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PubMed1980

Implementation and operation of a hospital pediatric satellite pharmacy.

The planning, implementation, operation, and evaluation of a hospital pediatric satellite pharmacy are described. An initial three-month project involving establishment of a pediatric satellite pharmacy that provided unit dose drug distribution, intravenous admixtures, and a few clinical services was completed and evaluated. Positive evaluations by the medical and nursing staffs resulted in continuation of the satellite as a permanent program. Clinical services initially provided by the pediatric pharmacist were expanded to include acquisition of admission drug histories, instruction on discharge medication, participation on pediatric medical rounds and on the pediatric cardiopulmonary arrest team, operation of the poison control center, distribution of pediatric drug information, preparation of chemotherapy and monitoring of investigational protocols, and provision of pediatric nursing inservice education and community education. A five-year evaluation of the services provided by the pediatric satellite pharmacy was completed by 71 pediatric nurses and 27 Mayo Clinic physicians, all of whom had worked with the system regularly. The tabulated results are presented. Responses to overall services of the pediatric pharmacy were designated good to excellent by 100% of the physicians and by 98.6% of the nurses, indicating that the pediatric satellite pharmacy is a successful and beneficial program at this institution.

Child↗
PubMed1981

Analysis of the change in work patterns following installation of an inpatient pharmacy computer system.

An experiment was designed to determine if the installation of a pharmacy computer produced a significant change in the distribution of routine inpatient dispensing activities for pharmacy personnel. Data were obtained using time lapse motion picture photography and work sampling procedures. Cameras were placed in three different locations for 6 days over a 2-week period before and after installation of the computer. A sample of approximately 2000 observations was reduced to machine readable format and analyzed using nonparametric statistical procedures. Results indicated a shift in work patterns of pharmacy personnel. It was concluded that the installation of a pharmacy computer had a significant effect on the distribution of routine inpatient dispensing activities. Pharmacy management should consider this information in anticipating efficient use of personnel and proper placement of computer hardware.

Computers↗
PubMed1983

A data base management system for the administration of hospital pharmacy personnel.

A data base management system (System 2000) was utilized to develop a pharmacy personnel inventory that would allow the pharmacy and hospital administrators to quickly and easily obtain biographic and demographic information about employees in a large pharmacy department. The inventory provides personal information about each employee and administrative data such as previous employment and salary histories, benefits packages, and special skills. In addition, the personnel inventory provides other administrative functions including: 1) a tally of vacation or sick days accrued; 2) salary and merit increase information for pay evaluations; 3) a personnel telephone directory; 4) the immediate access to employee emergency contact information; 5) a tally of continuing education credits accrued by each pharmacist; 6) a list of languages, other than English, spoken by pharmacy personnel; 7) pharmacist licensure information; and 8) a list of the ethnic groups represented in the department for use in equal opportunity employment. Computer-prompted instructions allow use of the system by individuals with little or no computer background. Implementation of the system required less than 200 hours and maintenance costs have been relatively minimal. Recent advances in computer technology have made data base management systems similar to that described in this report, a realistic investment for the administrative needs of even the smaller hospital pharmacy.

Computers↗
PubMed1987

Quality assurance: ensuring pharmacy personnel follow procedures for handling cytotoxic drugs.

The development of a quality assurance activity for the handling of cytotoxic drugs in a hospital pharmacy department is explained. The exposure of hospital pharmacy personnel to cytotoxic drugs even in small amounts may present a health hazard. A method was developed to periodically evaluate and verify pharmacy staff adherence to procedures for the safe handling of cytotoxic drugs. The program development included the development of checklists to audit IV admixture and satellite clinics, outpatient and pharmacy production area, and pharmacy receiving and storage area. The basis for development of these checklists was the ASHP Technical Assistance Bulletin on Handling Cytotoxic Drugs in the Hospital and OSHA Guidelines.

Accident Prevention↗
PubMed1987

Developing a pharmacy application using IBM's Patient Care System (PCS).

