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PubMed2006

Y-chromosomal haplotypes for the AmpFlSTR Yfiler PCR Amplification Kit in a population sample from Central Poland.

Haplotype and allele frequencies for 17 Y-STR loci (DYS456, DYS389I/II, DYS390, DYS458, DYS19, DYS385 I/II, Y GATA H4, DYS437, DYS438, DYS448, DYS393, DYS391, DYS439, Y GATA C4, DYS392) were determined in 255 unrelated males from central Poland using AmpFlSTR Yfiler PCR Amplification Kit. Two hundred and fifty-two different haplotypes were observed. The most common three haplotypes were shared by 0.8% of the sample, respectively. Two hundred and forty-nine haplotypes were encountered only once.

Chromosomes, Human, Y↗
PubMed2006

Population data on the 11 STR loci in the Upper Silesia (Poland).

Allele frequencies, forensic parameters for the 11 STR loci (TH01, TPOX, CSF1PO, D13S317, D7S820, D16S539, VWA, FESFPS, F13A01, F13B and LPL) were determined in a sample of 140-1262 unrelated adults from the Upper Silesia region (Poland). Comparison of allele frequencies for examined STR loci between the Upper Silesia population and other Polish and European populations was carried out.

DNA Fingerprinting↗
PubMed2004

Respiratory tract infections: diagnosis and use of antibiotics by family physicians in north-eastern Poland.

The aim of our study was to describe the pattern of antibiotic prescribing for respiratory tract infections. Forty-four family physicians from Białystok (north-eastern Poland) filled in questionnaires regarding 1315 patients with respiratory tract infections. Antibiotics were prescribed in 803 cases (61.1%). The four principle diagnoses associated with prescribing an antibiotic were: bacterial pharyngitis/tonsillitis, acute bronchitis, unspecified bacterial superinfection and acute sinusitis for which a total of 572 antibiotic treatments were given (71.2% of all antibiotic prescriptions). The study shows that Polish family physicians diagnose respiratory tract infections empirically and frequently prescribe wide-spectrum antibiotics. More information is required about the diagnostic value of certain clinical symptoms such as purulent sputum, duration of cough and indications for broad-spectrum antibiotic use.

Ambulatory Care↗
PubMed2005

Antimicrobial resistance of Helicobacter pylori in Poland: a multicentre study.

The resistance of Helicobacter pylori to antimicrobials, known to be increasing in many countries, is an important factor compromising the efficacy of eradication therapy. Therefore, our study aimed at analysing the current susceptibility status of H. pylori in Poland. A total of 337 H. pylori isolates were cultured from children (N=179) and adults (N=158) from various regions of the country from January 2001 to December 2004. All strains were susceptible to amoxicillin and tetracycline. The overall resistance to clarithromycin (CL) was 28%, but there were significant differences between the centres (ranging from 0% to 33%) and between child and adult isolates (28% versus 15%, respectively; P=0.01) for primary a resistance. Altogether, 46% of H. pylori isolates were resistant to metronidazole (MTZ) and 20% of isolates were simultaneously resistant to CL and MTZ.

Adult↗
PubMed2007

Comparisons of the allergenic mite prevalence in dwellings and certain outdoor environments of the Upper Silesia (southwest Poland).

The occurrence of allergenic mites (pyroglyphid house-dust mites, acarid and glycyphagid storage mites and others) in dwellings and in synanthropic outdoor sites in a densely populated urban area was investigated. A total of 335 house dust samples were collected from dwellings at 7 different locations in Upper Silesia (Poland), including 84 samples from dwellings of Katowice. Mites were found in 188 of the samples examined (56.1%). A total of 4410 mite specimens were isolated and identified, including 4212 members of the family Pyroglyphidae (95.51%). Among them, Dermatophagoides farinae was predominant (75.3%), followed by D. pteronyssinus (18.6%) and Euroglyphus maynei (1.5%). Moreover, litter soiled with communal wastes was sampled. All 86 samples contained mites. A total of 7547 mite specimens were isolated including 6050 mites known as allergenic (80.5%). Among the astigmatid mites two acarids were dominant: Tyrophagus silvester and T. longior (28.7% and 25.1% of all mites). It should be stressed that 6 of the acarid mite species or genera found in outdoor environments are typical domestic mites (T. putrescentiae), or they have been collected from house dust samples (T. longior, Tyrolichus casei, Thyreophagus entomophagus, Mycetoglyphus fungivorus and Rhizoglyphus robini). The litter of synanthropic sites can therefore form a substantial source of infestation.

Allergens↗
PubMed2006

Prevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi s.l. OspA types in Ixodes ricinus ticks from selected localities in Slovakia and Poland.

