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PubMed1986

Use of the population potential model for predicting the growth of cities in a region (with reference to Moscow Oblast).

"A modification of the population potential model is used to analyze the structure of the potential of population for cities of the Moscow region, to develop a relationship between population potential and city size, and to use this procedure to forecast future population change in Moscow Oblast cities." Cities in the region with a population of 50,000 or more at the censuses of 1959, 1970, and 1979 are included.

Demography↗
PubMed2002

CDC prevention project one of few for young MSM.

Prevention interventions geared toward young men who have sex with men are few and far between, so clinicians and researchers will be watching with interest next year when some outcomes data are released for one of the most comprehensive prevention projects aimed at this population. A research project of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention is an intervention that was developed specifically for MSM in the age range of 15 to 25 years.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Therapeutic goals: quality and quantity of life.

The elderly population is projected to increase from the present 11 per cent of the overall population to 20 per cent by the year 2020. The efforts of the medical community are directed toward extending the quantity of life. However, economic necessity and technologic advance in medicine will dictate the health care delivery to the elderly, as quality of life becomes a major factor in therapeutic decision making.

Adrenergic beta-Antagonists↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A portrait of Asians and Pacific Islanders in the United States.

Asians and Pacific Islanders (API) have an increasingly visible presence in the United States. This diverse population--encompassing persons with ancestry from East and Southeast Asia, the Indian subcontinent, and the Pacific islands--has grown at a faster rate than any other major racial or ethnic group. In 1996 Asian Americans numbered approximately 9.7 million (up from 3.8 million in 1980), nearly 4 percent of the U.S. population. The Census Bureau projects that this population group will reach 34.4 million by 2050, representing roughly 9 percent of all Americans. While immigration has fueled much of this growth, Asians' young age structure also will help boost their numbers in the next century. Fifty-six percent of Asian Americans live in three states--California, New York and Hawaii. Asian Americans comprise very small proportions of the populations of most other states. About 77 percent of the 2.8 million API households in 1996 were families, compared with 69 percent of white households. Roughly one in six Asian American households has five or more persons, compared with one in 12 white households. Educationally, Asians tend to be high achievers--42 percent of all API adults have at least a bachelor's degree, compared with 26 percent of while adults. Two-thirds of Asian Americans participated in the civilian labor force in 1996. Among employed Asians, one-third held managerial and professional jobs. Both proportions were roughly the same as for whites. Although the median income for API households was 9 percent higher than for white households in 1995, this difference is largely due to Asian households having more workers contributing to the household income. Despite these apparent measures of success, the poverty rates for Asian American families and individuals are nearly twice as high as those for whites.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

The LUNAR project: A description of the population of individuals who seek health care at emergency departments.

INTRODUCTION: Although little information exists about the consumers of emergency services and their illness behaviors, such information is essential for decision making by providers, administrators, and policy makers. The purpose of the LUNAR Project was to describe the population of individuals who seek health care at emergency departments. METHODS: After they attended a training course, 90 emergency nurses served as site coordinators in 89 emergency departments in 35 states. A standardized protocol was used to collect data retrospectively from 140 randomly selected patient records at each site. The final sample included 12,422 ED patients. RESULTS: Overall, 52% of the patient visits were for nonurgent care, 40% were for urgent care, and 8% were for emergent care. Most visits occurred between 10 AM and 8 PM and peaked at 6 PM. Children and younger adults were the largest consumers of services, primarily for nonurgent care. The most frequent reasons for visits were fever, chest pain, and abdominal pain, and the most common discharge diagnoses were middle ear infection, chest pain, and acute upper respiratory infection. DISCUSSION: The profile of ED patients showed a need for new types of services to provide nonurgent care and new interventions for preventing illnesses and injuries commonly treated in the emergency department.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

A large cross-sectional study of health attitudes, knowledge, behaviour and risks in the post-war Croatian population (the First Croatian Health Project).

