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PubMed2000

Parental smoking and alcohol consumption and risk of neuroblastoma.

Previous studies and animal evidence have suggested a relationship between parental tobacco or alcohol use and the risk of some childhood cancers, including neuroblastoma. A case-control study was conducted to investigate the relationship between parental tobacco smoking, alcohol consumption, and risk of neuroblastoma. Cases were children diagnosed with neuroblastoma over the period 1992-1994 at Children's Cancer Group and Pediatric Oncology Group institutions throughout the United States and Canada. One matched control was selected using random-digit dialing. Information on parental smoking and drinking history was obtained from 504 case and 504 control parents by telephone interview. Overall, there was no consistent pattern of association with parental smoking and alcohol consumption. For example, both maternal smoking and drinking during the period from 1 month before pregnancy through breastfeeding had adjusted odds ratios (ORs) of 1.1 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.8-1.4]. There was no association with paternal smoking (OR, 1.2; 95% CI, 0.8-1.6) or paternal drinking 1 month before conception (OR, 1.0; 95% CI, 0.7-1.4). There was no consistent increase in risk by the amount of smoking or drinking during any time period relative to pregnancy. There was no suggestion of an increased risk when only one parent smoked. Smoking or drinking among both parents did not jointly increase the risk of neuroblastoma in their offspring. The child's age at diagnosis, stage, or MYCN oncogene amplification status did not materially alter the OR estimates. It is concluded that the results from this study do not indicate any evidence for a relationship between neuroblastoma and parental tobacco or alcohol use.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Effects of maternal and paternal alcohol consumption on the success rates of in vitro fertilization and gamete intrafallopian transfer.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether the amount and timing of female and male alcohol use during IVF and GIFT affect reproductive endpoints. DESIGN: Multicenter prospective study. SETTING: Clinics in southern California. PATIENT(S): Two hundred twenty-one couples with female infertility. INTERVENTION(S): None. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Egg retrieval, transfer, fertilization, pregnancy, miscarriage, live birth, and multiple gestations. RESULT(S): Female alcohol consumption was associated with: (1) a 13% decrease in the number of eggs aspirated (adjusted 95% confidence interval [CI]: -2% to -23%, for one additional drink per day, 1 year before the IVF or GIFT attempt); (2) an increase in risk of not achieving pregnancy by 2.86 times (0.99-8.24, 1 month prior); and (3) an increase in risk of miscarriage by 2.21 times (1.09-4.49, 1 week before the procedure). For men, one additional drink per day increased the risk of not achieving a live birth by 2.28 (1.08-4.80) to 8.32 (1.82-37.97) times, depending on the time period; beer also affected live births (ORs = 5.49-45.64). This outcome may be due partially to increased risk of miscarriage by 2.70 to 38.04 times for men who drank <or=1 month before and during IVF and GIFT. CONCLUSION(S): This is the first study to report an association between alcohol use and reproductive endpoints of IVF and GIFT. Because alcohol use is ubiquitous, modifying drinking habits may increase assisted reproductive technology success rates.

Abortion, Spontaneous↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Genetic perspectives on the natural history of fish mating systems.

Molecular analyses of bird and mammal populations have shown that social mating systems must be distinguished from genetic mating systems. This distinction is important in fishes also, where the potential for extrapair spawning and intraspecific brood parasitism is especially great. We review studies on fishes that have used molecular markers to document biological parentage and genetic mating systems in nature, particularly in species with extended parental care of offspring. On average, nest-guarding adults parented about 70-95% of their custodial offspring, and approximately one-third of the nests were cuckolded to some extent. Furthermore, nearly 10% of the assayed nests contained offspring tended by foster fathers either because of nest takeovers or egg thievery. On average, fish that provide parental care on nests spawned with more mates than did fish with internal fertilization and pregnancy. Overall, genetic markers have both confirmed and quantified the incidence of several reproductive and other social behaviors of fishes, and have thereby enhanced our knowledge of piscine natural history.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Examining the role of parental frightened/frightening subtypes in predicting disorganized attachment within a brief observational procedure.