In this study, 746 questing Ixodes (I.) ricinus ticks from eastern Slovakia and 187 ticks from southern Poland were investigated for infection with Borrelia (B.) burgdorferi sensu lato and different outer surface protein A (OspA) types by an improved restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of the ospA gene. The method enables differentiation of both single and multiple infections with B. burgdorferi s.s. (OspA type 1), B. afzelii (OspA type 2), B. garinii (OspA types 3-8), B. valaisiana (subgroups I and II), B. lusitaniae, B. bissettii, and the recently described genospecies A14S. Broad heterogeneity in B. burgdorferi s.l. was found including all species and subtypes except for B. lusitaniae, B. bissettii, and genospecies A14S. Regional prevalence of B. burgdorferi s.l. varied between 8% and 22.5%. The most frequent species were B. garinii (45.4%) and, notably, B. burgdorferi s.s. (31.3%). I. ricinus nymphs harbored almost exclusively B. burgdorferi s.s. and B. garinii OspA type 4, while in adults a broad variety of B. burgdorferi s.l. types was found. Mixed infections were significantly more often in nymphs than in adult ticks. In all mixed infected nymphs, B. burgdorferi s.s. with OspA type 4 was present. These data strongly suggest that B. burgdorferi s.s. and B. garinii OspA type 4 are maintained in these areas by specific transmission cycles involving a so far undetermined vertebrate host which is frequently fed on by I. ricinus larvae. This improved method provides a reliable tool for epidemiological studies on the heterogeneity of B. burgdorferi species and OspA types, an important prerequisite for improved local risk assessment and for test- and vaccine development for Europe.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Detection of spotted fever group (SFG) rickettsiae in Dermacentor reticulatus (Acari: Ixodidae) in Poland.

Dermacentor reticulatus ticks from Poland were investigated by molecular methods for the presence of rickettsiae. During 2003/2004, a total of 285 adult ticks was assayed using primers RpCS.877 and RpCS.1258 derived from the citrate synthase (gltA) gene, and 116 samples (40.7%) were positive for rickettsial DNA. Ten out of these positive samples were further assayed using SLO1F and SLO1R primers derived form the rOmpA-encoding gene to confirm that detected rickettsiae belong to the spotted fever group (SFG). The obtained sequence of a fragment of the gltA gene of Rickettsia sp. isolated from Polish D. reticulatus demonstrated 96-98% similarities to Rickettsia slovaca, Rickettsia sibirica, Rickettsia honei, and other SFG rickettsiae. The nucleotide sequences of the amplified fragments of the ompA gene were 98% homologous to RpA4 Rickettsia sp. reported from ticks collected in territories of the former Soviet Union.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Hyperostosis frontalis interna, a genetic disease?: Two medieval cases from Southern Poland.

Two cases of thickening of the internal tables of the frontal bones (hyperostosis frontalis interna, (HFI)) have been examined. These were two female skeletons from the 16th century Dominican Church in Raciborz (Southwest Poland). The similarity of their morphological and metrical traits indicates that they could be related, and suggests that HFI is likely to have a genetic base. These two skeletons are the subject of an analysis which may possibly throw some new light on the controversial and continually disputed nature of this illness.

Female↗
PubMed2004

Assessment of natural and anthropogenic radioactivity levels in rocks and soils in the environs of Swieradow Zdroj in Sudetes, Poland, by in situ gamma-ray spectrometry.

The natural radioactivity of 40K, 208Ti, 212Pb, 214Pb, 228Ac, and the fallout of 137Cs in typical rocks and soils of Swieradów Zdrój area (Sudetes Mountains, Poland) were measured in situ using a portable gamma-ray spectrometry workstation. The measurement points were chosen for different regional lithology: within hornfelses of the Szklarska Poreba schist-belt, quartz rocks, gneisses of the Swieradów Zdrój unit, leucogranites, leptinites, mica schists of the Stara Kamienica belt, and finally the zones of the southern and northern contacts of the Stara Kamienica schist-belt with leucogranites and gneisses of the Lesna unit, respectively. 40K activity varied in the range from about 320 Bq kg(-1) (quartz) to 1200 Bq kg(-1) (gneisses). The activity concentrations associated with 228Ac (232Th series) varied in the range from 25 Bq kg(-1) (quartz) to 62 Bq kg(-1) (leucogranites), whereas activity concentration of 226Ra varied in the range from about 31 Bq kg(-1) (hornfelses) to 122 Bq kg(-1) (leucogranites). Relatively low deposits of 137Cs were noted in the investigated area, where the activity concentrations ranged from 4001 (hornfelses) Bq m(-2) to less than 154 Bq m(-2) (leucogranites).

Cesium Radioisotopes↗
PubMed2004

Radon concentrations in groundwaters of the Polish part of the Sudety Mountains (SW Poland).