As the liberation of occupied Croatian territories ended the war in the country in 1995, the Ministry of Health and Croatian Health Insurance Institute have agreed to create the new framework for developing a long-term strategy of public health planning, prevention and intervention. They provided financial resources to develop the First Croatian Health Project, the rest of the support coming from the World Bank loan and the National Institute of Public Health. A large cross-sectional study was designed aiming to assess health attitudes, knowledge, behaviour and risks in the post-war Croatian population. The large field study was carried out by the Institute for Anthropological Research with technical support from the National Institute of Public Health. The field study was completed between 1995-1997. It included about 10,000 adult volunteers from all 21 Croatian counties. The geographic distribution of the sample covered both coastal and continental areas of Croatia and included rural and urban environments. The specific measurements included antropometry (body mass index and blood pressure). From each examinee a blood sample was collected from which the levels of total plasma cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), HDL-cholesterol (High Density Lipoprotein), LDL-cholesterol (Low Density Lipoprotein), lipoprotein Lp(a), and haemostatic risk factor fibrinogen (F) were determined. The detailed data were collected on the general knowledge and attitudes on health issues, followed by specific investigation of smoking history, alcohol consumption, nutrition habits, physical activity, family history of chronic non-communicable diseases and occupational exposures. From the initial database a targeted sample of 5,840 persons of both sexes, aged 18-65, was created corresponding by age, sex and geographic distribution to the general Croatian population. This paper summarises and discusses the main findings of the project within this representative sample of Croatian population.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Wealth from Health: an incentive program for disease and population management: a 12-year project.

The future of healthcare is linked with its ability to face the challenges of consumerism. Disease and population management will represent the dominant style of healthcare delivery in the future. This article describes the Wealth from Health programs which utilize current and future technologies to help the healthcare system become a leader in healthcare delivery and to assist many communities at an affordable cost.

Asthma↗
PubMed1998

Single Purkinje cell can innervate multiple classes of projection neurons in the cerebellar nuclei of the rat: a light microscopic and ultrastructural triple-tracer study in the rat.

Two different populations of projection neurons are intermingled in the cerebellar nuclei. One group consists of small, gamma-aminobutyric acid-containing (GABAergic) neurons that project to the inferior olive, and the other group consists of larger, non-GABAergic neurons that provide an input to one or more, usually premotor, centers in the brainstem, such as the red nucleus, the thalamus, and the superior colliculus. All cerebellar nuclear neurons are innervated by GABAergic Purkinje cells. In this study, we investigated whether individual Purkinje cells of the C1 zone of the paramedian lobe of the rat innervate both groups of projection neurons in the anterior interposed nucleus. Two different, retrogradely transported tracers, either cholera toxin beta subunit (CTb) or wheat germ agglutinin coupled to horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) and a gold lectin tracer were injected into the red nucleus and the inferior olive, respectively, whereas Purkinje cell axons were anterogradely labeled with biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) injected into the paramedian lobule. Cerebellar nuclear sections studied with the light microscope demonstrated a close relation of varicosities from BDA-labeled Purkinje cell axons with both gold lectin- and CTb-labeled neurons. Branches of individual axons could be traced to both retrogradely labeled cell populations. At the ultrastructural level, synapses of labeled Purkinje cell terminals with profiles of WGA-HRP-labeled projection neurons predominated over contacts with gold lectin-containing neurons. Nine out of 367 investigated BDA-labeled terminals were observed to be presynaptic to a WGA-HRP-labeled profile as well as to a gold lectin-labeled profile. This indicates that nuclear cells that project to the inferior olive as well as those that project to premotor centers are under the influence of the same Purkinje cells. Such an arrangement would suggest an in-phase cortical modulation of the activation patterns of the inhibitory cells that project to the inferior olive and excitatory cells that project to premotor nuclei, which could explain why olivary neurons, especially those of the rostral part of the dorsal accessory olive, appear to be unresponsive to stimuli generated during active movement.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Prevalence, awareness and treatment of hypercholesterolaemia in 32 populations: results from the WHO MONICA Project.