Following Main and Hesse's hypothesis, several investigators have affirmed that frightened/frightening (FR) as well as particular atypical maternal behaviors are associated with infant disorganized and adult unresolved attachment. Here, for the first time, FR behavior was observed in (a) middle-class father-infant (n = 25) and independent mother-infant dyads (n = 50) and (b) a brief laboratory play session. In addition, relations between disorganization, unresolved attachment, and the six FR system subscales were explored. Paternal and maternal overall FR behavior was related to infant disorganization (n = 75, phi = .61, p < .001), and for a subsample where Adult Attachment Interviews were available (n = 32), to unresolved adult attachment (phi = .59, p < .001). At the subscale level, disorganized-FR behaviors were related to infant disorganization, but only for mother-infant dyads. Across the whole sample, both dissociative-FR and threatening-FR subscales were associated with infant disorganization. The dissociative-FR subscale emerged as the central predictor of infant disorganization and was the only subscale significantly related to unresolved attachment. The appearance of FR behavior in this 18-min play procedure suggests that FR probably occurs more frequently than previously suspected. The possible role of dissociative processes in unresolved adult attachment, disorganized attachment, and FR parental behavior is discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Predictors of behavior problems in three-year-old sons of alcoholics: early evidence for the onset of risk.

We investigated risk factors in a population-based sample of alcoholic (father) and comparison families with 3-year-old sons. Alcoholic and comparison parents did not differ in socioeconomic status (SES), education, years married, family size, or cognitive functioning. Antisocial behavior and depression were significantly greater in alcoholic parents. High risk children were more impulsive than comparison children, but there were no differences in developmental age, IQ, or behavior problems. A higher percentage of high-risk children were rated in the extreme clinical range for behavior problems than were comparison children. For alcoholic families, mothers' ratings of their children's total behavior problems, externalizing behavior problems, and internalizing behavior problems were predicted by mothers' lifetime alcohol problems, current depression, and family SES. Father variables failed to predict children's behavior problems. Maternal variables were stronger predictors of their 3-year-old sons' problem behaviors than were paternal variables.

Achievement↗
PubMed1990

Male-mediated behavioral abnormalities.

The assessment of behavioral development in the progeny of males exposed to known mutagenic chemicals is a potentially sensitive endpoint for detecting transmissible abnormalities. A genetic component is demonstrated as these behavioral abnormalities can also be passed on to the F2 generation. In this review, experimental studies exploring transmission of behavioral deficits from paternal exposure to drugs, chemicals and radiation are addressed. Additionally included is a brief synopsis of recent work performed in our laboratory investigating such abnormalities in offspring from male rats exposed to ionizing radiations. The implications of these behavioral endpoints to humans is also discussed.

Abnormalities, Drug-Induced↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Familial resemblance for psychoactive substance use disorders: behavioral profile of high risk boys.

Familial transmission plays an etiologically important role in psychoactive substance use disorders (PSUD). The delineation of the risk status of families is central to implementation of the "high risk paradigm" in studying liability characteristics for PSUD. We have utilized a latent variable approach to characterizing familial resemblance for PSUD which incorporates elements of both the affected parent design, as well as a genetic epidemiologic indicator of familial aggregation of disease. Family resemblance scores were computed for 175 families in which fathers either met diagnostic criteria for PSUD or did not. We then compared the problem behavior profiles of 10-12 year-old boys grouped by familial resemblance for PSUD, and by paternal PSUD only. Boys grouped by paternal PSUD only had higher problem behavior scores than controls across all scales except for somatic complaints. Boys from families that have significant PSUD familial resemblance were characterized by higher scores on measures of externalizing conduct and socialization problems. Thus, the familial resemblance approach was more specific for the externalizing problem behaviors that have been described in longitudinal studies of childhood risk factors for later substance abuse.

Child↗
PubMed1992

A high-risk community study of paternal alcohol consumption and adolescents' psychosocial characteristics.

A prospective community study looked at drinking behavior and biopsychosocial correlates of adolescents (in years 9 and 10 and again in years 11 and 12 at 23 high schools) and their parents. Heavy drinkers were compared to nil/low drinkers. Sons were more likely to drink heavily if fathers drank heavily and mothers who drank heavily were more likely to cohabit with heavy drinkers. Differences in psychological characteristics and home environment were defined in regard to heavy drinking fathers and drinking sons. Difficulty in settling disagreements and reduced time spent with family were the main correlates associated with drinking by both boys who did not necessarily have a heavy drinking father and those who did.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Dopamine agonist treatment before and after the birth reduces prolactin concentration but does not impair paternal responsiveness in Djungarian hamsters, Phodopus campbelli.