In the course of researches into radon occurrence in the groundwaters of the Polish part of the Sudety Mountains, conducted in various research centres in Poland, almost 1000 radon concentration determinations have been collected. These results have given the basis for an attempt to characterise the groundwaters of this region with respect to radon content. Radon concentrations oscillated within the range of 0.2-1645 Bq/dm3, with the arithmetic mean at 240.0 Bq/dm3 and the geometric mean at 106.7 Bq/dm3. The largest number of radon concentrations found in the Sudetic groundwaters ranged between ca. 3-6 and 1000 Bq/dm3. The values over 1000 Bq/dm3 can be considered anomalously high. They constitute 3.9% of all the results and occur around six localities within different geological units of the Sudety Mountains. These are shallow circulation, low mineralised groundwaters, which outflow from gneisses and granites. In the face of the fact that from 12.8% to 72.7% (depending on the adopted norm of maximum radon concentration for drinking waters) of the examined waters cannot be drunk directly without removing at least part of the radon, and in the face of the possibility of recognizing as many as 63.5% of the waters as potentially medicinal, extensive research of radon geochemistry in the Sudety Mountains area should be urgently undertaken.

Altitude↗
PubMed2004

Seasonal changes in radon concentrations in buildings in the region of northeastern Poland.

In this study, seasonal observations of radon concentration changes inside buildings carried out in the northeastern region of Poland is presented. One-year measurements of radon concentrations were performed in chosen buildings. The integral method of Cr-39 trace detectors in diffusive chambers was used. Mean values of radon concentrations were determined in monthly, 2-, 3-, 6-month, and annual observations. The fraction of a mean annual concentration of the value obtained in a shorter observation was calculated. Monthly concentration values were from about 0.2 to 14.9 of the annual mean. All buildings revealed seasonal fluctuation of radon concentration. Negative correlation of indoor radon concentration in the buildings and the mean temperature outside was observed in most examined buildings. The lowest coefficient range, determining which part of the annual mean value would be obtained in the 6-month observation, was gained for exposure begun in April or October.

Air Pollutants, Radioactive↗
PubMed2006

222Rn and 220Rn concentrations in soil gas of Karkonosze-Izera Block (Sudetes, Poland).

Soil gas 222Rn and 220Rn concentrations were measured at 18 locations in the Karkonosze-Izera Block area in southwestern Poland. Measurements were carried out in surface air and at sampling depths of 10, 40 and 80 cm. Surface air 222Rn concentrations ranged from 4 to 2160 Bq m(-3) and 220Rn ranged from 4 to 228 Bq m(-3). The concentrations for 10 and 40 cm varied from 142 Bq m(-3) to 801 kBq m(-3) and 102 Bq m(-3) to 64 kBq m(-3) for 222Rn and 220Rn, respectively. At 80 cm 222Rn concentrations ranged from 94 Bq m(-3) to >1 MBq m(-3). The 220Rn concentrations at 80 cm varied from 45 Bq m(-3) to 48 kBq m(-3). The concentration versus depth profiles for 222Rn differed for soils developed on fault zones, uranium deposits or both. Atmospheric air temperature and soil gas 222Rn and 220Rn were negatively correlated. At sampling sites with steep slopes, 220Rn concentrations decreased with depth.

Air Pollutants, Radioactive↗
PubMed2004

Medical procedures and the risk of iatrogenic hepatitis C infection: case-controlled study in north-eastern Poland.

Many hepatitis C virus (HCV)-infected individuals do not have any obvious risk factors and one of the putative sources of infection may be inadvertent exposure to infected blood or body fluids in the clinical setting. The aim of this study was to assess the role of medical procedures in transmission of hepatitis C in north-eastern Poland. In total, 194 patients with chronic hepatitis C were eligible for the study. The control group consisted of 275 age- and sex-matched individuals. Patients with a history of intravenous drug use were excluded. On multivariate analysis, transfusions [odds ratio (OR) = 3.7, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.2-6.3], minor surgery (OR = 3.2, 95% CI 1.5-6.7) and dental care (OR = 2.3, 95% CI = 1.4-4.0) were independently associated with HCV infection. We conclude that apart from transfusion, minor medical procedures and dental care may carry a significant risk of hepatitis C infection. Improvements in basic hygiene routines and strict adherence to universal precautions may be essential to prevent iatrogenic transmission of the infection.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Molecular characterization of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from Łódź, Poland: analysis by IS6110 restriction fragment length polymorphism and double-repetitive-element PCR.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of the present study was to characterize Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains isolated in the area of Łódź, Poland, from 1996 to 2000. METHODS: Two hundred sixty three isolates from 250 patients with tuberculosis were analysed by IS6110 restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and the double-repetitive-element PCR (DRE-PCR) method when indicated. RESULTS: The isolates were found to show a great heterogeneity and only 52 strains (20.8%) occurred in 20 clusters of 2-5 identical clones. Despite this diversity of IS6110 RFLP patterns, a computer analysis of similarities revealed a high level of relatedness (at least 90%) among 38.4% of different patterns. Most of the patients with clustered strains showed no apparent epidemiologic links with other patients whose strains had the same pattern. Utilisation of the DRE-PCR analysis as an additional typing test allowed to differentiate M. tuberculosis strains with a discriminating capacity similar to that of the IS6110 RFLP. Also, DRE-PCR differentiated nine strains that were indistinguishable by the RFLP analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Both methods used for the molecular characterization of M. tuberculosis clinical isolates showed similar discriminating ability. DRE-PCR analysis proved a simple, rapid and cost-effective adjunct to the IS6110 RFLP reference method. It could be applied as a screening test, thus, reducing the number of isolates that need further subtyping with the IS6110 RFLP to those initially clustered.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Molecular characterization of Agrotis segetum nucleopolyhedrovirus from Poland.