BACKGROUND: Several studies have been conducted to estimate the population prevalence of hypertension, or its diagnosis and treatment. There is no multinationally comparable information on the prevalence of hypercholesterolaemia, or its diagnosis and treatment, since individual studies are often not directly comparable. METHODS: Data from the WHO MONICA Project's final risk factor surveys were used. Data were collected using standardized methods between 1989 and 1997 for the 35-64 year age range in 32 populations, in 19 countries on 3 continents. RESULTS: The prevalence of hypercholesterolaemia (total cholesterol > or = 6.5 mmol/l or taking lipid-lowering drugs) varied across populations from 3% to 53% in men, and from 4% to 40% in women. Awareness of hypercholesterolaemia varied from 1% to 33% in men, and from 0% to 31% in women. In most populations, over 50% of men and women on lipid-lowering drugs had a cholesterol level < 6.5 mmol/l. CONCLUSIONS: There is wide variation in the prevalence, awareness, and treatment of hypercholesterolaemia between populations. For the planning and implementation of primary prevention programmes and for the development of health care systems, monitoring of changes, both within and between populations, is essential. To obtain reliable information on these changes, well-standardized methods must be applied.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

New views on retinal axon development: a navigation guide.

The eye is a peripheral outpost of the central nervous system (CNS) where the retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) reside. RGC axons navigate to their targets in a remarkably stereotyped and error-free manner and it is this process of directed growth that underlies the complex organization of the adult brain. The RGCs are the only retinal neurons to project into the brain and their peripheral location makes them an unusually accessible population of projection neurons for experiments involving in vivo gene transfer, anatomical tracing, transplantation and in vitro culture. In this paper, we review recent findings that have contributed to our understanding of some of the guidance decisions that axons make in the developing visual system. We look at two choice points in the pathway, the optic nerve head (onh) and the midline chiasm, and discuss evidence that supports the idea that key molecules in guiding axon growth at these junctures are netrin-1 (onh) and ephrin-B (chiasm). In the optic tectum where RGC axon terminals are arrayed in topographic order, we present experimental evidence to suggest that in the dorso-ventral dimension, the B-type ephrins and Eph receptors are of prime importance, possibly through attractive interactions. This complements the anterior-posterior topographic mapping known to be mediated through A-type ephrin/Eph repulsive interactions. An emerging theme is that guidance molecules such as ephrin-B and netrin-1 have complex patterns of restricted expression in the pathway and play multiple and changing roles in axon guidance.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Education, gender and cognitive performance in a 62-year-old normal population: results from the Turva Project.

Four WAIS (Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale) subtests, and tasks of memory and cognitive control were administered to a population sample of 143 men and 179 women. Subjects with a minor advantage in years of education out-performed those with only primary schooling. Gender-related effects were also remarkable. Whereas the general abilities were equal in the genders, women out-performed men on recall of word pairs and objects, on verbal cognitive control and on Digit Symbol. In contrast, men excelled on Trail Making A, and on Block Design. The findings emphasize the need for age norms by gender and education for cognitive tests.

Aging↗
PubMed1979

Differentials in survivorship of the older populations among areas within a state. The case of Pennsylvania.

It has often been assumed when making estimates or projections of populations of sub-state areas that survival ratios of the state, region, or even the nation may be used since significant differentials are not expected within the state. The validity of this assumption is questioned, employing single-year-of-age survival ratios estimated for each planning and service area in Pennsylvania. Regression analysis estimations were made to determine whether the survival functions of the areas were statistically the same as the survival functions of the state. The survival functions were partitioned into two groups by age; a 10 to 49 year age group and a 50 to 84+ year age group. Briefly, the results indicated that, at least for Pennsylvania significant differences existed and that these differences are more likely to occur among the older group.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Regional economic-demographic modelling and projection: review of an international conference.