Male Djungarian hamsters, Phodopus campbelli, are highly parental and experience a late-afternoon prolactin surge before the birth that is not seen in a closely related species, P. sungorus, which lacks paternal care. At the same stage, female prolactin is needed for later maternal behavior. Male prolactin was suppressed in first-time fathers before the birth of the litter using two different dopamine agonists, bromocriptine mesylate and cabergoline. Plasma prolactin concentration confirmed the efficacy of each treatment. Paternal responsiveness was quantified using three variations on a pup-displacement paradigm. No adverse effects of either treatment were seen. Across four experiments, there was no decrease in paternal retrieval or in retrieval latency in response to male prolactin suppression. In addition, there was no decrease in litter growth or survival, nor was there an increase in maternal investment to compensate for a deficit in paternal care. As cabergoline suppression of prolactin persisted after the birth without behavioral deficits, prolactin after the birth was also not required for the expression of paternal behavior. In spite of an extensive literature supporting an association between prolactin and natural paternal behavior, we conclude that dopamine-mediated prolactin release into peripheral plasma is not essential for paternal responsiveness in P. campbelli.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

SNPs and MALDI-TOF MS: tools for DNA typing in forensic paternity testing and anthropology.

DNA markers used for individual identification in forensic sciences are based on repeat sequences in nuclear DNA and the mitochondrial DNA hypervariable regions 1 and 2. An alternative to these markers is the use of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). These have a particular advantage in the analysis of degraded or poor samples, which are often all that is available in forensics or anthropology. In order to study the potential of SNP analysis in these fields, 41 SNPs were selected on the basis of following criteria: conservation, lack of phenotypic expression, and frequency of occurrence in populations. Thirty-six autosomal SNPs were used for genotyping 21 inclusionary and 3 exclusionary paternity cases. The behavior of 5 X-chromosome SNPs was analyzed in a French representative population. Our approach to SNP typing is a multiplex PCR based amplification followed by simultaneous detection by primer extension (PEX) analyzed by Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). The selected autosomal SNPs showed independent inheritance and gave clear results in paternity investigation. All X-SNPs were useful as both paternity and identification markers. PEX and MALDI-TOF MS, with their high sensitivity, precision and speed, gave a powerful method for forensic and anthropological exploitation of biallelic markers.

Chromosomes, Human, X↗
PubMed2002

Relating paternity to paternal care.

Intuition suggests, to most people, that parents should be selected to care for their offspring in relation to how certain they are of being the parents of those offspring. Theoretical models of the relationship between parental investment and certainty of parentage predict the two to be related only when some other assumptions are made, few of which can be taken for granted. I briefly review the models and their assumptions, and discuss two kinds of difficulty facing an empiricist wishing to test the models. The first is the problem of unmeasured (and immeasurable) variables. The second is the problem that even the most extensive models do not capture the complexity that can be demonstrated in real systems. I illustrate some of these problems, and some qualitative tests of the models, with experimental work on a population of the collared flycatcher. My conclusion is that although there are some cases where the models have qualitative support, we are a long way from understanding whether paternal care is commonly adjusted in relation to certainty of paternity.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

The relation of problem behaviors in preschool children to depressive symptoms in mothers and fathers.

The relation of maternal and paternal depressive symptoms to problem behaviors in a nonclinical sample of preschool children was examined. Data were collected from 46 women, their husbands, and their 4-year-old, first-born children. Observed maternal restrictive and punishing behavior and attachment security of the child were considered additional sources of risk for externalizing and internalizing problem behaviors. Different predictors for child externalizing and internalizing behaviors were identified via hierarchical multiple regression analyses. Maternal and paternal depressive symptoms and maternal restrictive and punishing behavior emerged as salient predictors of child internalizing behaviors. For externalizing behaviors, there were significant gender differences: For girls, maternal depressive symptoms made a significant contribution to the model; the model for boys was not significant. The results perhaps reflect different etiological pathways for externalizing and internalizing behaviors, supporting the suggestion that those behaviors are distinct clinical phenomena, even among very young children. The findings also suggest that nonclinical levels of parental symptomatology show systematic relations to children's problem behaviors.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

A self-consistent approach to paternity and parental effort.

We review the relationship between optimal parental effort and paternity, and emphasize the need for a self-consistent approach. A fundamental consistency condition is what we refer to as the conservation of paternity. Every offspring has exactly one father. If a male has a paternity of less than unity, then another male or other males must have gained the lost paternity. Our approach also emphasizes that paternity emerges as the result of interactions between males and females. From this viewpoint, if paternity changes it is because some aspect of the interaction changes, and the correlation between effort and paternity depends on the aspect that has changed. This has implications for comparative analyses of paternity. The conclusions that are drawn about the correlation between effort and paternity within a population depend on, for example, the types of male in the population and how their abilities are correlated. It is easy to construct models that predict negative correlations between effort and paternity.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2006

Expression of 4 genes between chromosome 15 breakpoints 1 and 2 and behavioral outcomes in Prader-Willi syndrome.

