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At least 955 records · Page 53Linked to original sources
PubMed1988

Methods for replacement of malaria vector populations.

The prospects are reviewed of replacement of malaria vector populations by harmless mosquito populations by means of: (i) ecologically competitive non-vector species; (ii) natural selection due to the harmfulness of being infected; (iii) selection for insecticide resistance genes; (iv) meiotic drive; (v) negative heterosis; and (vi) hybrid dysgenesis. Serious difficulties exist with all of these approaches. At present 'dilution', i.e. release of insects carrying the desired genes without any system for forcing population replacement is the only available method. It avoids the disadvantage that, in constructing elaborate genetic 'packages', factors for low fitness may be irreversibly incorporated into them. It is debatable whether release of males only or both sexes should be attempted.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Selected incidents of illnesses and injuries related to exposure to pesticides reported by physicians in California in 1986.

California collects data on most occupational and many non-occupational illnesses and injuries related to pesticide exposure. Most of the occupational incidents are investigated by local agencies. A thorough investigation is conducted on all pesticide-related cases that meet "priority" guidelines: death; hospitalization of 1 or more persons for more than 24 hours with treatment; or 5 or more people with symptoms seeking medical care as a result of the same incident. This report summarizes the priority cases determined to be related to pesticide exposure during 1986. Of the 67 described incidents, involving 583 people ill, 26 (38%) were related to exposure to pesticides applied indoors (residences, offices), either by commercial pest control companies, employees or homeowners. Nearly 200 people (33%) became ill and more than 200 people were evacuated as a result of these types of applications. Most of these incidents were a result of careless application techniques and not following label instructions. Four other incidents, with 33 people ill, were the result of spills in retail stores. In all 4 cases, store employees tried to clean the spill without wearing protective clothing. Two other cases involved exposure via a pesticide being put in a food container. Nineteen of these type of incidents involved a pesticide product containing an organophosphate; most often chlorpyrifos (8 incidents), diazinon (3 incidents), and malathion (5 incidents). There were also 10 cases that resulted from suicide; eight different pesticides were involved. Five incidents involving agricultural workers, as well as 4 incidents involving non-agricultural workers, were primarily the result of allowing pesticides to drift from the target field.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

[Orienting resistance tests on the population of Musca domestica in the East German district of Rostock].

In 1984-1986 we examined the insecticide resistance in 33 populations of Musca domestica. The average sensibility amounted to 21% with Trichlorfon, to 66% with Dimethoate and to 63% with Trichlorphenidine. For the moment, Dimethoate is the most successful insecticide in problematic stables, compared with it Trichlorfon often fails. Pest control operators have reported on first cases of inefficacy of Pyrethrum.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Seroepidemiology of Campylobacter pyloridis.

A total of 1158 sera were tested by an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for IgG and IgA antibodies to Campylobacter pyloridis. When used to test sera from gastroendoscopy patients this method had a sensitivity of 91% and a specificity of 75%. Ninety-eight of 108 infected patients (91%) were seropositive whereas only 23 of 92 (25%) uninfected patients were seropositive (p less than 0.001). Positive serology was also associated with histological gastritis (p less than 0.001). When sera from occupational groups were compared to random blood donor sera, meat workers, freezing works veterinary surgeons and pest control officers had significantly higher seropositivity. Cook Island (33 of 85 (39%)), Samoan (57 of 129 (44%)) and Tongan (39 of 56 (70%)) blood donors also had greater seropositivity than random blood donors (15 of 102 (15%)), (p less than 0.001 for all three ethnic groups). Seropositivity increased with age. The results indicate that C pyloridis infection is common among certain groups within New Zealand. The implication of this finding with respect to the hypothesis that C pyloridis is aetiologically related to dyspepsia and peptic ulcer disease is discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Malaria control in Iran--present and future.

The malaria eradication campaign in Iran, which started in 1958, has not been able to achieve its final goals. The technical, administrative, socio-economic and financial obstacles involved in this unfinished task are mentioned and the present status of malaria in the country is discussed. It is urged that eradication policy, presently used, be substituted by malaria control program, as defined by The World Health Organization. This would serve as a prerequisite for eventual eradication of malaria, from the country, in the future. Within such agreement, the improvement of basic health services and search for better technical means of controlling the transmission of the infection are emphasized as vital to achieve this goal. Intensive training of experienced staff, in Iran, for stimulation and promotion of relevant research and training activities in malaria control is highly recommended.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Field trials of Tolypocladium cylindrosporum against larvae of Aedes polynesiensis breeding in crab holes in Fiji.