A review of the papers presented at the International Conference on Forecasting Regional Population Change and Its Economic Determinants and Consequences, held at Airlie House, Virginia, from May 26 to 29, 1982, is provided. "This review...concludes that [regional economic-demographic] modelling is at an early stage of development and currently provides only an adjunct to more conventional methods of regional forecasting. Given expected future improvements in the theory, data and techniques of economic-demographic modelling, such models could soon provide a worthwhile alternative."

Congresses as Topic↗
PubMed1995

[Evaluation of dietary changes during a 10 year observation period of the local Pol-MONICA population in Warsaw with regard to risk of cardiovascular diseases].

In the frame of the Warsaw Pol-MONICA Project three population screenings were performed in randomly selected 35-64 year men and women in 1984 (2571 participants), in 1988 (1397) and 1993 (1485). Twenty-four-hour dietary recalls were used for assessment of nutritional value of daily food ration and food products consumption. Statistical analyses was performed by linear regression method (SAS REG procedure). Substantial changes in food consumption pattern were noted during 10 years, particularly in the last 4 years. In 1993 participants of both sexes consumed significantly less cereals, butter, eggs (trend p < 0.01) and more fats of vegetable origin (trend p < 0.01). This changes reflected in nutritional values of daily food ration from 1984 to 1993: dietary cholesterol decreased from 630 mg to 433 mg in men and from 447 to 284 in women, percent of energy from saturated fatty acids decreased from 15.7% to 14.7% in men and from 15.9% to 13.9% in women, percent of energy from polyunsaturated fatty acids increased from 4.1% to 5.4% and from 4.3% to 5.5% respectively. Above mentioned changes resulted in a significant reduction of atherogenicity level of diet as expressed by Keys score. A period covered by the study was a period of economical changes in Poland associated with an introduction of a free food-market. Changes in food consumption and nutrient intake reflect the mixture of industry, mass communication patterns, and commercial advertising.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

World population. Past, present and future trends.

The history of, and prospect for, world population growth is presented in this study. The study is based mainly on data compiled and published in the last years by the population Division, the Food and Agriculture Organisation, the International Labour Organisation of the United Nations and the World Bank. The population of the world grew from about 300 million at the beginning of the Christian era to half billion in 1650 to one billion in 1800, to two billion in 1927, to three billion in 1960, to four billion in 1974, and to five billion in 1987. According to the medium variant of the United Nations projections the population of the world will reach six billion in 1988, seven billion in 2010, eight in 2023, nine in 2050, and ten around 2100. This number demonstrate the acceleration growth rate of world population which is explained be the theory of demographic transition. In 1985 developing countries had 3663 million persons or about three-fourths of the total population of the world. According to medium variant of projection the less-developed areas would increase their population to 4845 person by the end of the century or by four-fifths of the total. In contrast the developed countries would increase from 1174 million persons in 1985 to only 1277 million in 2000. Examining estimates of total and per capita income we must be impressed with the wide difference between the wealthiest and the poorest countries. The developed countries having the highest average incomes have undergone industrialization and modernization of the economy; the developing countries with lowest incomes are those with a predominance of agriculture in most cases. Statistical data shows that the disparity between the prosperity of the industrial countries and the poverty of the preindustrial countries was increasing in the last two decades.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1992

Multiregional demographic projections in practice: a metropolitan example.

"This paper examines options for local and regional projections which reflect both demographic interdependencies with jobs and housing at this area scale, and the inapplicability of traditional demographic projection methods to population or areal subdivisions. This context for local demographic projections requires constraints (for example, to job and housing forecasts or to higher area totals), the use of proxy or explanatory indicators to predict demographic rates or totals, and parameterization of demographic schedules, to facilitate comparison across numerous localities and to set future assumptions about demographic components. The traditional framework of self-contained projection by deterministic cohort survival is therefore widened to include regio-scientific and stochastic modelling concepts. The framework for empirical analysis is London [England] and its boroughs." (SUMMARY IN FRE AND GER)

Demography↗