 800, 1200 and 1600 meters were compared for 83 children. Males were found to exceed females on Vo2 max and possessed significantly faster times on all the distances run. The 1600-meter run proved to be the best predictor of Vo2 max (ml/kg) in both sexes. Test-retest reliability of the 1600-meter run was checked with 120 students and found to range from +.824 for first grade females to + .918 for third grade males. Normative values for first, second, and third grade students were calculated from data collected on 1440 elementary students. All subjects studied had previously received instruction and practice on the phenomenon of paced distance running.

Child↗
PubMed1980

First practical assay for soluble nitrous oxide reductase of denitrifying bacteria and a partial kinetic characterization.

Lysis of spheroplasts made from denitrification-adapted Paracoccus denitrificans released a soluble nitrous oxide reductase which was assayed spectrophotometrically under anaerobic conditions by following the oxidation of methyl or benzyl viologen cation radical upon reduction of N2O to N2. Other classes of reductants so far tested, including dithionite, could not substitute for viologen dyes. Viologen dyes, therefore, afford the first practical assay for this previously elusive enzyme of denitrifying bacteria. The assay is specifically an in vitro assay, because the dyes cannot couple with intracellular nitrous oxide reductase. The enzyme exhibited simple saturation kinetics with respect to both N2O and reduced viologen dye. The Km for N2O was about 5 microM at 22 degrees C and pH 7.1 and the apparent Km for reduced benzyl and methyl viologen was 0.9 and 0.5 microM, respectively. Both dyes afforded the same Vmax value. Oxidized viologen dyes were not inhibiting to 1 mM nor was N2 to 1 atm. In fresh lysates, Vmax was about 1.2 mumol of N2O X min-1 x mg of protein-1 or about twice that for intact cells or spheroplasts utilizing yeast extract or lactate. Enzyme activity was observed to be labile in crude preparations under anaerobic conditions. Nitrous oxide reductase was inhibited by acetylene, CO, azide, and cyanide with Ki values of 28, 3.5, 0.35, and 0.045 microM, respectively. All showed noncompetitive inhibition with respect to N2O.

Kinetics↗
PubMed1980

Ornithodoros (alectorobius) amblus (Acarina: Ixodoidea: Argasidae): identity, marine bird and human hosts, virus infections, and distribution in Peru.

Ornithodoros (Alectorobius) amblus Chamberlin 1920, adults previously were described inadequately. Practically nothing was known regarding the identity, hosts, distribution, and biology of this species. We redescribe both sexes, describe the nymph and larva, and present criteria for differentiating these stages from those of other members of the O. (A.) capensis group in the Western Hemisphere. Samples were collected from 13 localities on the Pacific coast and on offshore islands of Peru. Hosts recorded are the Peruvian Brown Pelican, Peruvian Booby, Blue-footed Booby, Red-legged Cormorant, Guanay Cormorant, and Inca Tern. These birds are not long-distance migrants and more widely distributed species of the O. (A.) capensis group have not been found parasitizing them. The life cycle is characteristic of the O. (A.) capensis group; the first nymphal instar does or does not feed. Humans are attacked eagerly by O. (A.) amblus and suffer afterward from severe inflammation and "incredible" pruritus, and possibly from more severe illness. Viruses infecting this tick are Punta Salinas (Hughes serogroup, family unclassified) and Huacho (Reoviridae, genus Orbivirus, Kemerovo serogroup). Dense tick populations cause breeding birds to desert numerous nests; thus, O. (A.) amblus is economically important to the Peruvian guano industry. Certain spiders and lizards may prey on this tick.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Removal of pesticides from wastewater at golf courses using plants (removal by mung beans; Phaseolus radiatus L).