This article describes the development of a computerized pharmacy order entry system using IBM's Patient Care System software at a large teaching hospital. The pharmacy component is part of a hospital-wide order entry system that includes other departments such as dietary, radiology, central supply, and laboratories. Pharmacy orders are entered into the computer system at the patient care unit by secretaries or nurses and subsequently checked and supplemented by pharmacists in satellite pharmacies. The system produces a medication administration record for use by nursing that becomes a permanent part of the patient medical record. Pharmacy cassette fill lists, i.v. labels, and charge summaries are produced. Billing is automatically accomplished upon the completion of an order. Initial hardware problems have been resolved and the system has been fully operational for 2 years. Ongoing development seeks to enhance the system's range of functions.

Boston↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The 1982 Hoechst Lecture: "Cost effectiveness--the emerging 'bottom line' for pharmacy?!".

In the current climate of budgetary restraint in the health care system, cost effectiveness is a concept which surfaces with increasing frequency, especially in reference to health care services funded by government. Since significant elements of pharmacy services in Canada are thus funded (including in most provinces, hospital pharmacy services, and prescription drug plans for senior citizens), it is important that pharmacy "tune into" the concept, and recognize it as an essential criterion to be met in the maintenance of existing services and in the development of new services. Prerequisite to a consideration of cost effectiveness is, of course, consideration of effectiveness; and a statement about the effectiveness; and a statement about the effectiveness of a service implies a potential for measurement of effect or outcome. In the 1980s, as pharmacy focuses its efforts on patients rather than products, that effect must surely be defined in "people" terms. One of the important dimensions of today's patient-focussed pharmacy services is patient counselling, more broadly, patient education.

Aged↗
PubMed1983

Shared pharmacy services: a cost-effective programme for small hospitals.

A pilot project for shared pharmacy service was undertaken to investigate costs and benefits under an agreement established between University Hospital, London and South Huron Hospital, Exeter, Ontario. The programme involved the use of facsimile telecopiers to transmit direct copies of the physicians' orders to the Pharmacy Department at University Hospital where they were entered into the computerized pharmacy system. At South Huron Hospital therapy was initiated from floor stock while the drug, dispensed in unit-of-use packaging, was delivered to the Exeter Hospital by courier service. The shared service pharmacist visited South Huron Hospital once weekly for nursing orientations, inservice lectures, patient consultations, medical staff meetings and direct contact with physicians. With the approval of the Bureau of Dangerous Drugs the pharmacist delivered Narcotic and Schedule G medications once weekly. After three months the patient census and average number of medication orders per patient per day had increased. The hours of pharmacy operation were extended, while the medication costs per patient day were reduced from $2.16 to $1.64. A shared pharmacy service can result in an improved element of drug use control for smaller hospitals in a cost-effective manner.

Cost-Benefit Analysis↗
PubMed2000

Anti-tuberculosis treatment in private pharmacies, Kathmandu Valley, Nepal.

SETTING: Urban municipality of 150000 citizens in Kathmandu Valley, Nepal. OBJECTIVE: To determine 1) the perceptions among private pharmacists of characteristics of tuberculosis (TB) patients visiting private pharmacies in the area, 2) the sales of different anti-tuberculosis drugs, and 3) the interaction between private health providers and pharmacists. DESIGN: Between January and April 1998, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 98% (49/50) of the private drug-retailers in the area. RESULTS: Thirty-two (65%) pharmacies had sold anti-TB drugs during the last month. Forty-three (88%) said that most TB patients were of low socio-economic status and rarely bought drugs for more than a week at a time. Only eight (16%) reported that TB patients usually returned to buy the full course of drugs. Seventy-two per cent of total spending on anti-tuberculosis drugs was for different kinds of combinations of drugs. Nine per cent was spent on plain rifampicin, believed to be sold only to tuberculosis/leprosy patients. During the previous month, 5/13 (38%) of pharmacies with no doctors attached had sold anti-tuberculosis drugs compared with 27/38 (71%) of pharmacies with doctors attached to them (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The private sector offers an available and acceptable but non-affordable service for many TB patients. A substantial amount of anti-TB drugs are being sold in the private pharmacies. There is therefore a potential role for pharmacists to play in collaborative efforts between the private and public sector in TB control activities.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Building a retrospective collection in pharmacy: a brief history of the literature with some considerations for U.S. health sciences library professionals.