The New Zealand isolate of the entomopathogenic fungus Tolypocladium cylindrosporum was field-tested against larvae of the crab hole breeding mosquito Aedes polynesiensis. A reduction of approximately 87% was achieved in the larval populations of all crab holes treated with T. cylindrosporum by day 21 of spore application. However, the mosquito populations recovered to the pretreatment level within two months indicating that any residual activity of this pathogen was insignificant.

Aedes↗
PubMed1986

Effects of sublethal exposure to Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis on larval development and adult size in Aedes aegypti.

The effects of exposure to sublethal concentrations of Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (Serotype H-14) on second instar Aedes aegypti larvae were investigated. A test system was developed in which adverse effects would be detected as increased duration of larval development and decreased adult body size. No evidence of negative effects on survivors could be detected when sufficient B.t.i. dosages were applied to kill approximately half of the larvae in the treatment groups. However, when larval density was not controlled, and competition for food decreased as a result of larval mortality in the B.t.i.-treated groups, adult wing length was greater in the B.t.i. survivors than in the untreated controls. In addition, a residual mortality was noted in larvae that had been exposed to B.t.i. for 24 hr and then removed to habitats without B.t.i.

Aedes↗
PubMed1986

Studies on potential biological control agents of immature mosquitoes in sewage wastewater in southern California.

Three biological control agents, a copepod, Mesocyclops leuckarti pilosa, and two fish, Cyprinodon macularius and Poecilia reticulata, were evaluated for their survival in secondary sewage effluent (SSE) and predation potential on mosquito larvae. Results showed that the survival of M. l. pilosa was not significantly affected in SSE or SSE diluted (50%) with water. In predation tests, the copepod consumed from 50 to 90% of the 1st-instar larvae of Culex quinquefasciatus in 24 to 72 hr and P. reticulata fed on almost all stages (egg to pupa) of the test mosquitoes. Survivorship of P. reticulata and C. macularius in SSE was not significantly affected by SSE under both greenhouse and sewage aquaculture conditions. Poecilia reticulata was distributed towards the influent end and C. macularius towards the effluent end of the aquaculture ponds, indicating the former species can tolerate higher levels of pollution which exists at the influent end of the pond. However, low water temperature and dissolved oxygen may be detrimental to these fish species in sewage aquacultural systems.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Swath width determination for Beecomist-applied Bacillus thuringiensis (H-14) against Anopheles quadrimaculatus larvae in rice fields.

Optimum flight path interval of Beecomist-applied Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (serotype H-14) (Bti) against Anopheles quadrimaculatus larvae was determined by assessing the effective swath width in rice fields. Droplet sensitive cards, laboratory-reared and naturally occurring populations of larvae were used to monitor aerial treatments 1 day posttreatment. Overlapping swaths were necessary to provide high levels of larval reduction. Based on tests where flight path intervals were 18.3, 36.6 and 73.2 m, optimal flight path interval was estimated to be approximately 67 m downwind of the extreme downwind flight path when flow rate was 1.44 liter/min.

Aircraft↗
PubMed1986

Hepatic angiosarcoma among Egyptian farmers exposed to pesticides.

A greatly increased incidence of hepatic angiosarcoma (H.A.S.) among Egyptian farmers involved in pest-control spraying operations attracted our attention. Fourteen patients were diagnosed at Ain Shams University Hospital between the years 1980-1984 as having H.A.S. Eleven were males and 3 females with an average age of 49 years, and a male:female ratio of 3.8:1. Eleven patients reside in Lower Egypt and 3 in Upper Egypt. Ten out of the 14 patients had a definite history of a direct chronic recurrent exposure to agricultural pesticides of variable chemical nature, throughout the year. The period of exposure ranged from 11-20 years with an average of 14 years. The other 4 patients had no history of exposure to any of the known carcinogenic factors. This significant increase in angiosarcoma among farmers involved in pesticide spraying suggests that agricultural pesticides might play a role in the genesis of H.A.S. in Egypt.

Adult↗