Many studies have been done on the removal of pollutants from wastewater using aquatic plants. Water hyacinth has been the most widely-used plant, and systems using water hyacinth are well-established. These systems, however, have a few problems in their practical use. In a previous paper, we proposed a new system that could be used as a substitute for a conventional system or, as a secondary system to assist the conventional one. Mung beans will be used to remove pollutants in this system. In the previous experiment, the removal characteristics of nutrient salts such as NO2-, NO3-, NH4+ and phosphorus salts from wastewater in residential areas were examined. Mung beans exhibited good characteristics for removing these nutrient salts. At present, pesticides used at golf courses have become a severe environmental problem polluting water supplies. The purpose of this study was, therefore, to verify whether our new system using mung beans was also effective in removing pesticides from wastewater at golf courses. An experiment was conducted on seven different pesticides. They were three insecticides; Diazinon, Fenitrothion and Chlorpyrifos, three fungicides; Captan, Isoprothiolane and Chlorothalonil, and a herbicide; Simazine. The experimental results showed that, under experimental conditions, the pesticides were rapidly removed and that they exhibited no harmful effects on the growth of the mung beans. Mung beans may be used, therefore, to remove pesticides from wastewater at golf courses although further research is needed.

Fabaceae↗
PubMed1994

Physicians Innovation Awareness Program: helping radiologists learn about innovations.

The Physicians Innovation Awareness Program (PIAP) was designed to study the strategies of Canadian radiologists implementing innovations into their practices and to use the information to design an educational program to help radiologists learn about innovations. Canadian radiologists were asked, by means of a mail survey, for information about innovations in practice adopted in the previous 2 years and planned for the next 2 years. Surveys were sent to the 1077 practising radiologists registered in the Canadian Association of Radiologists (CAR) as of Sept. 30, 1991; 325 (30.2%) responded. Most (281) of the responding radiologists were practising in communities with a population of 50,000 or more; 103 of the 188 respondents for whom faculty status was known were affiliated with a university. Most of the respondents reported that they spent up to 25% of their working time in at least one subspecialty pursuit. From the information in the surveys, an educational strategy was designed to help radiologists in learning about innovations. This program involved special sessions on six selected topics presented at two annual meetings of the CAR, as well as publications, mailings and other lectures. The authors conclude that a specialty society can obtain adequate information from its members to design an educational program to help practitioners in adopting innovations.

Canada↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Epidemiology of HNPCC.

The review of the available literature seems to suggest that the frequency of HNPCC in Caucasian populations ranges between a minimum estimate of 1 percent to a maximum of almost 6 percent of all colorectal carcinomas. The differences can be partly explained by the dissimilarities in patient selection, thoroughness of the pedigree analysis and selection of inclusion criteria. The most remarkable difficulty in estimates based on the family history is the fact, that the syndrome cannot be verified until several family members have been affected by cancer. Genetic tests which probably will be developed after cloning of the two HNPCC-genes, would make possible the diagnosing of single cases" (i.e. first mutation) of HNPCC in the near future. This may alter the previous estimates. However, the practical identification and recognition of Lynch syndrome families will continue to be based on a careful evaluation of the family tree until genetic tests will be adapted for routine practice in colorectal cancer.

Colorectal Neoplasms, Hereditary Nonpolyposis↗
PubMed1993

[A rapid method of detecting psychrotrophic bacteria in raw milk].

Determination of the counts of psychrotrophic bacteria offers an important indicator of the technological quality of purchased raw milk, and also an indicator of the hygienic level of its production in agricultural primary production, particularly with respect to the sanitation of milking machines. The applied and published methods of determination of the counts of psychrotrophic microbial contaminants have revealed large differences, multiplied by insufficient legislation in this country, by vague and even wrong definition of the given group of bacteria, and/or by the misuse of the concepts psychrotrophic and psychrophil bacteria. Since the level of the microbial quality of raw milk should be increased, we investigated and developed convenient methods of determination of psychrotrophic bacterium counts in the last years (Urbanová et al., 1988; Urbanová, in print): these methods should facilitate the reasonable control applying an expeditious procedure. A long incubation time of standard procedure is a disadvantage complicating the practical use of the previous procedure (10 days at a temperature of 7 degrees C). An accelerated procedure of psychotrophic bacterium cultivation to determine their counts in raw milk is described in this paper. After thorough stirring, a raw milk sample is diluted with sterile physiological solution (pH 7.2) pursuant to the standard CSN 57 0101. The dilutions 10(-2), 10(-3), 10(-4) were the most convenient for inoculation when the counts of psychrotrophic contaminants were determined in raw milk. The dilutions 10(-3), 10(-4), 10(-5) were inoculated if higher milk contaminations were expected.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Pharmacokinetics of heparin after a single intravenous or subcutaneous injection.