This paper argues that historical works in pharmacy are important tools for the clinician as well as the historian. With this as its operative premise, delineating the tripartite aspects of pharmacy as a business enterprise, a science, and a profession provides a conceptual framework for primary and secondary resource collecting. A brief history and guide to those materials most essential to a historical collection in pharmacy follows. Issues such as availability and cost are discussed and summarized in checklist form. In addition, a glossary of important terms is provided as well as a list of all the major U.S. dispensatories and their various editions. This paper is intended to serve as a resource for those interested in collecting historical materials in pharmacy and pharmaco-therapeutics as well as provide a history that gives context to these classics in the field. This should provide a rationale for selective retrospective collection development in pharmacy.

Book Collecting↗
PubMed2001

[Evolution of the hospital pharmacies in public and private hospitals in the cancer network in Lorraine: Oncolor].

With the objective of improvement of quality in oncology, an assessment of chemotherapy practice in hospital pharmacies in public and private hospitals was carried out by the regional committee of oncology in Lorraine. The 36 hospitals reporting using chemotherapy, had varied practices. The results of this survey lead to the elaboration of guideline for hospital pharmacies in the oncology regional network Oncolor. This paper describes the different aspects of the hospital pharmacies in public and private hospitals included in the network Oncolor from 1996 to 2000. In 1996, 9 hospital pharmacies had centralized preparation for chemotherapy, whereas at the end of 2000, 26 pharmacies on 28 will fulfill the guidelines.

Computer Communication Networks↗
PubMed2001

[Functional characteristics of pharmacy services related to home care in a certain suburban area].

In order to clarify functional characteristics of pharmacy services related to home care in a suburban area, a questionnaire survey regarding home-care services was conducted for all 75 pharmacies belonged to T-City Pharmaceutical Association. The following services were investigated; A) prescription (medication guidance for patients and their families, provision of drug information to patients, management of the patient's drug history, dispensing, advice to physicians, inquiries, management of prescriptions for home infusion services); B) supply (sales of items such as over-the-counter [OTC] drugs [commercially available drugs that do not require a physician's prescription], display and catalogue sales of nursing items); C) consultation (consultation on home care, holding events such as health education programs); D) management (guidance for drug management by home visit); and E) information exchange (information exchange with other medical professionals and social workers). The results of the present study were as follows. (1) The following services were considered important and therefore regularly performed; A) prescription: medication guidance for patients and their families, provision drug information to patients, management of the patient's drug history, dispensing, advice to physicians, inquiries; and B) supply: sales of items such as OTC drugs. (2) The following services were considered important, but not sufficiently regularly performed; B) supply: display and catalogue sales of nursing items; C) consultation: consultation on home care, holding events such as health education programs; D) management: guidance for drug management by home visits; and E) information exchange. (3) On factor analysis, among home care-related pharmacy services, display and catalogue sales of nursing items as well as consultation on home care were present in the same factor group as contained sales of items such as OTC drugs, which showed a high accomplishment rate. Guidance for drug management by home visits and information exchange with other social workers were present in the same factor group as contained information exchange with other medical professionals, which showed a relatively low accomplishment rate. In summary, home care-related pharmacy services were found to be associated with information exchange and supply/consultation functions. This suggests that to improve home care-related services in pharmacies, information exchange among health, medical practices, and social welfare-associated professionals, not previously promoted, should be stimulated and supported.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

[Description of unused drugs collected in pharmacies in the Puy-de-Dôme region in France].

BACKGROUND: An unused drug (UD) is defined as a drug which is purchased, after prescription or not, but which is not taken. Public health campaigns in France have requested people to return these drugs to their pharmacy. To data, few data have been available concerning the quantity of collected UD and their potential re-use. A study was performed in the pharmacies of the Puy-de-Dôme region in France to describe the UD circuit. METHODS: A random sample of 1 out of 5 pharmacies in the Puy-de-Dôme region (France) were defined by single level stratified sampling from the list of all pharmacies operating in the region. An exhaustive record of all UD people brought back to these pharmacies was made in 1998 during three 1-week periods. The following data were recorded for each UD: the name of the drug, the pharmaceutical industry code (CIP), the price, the rate of social Security refunding, the mention of "free specimen" on the package, the inscription on the list of poisonous substances and on the list of essential drugs defined by the World Health Organization (WHO), the registration on the list of drugs reserved for hospital use, the packaging notice (opened or not), the therapeutic class, and the formulation. RESULTS: 10,254 US (717kg) were collected during the study period. The therapeutic classes of the UD were similar to those of drugs purchased in France. According to the selling price, these UD had an economic value of 405,845FF (i.e. 3.6% of Social Security refundings paid in the Puy-de-Dôme region during this same period). Only 20% of the UD were potentially reusable for humanitarian purposes. Their estimated economic value was 87,456FF (i.e. 0.78% of the annual Puy-de-Dôme Social Security refunding). Moreover, 43.4% of the reusable drugs were on the WHO list of essential drugs. CONCLUSION: Although the volume of collected UD is high, use by humanitarian associations is on the decline because of the cost of collection and low economic yield. Furthermore, UD must be collected in a systematic manner to preserve the environment and prevent domestic accidents.