Prader-Willi syndrome is a neurodevelopmental disorder that is characterized by infantile hypotonia, feeding difficulties, hypogonadism, mental deficiency, hyperphagia (leading to obesity in early childhood), learning problems, and behavioral difficulties. A paternal 15q11-q13 deletion is found in approximately 70% of patients with Prader-Willi syndrome, approximately 25% have uniparental maternal disomy 15, and the remaining 2% to 5% have imprinting defects. The proximal deletion breakpoint in the 15q11-q13 region occurs at 1 of 2 sites located within either of 2 large duplicons allowing for the identification of 2 deletion subgroups. The larger, type I (TI) deletion involves breakpoint 1, which is close to the centromere, whereas the smaller, type II (TII) deletion involves breakpoint 2, located approximately 500 kilobases distal to breakpoint 1. Breakpoint 3 is located at the distal end of the 15q11-q13 region and common to both typical deletion subgroups. Analyses of the genetic subtypes of Prader-Willi syndrome to date have primarily compared individuals with typical deletion and uniparental maternal disomy 15 without grouping the individuals with a deletion into TI or TII. Distinct differences have been reported between individuals with Prader-Willi syndrome resulting from deletion compared with uniparental maternal disomy 15 in physical, cognitive, and behavioral parameters. We previously presented the first assessment of clinical differences in individuals with Prader-Willi syndrome categorized as having type I or II deletions. Adaptive behavior, obsessive-compulsive behaviors, reading, math, and visual-motor integration assessments were generally poorer in individuals with Prader-Willi syndrome and the TI deletion compared with subjects with Prader-Willi syndrome with the TII deletion or uniparental maternal disomy 15. Four genes (NIPA1, NIPA2, CYFIP1, and GCP5) have been identified in the chromosomal region between breakpoints 1 and 2 and are implicated in compulsive behavior and lower intellectual ability observed in individuals with Prader-Willi syndrome with TI versus TII deletions. We quantified messenger-RNA levels of these 4 genes in actively growing lymphoblastoid cells derived from 8 subjects with Prader-Willi syndrome with the TI deletion (4 males, 4 females; mean: age 25.2 +/- 8.9 years) and 9 with the TII deletion (3 males, 6 females; mean age: 19.5 +/- 5.8 years). Messenger-RNA levels were correlated with validated psychological and behavioral scales administered by trained psychologists blinded to genotype status. Messenger RNA from NIPA1, NIPA2, CYFIP1, and GCP5 was reduced but detectable in the subjects with Prader-Willi syndrome with the TI deletion, supporting biallelic expression. For the most part, messenger-RNA values were positively correlated with assessment parameters, indicating a direct relationship between messenger-RNA levels and better assessment scores, with the highest correlation for NIPA2. The coefficient of determination indicated the quantity of messenger RNA of the 4 genes explained from 24% to 99% of the variation of the behavioral and academic parameters measured. By comparison, the coefficient of determination for deletion type alone explained 5% to 50% of the variation in the assessed parameters. Understanding the influence of gene expression on behavioral and cognitive characteristics in humans is in the early stage of research development. Additional research is needed to identify the function of these genes and their interaction with gene networks to clarify the potential role they play in central nervous system development and function.

Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing↗
PubMed2006

Violent behavior associated with hypocholesterolemia due to a novel APOB gene mutation.

A 26-year-old male, the index patient, presented with persecutory delusions and suicidal behavior. He had 10 paternal male relatives in two prior generations. Five of them died by violent suicide and one, of the five, also committed a double homicide. The index patient was found to be hypocholesterolemic due to being heterozygous for a novel mutation of apolipoprotein B (apoB-29.4). His mother and paternal grandmother were normocholesterolemic, whereas a surviving paternal uncle was hypocholesterolemic and heterozygous for the apoB-29.4 mutation. This indicated that the index patient's father and paternal grandfather, both of which died by violent suicide, were obligate heterozygotes for the apoB-29.4 mutation and that the index patient inherited the mutation from his paternal grandfather. The odds ratio for the association between hypocholesterolemia and violent behavior in this family, where cholesterol status was known, was 16.9 (95% confidence interval 1.1-239.3). Therefore, our results support an inheritable relationship between violent behavior and hypocholesterolemia.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Gender differences among African-American substance abusers.

The purpose of this investigation was to determine if there were gender differences in 80 medical records (37 African-American men and 43 African-American women) from one drug treatment facility located in a midwestern city. Using independent t-tests and chi square analyses to determine group differences, there were significant gender differences relative to childhood sexual abuse experiences and maternal alcohol and other drug abuse; however, there were no gender differences relative to most drug-related behaviors and to paternal alcohol or other drug abuse. Implications for further study are discussed.

Adult↗