The turnip moth, Agrotis segetum (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae), is an important pest insect in Europe, Asia, and Africa. We have genetically characterized and classified a nucleopolyhedrovirus isolated from A. segetum larvae in Poland (AgseNPV-P). The restriction pattern of AgseNPV-P was distinct from an isolate from England/France (AgseNPV-UK and AgseNPV-F). Sequence analysis of three conserved baculovirus genes, polyhedrin, lef-8 and pif-2, revealed that AgseNPV-P differs substantially from the already described NPVs isolated from A. segetum and possibly represents a new NPV species. Phylogenetic analysis placed AgseNPV-P among group II NPVs and showed the closest relationship to Agrotis ipsilon (Agip) NPV and Spodoptera exigua (Se) MNPV.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

First record of the occurrence of "gill disease" in Mytilus edulis trossulus from the Gulf of Gdańsk (Baltic Sea, Poland).

We are presenting the first report of the occurrence of "gill disease" in Mytilus edulis trossulus from the southern Baltic Sea, Gulf of Gdańsk (Poland). The disease preliminary diagnosis was based on the presence of white and yellow "spots" causing deep indentations in the gills with degeneration, destruction and necrosis of gill filaments. Average prevalence of gill erosion in the blue mussels population was 15.8%. According to other authors, gill erosion may affect over 80% of the bivalve population resulting in mortality rates of up to 40%. The origin of the gill erosion remains unknown, but viruses are most likely involved in the etiology of these pathological conditions. The disease as such may indicate a decrease in the immunological resistance of organisms to infections and inflammations directly or indirectly caused by harmful factors in the ambient environment. Furthermore, the occurrence of numerous pathologies in bivalves is a particular problem in the Gulf of Gdańsk being a low biodiversity ecosystem. Pathologies reduce bilvalves' reproduction ability, worsen their physiological condition and increase their mortality rate. Those factors may also pose a significant ecological danger and lead to negative alterations of the ecosystem.

Animal Diseases↗
PubMed2006

[Characteristics of clumping factor- and protein A-negative methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus identified in Poland].

AIM: The aim of this study was to investigate the phenotypic and genotypic properties of clumping factor- and protein A- negative MRSA. METHODS: Two hundred ninety-four strains were studied. The production of protein A was determined by immunoblotting, clumping factor (CF) and coagulase by conventional tests with rabbit plasma. The presence of nuc gene and mecA gene was identified by PCR. The presence of clfA and spa genes was determined for CF- and protein A-negative strains and then phage typing was performed using two sets of phages and gene typing by RFLP of the spa gene. RESULTS: Sixteen (5.4%) CF- and protein A-negative MRSA were isolated. All of them produced coagulase and thermostable nuclease (except for one). nuc, mecA, spa and clfA genes were observed in all strains. The same RLFP pattern, but with different phage types and resistance profiles to antibiotics, was observed in all strains. CONCLUSIONS: CF- and protein A-negative methicillin resistant S. aureus isolated in Poland do not come from a single clone and the absence of CF and protein A is not caused by the deletion of clfA and spa genes.

Bacterial Proteins↗
PubMed2004

Children's perceptions of the nursing profession in Poland.

The drawing, as a kind of artistic language, used by the child-artist to express his or her thoughts and opinions concerning their environment is an immensely interesting form of cognition for the viewers of such artistic creations. The aim of the study was the analysis of the presentation of the image of the nursing profession created by children and the application of these experiences in vocational education of nurses. The objects of the analysis, were 182 artistic creations of children living in eastern Poland. The detailed analysis of the works was carried out by three independent competent judges who grouped the works according to the accepted indicators of evaluation. The young artists created the image of the nurse that presents a detailed range of professional duties, the quality of the child-nurse relationship and the prognostic vision of the new activities that will be put into practice in the future. The rich content of the drawings was complemented by the high artistic value of the composition. The study material collected should be used not only by nurses participating in care of children, but also in vocational education of nurses for more complete preparation of candidates to perform their future profession.

Adolescent↗