In 2 groups of 4 probands the pharmacokinetics of heparin were investigated by a physiologic method (factor Xa inhibition) and an isotope method (35S-heparin) following a single intravenous injection of 5000 IU heparin and a single subcutaneous injection of 10000 IU heparin respectively. Following intravenous administration the anticoagulant effect and radioactivity fall exponentially. The half-life is about 50 min and the distribution volume 3000 ml (factor Xa inhibition) and 3800 ml (radioactivity). With subcutaneous injection peak concentrations above 0.2 IR heparin/ml were measured by both methods 2-4 h after administration; 9 h after administration, no further factor Xa inhibition was detectable in 2 probands. In the light of these and previously published results, some practical aspects of the conduct of therapy and prophylaxis of thromboembolism with heparin are discussed.

Antithrombin III↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Radiotherapy under informed consent report of a long-term survivor of advanced esophageal cancer.

This paper reports a patient with advanced esophageal cancer who has survived asymptomatically for five years after radiotherapy given under informed consent. Previously, we had not practiced radiotherapy under informed consent for patients with esophageal cancers. His excellent clinical course encouraged us to promote this form of treatment. This report presents his excellent clinical course in detail and discusses the significance of informed consent in radiotherapy for malignancies.

Aged↗
PubMed1977

Abdominoperineal resection in the treatment of devascularizing rectal injuries.

Local debridement, drainage, and diverting colostomy, with or without primary repair of the rectum, have been considered to be the standard treatment for most rectal injuries, but they are not sufficient for those patients sustaining uncontrollable bleeding or extensive rectal devascularization. This report assessed the indications and results of abdominoperineal resection of the rectum in these patients. Ten patients who were victims of explosive trauma presented with massive perineal injuries and extensive rectal devascularization. Six of these were treated with local debridement of necrotic tissue, pararectal drainage, antibiotics, and colostomy. Five of the six patients initially treated by colostomy died after operation from hemorrhage or sepsis. The sixth patients, who survived, had an abdominal resection of the rectum performed 5 days after the colostomy for removal of a gangrenous rectum. All five of those who underwent abdominoperineal resection survived (p less than 0.01). Increasing violence in the life patterns of modern society enhances the possibility of occurrence of this type of lesion, previously limited to military practice. The need for careful investigation of rectal viability is emphasized. Primary abdominoperineal resection of the rectum is advised when extensive devascularization has occurred.

Abdomen↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Supine infant sleep: what do family physicians recommend?

BACKGROUND: Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) kills more than 6000 infants annually in the United States. Researchers have described prone sleep position as a risk factor for SIDS. A greater than 50 percent reduction in SIDS has been reported in countries where the predominant sleep position changed from prone to supine. In 1992 the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recommended that healthy infants be placed in a supine position at bedtime. Previous studies of pediatric practices reported a 60 percent compliance with the recommendation. This study describes the self-reported compliance with the AAP recommendation by a cohort of family physicians. METHODS: Three hundred members of the Uniformed Services Academy of Family Physicians were mailed a questionnaire about their recommendations regarding infant sleep position. RESULTS: The response rate was 77 percent. Sixty-two percent of the respondents usually or always encourage supine sleep position. Twenty-one percent usually or always discourage the supine sleep position. CONCLUSIONS: This cohort of family physicians encourages the supine sleep position at rates similar to reported cohorts of pediatricians. Reasons for the limited endorsement of the AAP recommendation were not explained by the results of this study.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

[How well are patients with atherosclerosis treated in general practice? Risk factors and intervention surveyed in 1996-97 as compared to two previous years].