Data Collection↗
PubMed2002

[Georg Dragendorff and his students--the M. Sc. dissertations in pharmacy at Tartu University (1864-1894)].

The present paper deals with the M.Sc. dissertations on pharmacy at the University of Tartu/Dorpat (nowadays in Estonia) in 1864-1894. While Professor G. Dragendorff worked in Tartu, 89 persons defended their M.Sc. degrees in pharmacy and 88 persons their M. D. theses in the same field, a total of 177 dissertations for the Institute of Pharmacy, which comprises one third of the M.Sc. degrees in Pharmacy in the whole of Russia. This was the most fruitful era in the activity of Dragendorff and the most successful period in the history of pharmacy in Tartu University.

Estonia↗
PubMed2003

Evaluation of a model for counseling patients with dyspepsia in Swedish community pharmacies.

The outcomes of a counseling model designed to help pharmacists care for customers seeking nonprescription treatment for dyspepsia in Swedish community pharmacies were studied. A protocol containing 10 key questions based on clinical guidelines about dyspepsia symptoms and on studies of drug-related problems (DRPs) was implemented in six community pharmacies in Sweden. During two weeks in April 2002, all adult customers seeking self-care for dyspepsia were asked to participate in the interview. Depending on a customer's answers, pharmacy personnel gave advice, intervened for DRPs, or referred the customer to a physician. Customers who received advice or intervention were followed up by telephone. A total of 319 customers who met the study criteria agreed to participate. Of these, 183 (57%) received self-care advice, 37 (12%) had DRPs, and 39 (12%) were referred to a physician because of their symptoms. Of the 198 customers fulfilling the criteria for a follow-up interview, 130 (66%) participated. Nearly all of these customers were satisfied with their visit to the pharmacy, and 9 in 10 were pleased with the advice received. Eighty-five percent claimed they had followed the self-care advice, and two in three said they felt better. DRPs were resolved in 19 (86%) of the 22 customers with DRPs who were followed up. Only one customer in five who was advised to see a physician actually did so. A counseling model designed to discover and resolve problems related to symptoms and drug use appeared to have a favorable impact on outcomes in customers with dyspepsia seeking nonprescription drug treatment in Swedish pharmacies.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Evaluation of five full-text drug databases by pharmacy students, faculty, and librarians: do the groups agree?

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study is to assess the usefulness of five full-text drug databases as evaluated by medical librarians, pharmacy faculty, and pharmacy students at an academic health center. Study findings and recommendations are offered as guidance to librarians responsible for purchasing decisions. METHODS: Four pharmacy students, four pharmacy faculty members, and four medical librarians answered ten drug information questions using the databases AHFS Drug Information (STAT!Ref); DRUGDEX (Micromedex); eFacts (Drug Facts and Comparisons); Lexi-Drugs Online (Lexi-Comp); and the PDR Electronic Library (Micromedex). Participants noted whether each database contained answers to the questions and evaluated each database on ease of navigation, screen readability, overall satisfaction, and product recommendation. RESULTS: While each study group found that DRUGDEX provided the most direct answers to the ten questions, faculty members gave Lexi-Drugs the highest overall rating. Students favored eFacts. The faculty and students found the PDR least useful. Librarians ranked DRUGDEX the highest and AHFS the lowest. The comments of pharmacy faculty and students show that these groups preferred concise, easy-to-use sources; librarians focused on the comprehensiveness, layout, and supporting references of the databases. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates the importance of consulting with primary clientele before purchasing databases. Although there are many online drug databases to consider, present findings offer strong support for eFacts, Lexi-Drugs, and DRUGDEX.

Academic Medical Centers↗
PubMed2004

Master of Pharmacy Wilhelm Grining and his pharmaceutical laboratory.

Very little is known about the history of pharmaceutical industry in Latvia, especially about the history of small pharmaceutical enterprises in Riga at the turn of 19-20th centuries. The laboratory of Wilhelm Grining, Master of Pharmacy, (established in 1899) became well known because of its product Liquor Ferri albuminati Grining. The liquor was used for treatment of anemia and became very popular in the whole Russian empire. The owner of the laboratory Wilhelm Grining was a very erudite man and also a good businessman. He was a son of a pharmacist and has been acquainted with apothecary's practice and specificity of the work of the owner of a pharmacy since his childhood. Wilhelm Grining was particularly interested in proteins and started to carry out scientific research both in the fields of chemistry and pharmacy. He participated with his reports in the congresses of Russian Pharmacy Society and published his works in the journal of Russian Pharmacy. Besides all this W. Grining is believed to be the author of the concoction of curative herbs "Trejos devynerios". Biography of W. Grining, as well as the products produced by his pharmaceutical laboratory, was explored using materials from the archive of Latvian State history and 19th century's German literature of pharmaceutical history.

Biomedical Research↗
PubMed2003

[The foundation of the School of Pharmacy in Paris].

The Parisian School of Pharmacy originates from the Jardin des apothicaires created by the Parisian apothecaries community located rue de l' Arbalète to the suburb St Marcel in Paris in the early 17th century. It expenced on this site and was successively named the Collège de pharmacie (1777), the Société libre des pharmaciends de Paris and the Ecole gratuite de pharmacie (1796). The 11 April 1803 law as well as the government decrees of the same year organised the official training education of pharmacists in France with the creation of three schools in Montpellier, Paris and Strasbourg. The first director of the Parisian School was the well-known Louis-Nicolas Vauquelin. The development of this School imposed a new location in Paris, avenue de l' Observatoire, in 1882. The School of Pharmacy became Faculté de pharmacie in 1920.

France↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Pharmacy Department standard procedures for clinical trial development].

INTRODUCTION: Regulations on good clinical practice in the execution of clinical trials require the establishment and compliance of normalised working procedures by the hospital Pharmacy Department. These procedures must indicate precisely each one of the processes involved in their development, e.g. the reception, custody, storage, preparation and dispensing of research samples. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study is to analyse the information included in clinical trial protocols involved in the circulation of drug samples during the research stage and, based on the results obtained, to develop normalised working procedures for our hospital Pharmacy Department in order to carry out these clinical trials. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Eleven items were defined in order to describe key processes involved in identification, storage, receipt, preparation, dispensation, administration, maintenance and return of research samples, as well as those related to the beginning and end or closing of a clinical trial. Information included in 39 clinical trial protocols that had been sent to the Hospital Ethics Committee for evaluation between January and August of 2002 and was analysed in terms of the items previously defined. RESULTS: 46% of the protocols included data from the monitor or person representing the sponsor. 64% adequately described conservation and storage conditions of the research samples; but in 39% of the studied cases external labelling descriptions did not comply with legislation. Only 15% of the cases included clear instructions on research sample reception and its acknowledgement. 25.6% reported correct handling and/or preparation instructions for research samples with parenteral administration. Sample dispensation procedures were correctly described in no more than 5.1% of the protocols analyzed. 41% included information for patients, relatives or nurses on administration and handling of research samples, but none of them included specific information pamphlets or three-page leaflets. Procedures for either returning research samples to the sponsor or for their maintenance and replacement were not specified in the 71.8 and 100% of the cases, respectively. Likewise, trial ending or closing dates as well as procedures that must be followed by the Hospital Pharmacy Department during these processes were not stated in 89.7% of the protocols. Finally, only 30.8% of the cases explicitly cite the hospital Pharmacy Department. CONCLUSION: These results support and justify the need to improve clinical trial protocols in order for them to be performed in a secure, effective and efficient way. Besides, they have been the starting point to devise the normalised working procedures of the hospital Pharmacy Department for the development of the clinical trials.

Clinical Protocols↗