In 1996 and 97, a total of 1,353 patients with coronary heart disease and peripheral arterial disease were screened in 63 general practices for their specific risk factors and treatment. 63% of the patients were males and 25% were smokers. 55% of the patients had been prescribed a lipid lowering agent, in most cases by their general practitioner, as opposed to 18% in a similar screening in 1994 and 95. This corresponds with a general increase in the number of prescriptions for this kind of drug. The majority of patients treated were 75 years of age and under. The recommended level of LDL-cholesterol in secondary prevention is 2.6 mmol/l or less. 83% of the patients had values above this level. Neither the treatment with antithrombotic agents and beta-blockers, nor the reduction in the systolic blood pressure in hypertensive patients was found to be satisfactory. The same lipid profile and frequency with which drugs were prescribed was seen in both diabetic and non-diabetic patients. We found that lipid lowering agents were prescribed more frequently and aspirin less frequently than in comparable European surveys. It is essential to develop effective intervention strategies and for general practitioners and specialists to collaborate closely to implement these strategies for patients with atherosclerotic disease.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

What predicts patients' interest in the Internet as a health resource in primary care in England?

OBJECTIVES: To identify what factors predict patients' interest in using Internet health information in the light of poor uptake of a free, guided Internet service in one inner-city general practice. METHODS: Questionnaires were administered over a five-day period to consecutive adult patients attending two Manchester general practices: an inner-city practice serving a relatively deprived patient population where the free Internet service had previously been available, and a suburban practice serving a relatively affluent population. Data were analysed using multiple regression to identify predictors of self-reported interest in using the Internet for health information. RESULTS: A total of 753 (74%) patients completed the questionnaire although analyses were restricted to 660 (65%) cases. Independent predictors of patient-reported interest in getting health information from the Internet were (in order of relative 'importance'): positive outcome expectancy (i.e. the patient's strength of belief that it would enable them to deal better with their health); previous use of health websites; positive 'self-efficacy' (i.e. patients' confidence in their ability to use the technology); higher education; a positive attitude to getting health information from alternative sources; social deprivation; and having school-age children living at home. Level of Internet access was an important determinant of self-efficacy, but home access was the key predictor of outcome expectancy and past use of 'e-health'. CONCLUSIONS: Access, demographics and, particularly, motivational factors all influence patients' interest in the Internet as a health resource. Proposals to encourage more widespread use of digital health information need to take account of this complexity and not deal with access issues alone.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Microbiology, infection control, immunizations, and infectious disease exposure: education and practices in United States nursing schools.

BACKGROUND: Previous data suggest that nursing students in the United States are inadequately protected against hepatitis B. This survey focused on the immunization and education practices, infection control knowledge, and follow-up to infectious disease exposure by U.S. nursing schools. METHODS: To ascertain education requirements, immunization practices, and infectious disease postexposure follow up, a survey was sent to the director or dean of 1164 U.S. nursing schools. RESULTS: Seven hundred sixty-five schools (65.7%) responded to the survey. A microbiology course was required before clinical experience by 49% of schools. Clinical experience in the operating room was given by 16%, 65% of schools offered infectious and communicable disease courses, and 98% offered universal precaution instructions. The hepatitis B vaccine was required by 11%; 2% required yearly influenza vaccination. In a comparison of programs, the diploma schools were more likely to have written policies for infectious disease exposure follow-up and to use appropriate agencies for exposure follow-up (p = 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: A microbiology course before clinical experience should be encouraged. Immunization policies and infectious disease exposure follow-up are currently inadequate in U.S. associate degree and baccalaureate nursing programs.

Curriculum↗