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PubMed2000

Selected Rorschach variables of psychopathic juvenile offenders.

Despite the widely accepted utility of assessing psychopathic personality features in forensic and clinical settings, the Hare Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R; Hare, 1991) stands virtually alone in its ability to do so with adequate reliability and validity. Recent studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of the Rorschach Inkblot Method in assessing psychopathy in adult samples, but almost no studies are currently available investigating the Rorschach's ability to assess the condition in younger samples of precisely defined psychopathic groups. In this study, 66 male juvenile offenders, ages 14 to 17, were placed into 3 groups according to level of psychopathy as measured by the youth version of the PCL-R (PCL:YV; Forth, 1995). Nine Rorschach variables conceptually related to various psychopathic features were investigated. Two of the variables (Reflections and Texture Responses) demonstrated statistically significant differences across groups (p < .05). Two additional variables (Vista and White Space) were produced in patterns consistent with existing research, although only to a weak degree. The remaining variables (Egocentricity Index, Form Dimension, Pure Human Content, Inanimate Movement, and Diffuse Shading) did not differ across groups in the predicted directions. Overall, these results offer some support for the validity of the Rorschach as a method of detecting certain psychopathic personality features, including pathological narcissism and interpersonal detachment, in adolescent male offenders.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

[Classification of pathological drives in children and adolescents].

A new approach to classification of pathological drives (impulse control disorders) in children and adolescents is proposed basing on both literary data and author's own observations. 5 criteria were picked out: 1) correlation of biological and social factors in the genesis of pathological drives; 2) personal attitude to the drive; 3) presence (or absence) of the opposite motivations struggle; 4) outcome of the struggle of motivations; 5) acuteness and stability of pathological drive. The latter criterion was considered as leading, and the necessity of determination of different forms of this pathology was shown taking into the consideration characteristics of the former criteria. Such approach to systematization of pathological drives increases significantly exactness of clinical description of the syndrome, its diagnoss and peculiarities of its dynamics. Besides, it permits to cover all different forms of this pathology and cnables computer processing of clinical data.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Personality characterizations of outpatients with schizophrenia, schizophrenia with substance abuse, and primary substance abuse.

The study extended previous research on the relationship between personality traits and Axis I disorders. It examined personality differences between individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia and substance abuse and also included individuals dually diagnosed with both schizophrenia and substance abuse. Comparisons were made with respect to characteristics of both normal personality, as measured by the NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI), and disordered personality, as measured by the Millon Multiaxial Personality Inventory. On the NEO-FFI, all groups differed significantly from the NEO-FFI normative sample on at least three personality domains. As predicted, the dual diagnosis group showed the most personality deviance and pathology. The schizophrenia group was primarily distinguished by higher levels of agreeableness, whereas the substance abuse group was more extroverted and showed a prominence of Cluster B personality patterns. An unexpected finding was an interaction between diagnostic group and age, such that older relative to younger individuals in the single diagnosis groups showed greater personality adaptivity and moderation, whereas older individuals in the dual diagnosis group showed less.

Adult↗
PubMed1955

Survey of tuberculosis prevalence in Japan, 1953.

In 1953 the first systematic survey of tuberculosis prevalence in Japan was carried out by the Ministry of Health and Welfare. The preliminary report on the survey includes a description of the choice of sampling-unit areas, of the process of organization, of the method of execution, of the techniques employed, and of the diagnostic standards adopted. The results of the survey are summarized with reference to age; sex; tuberculin reaction; tuberculosis pathology (all forms, pulmonary, and extrapulmonary); disease type; the type of management, medical treatment, and hospitalization required; and previous case-history and notification statistics. The method followed in extrapolating the survey results to cover the total population of Japan is defined, and the most important estimates computed from the findings are tabulated.The survey revealed that even in the area where the lowest prevalence was found, the proportion of cases in the population was still as high as 3.6%, and that throughout the areas surveyed the pathology present averaged 16.0% and the proportion of cases 6.1%. Comparison of the data obtained in this survey with previous case-histories showed that 68.2% of persons with unhealed pathology had been unaware of being infected, thus giving strong proof of the fallibility of estimating the number of tuberculous patients on the basis of the number of cases reported by doctors. In addition, the survey proved that the tuberculosis morbidity estimates previously available for Japan-and calculated by multiplying the tuberculosis mortality figures by a fixed coefficient of 10-12-were totally inaccurate.

Hospitalization↗
PubMed2003

Relationship of personality to dissociation and childhood trauma in borderline personality disorder.

BACKGROUND: Dissociation is a prominent feature in some individuals with borderline personality disorder (BPD), yet our understanding of the meanings and implications of prominent dissociation in BPD remains limited. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between dissociation and childhood trauma in BPD and to explore the relationships of dissociation and trauma to various personality features of BPD. METHODS: Twenty BPD subjects and 24 healthy comparison subjects of similar age and gender were administered the Dissociative Experiences Scale, the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-short form, the Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire, the Defense Style Questionnaire, the Relationship Style Questionnaire, and the Schema Questionnaire. RESULTS: The BPD group exhibited greater dissociation and childhood trauma, as well as greater pathology in most personality variables, compared with the healthy group. Dissociation in BPD was not significantly related to total childhood trauma, but only to emotional neglect, which accounted for 23% of the variance in dissociation scores. CONCLUSION: Within the BPD group, dissociation was associated with fearful attachment and immature defenses, while total childhood trauma and emotional neglect were associated with overconnection and disconnection schemata. This is a preliminary study with a small sample size, yet the correlates of dissociation in BPD merit further investigation.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

[SPECT in the study of pathology of the temporomandibular joint. The authors' personal experience].

Symptomatic temporomandibular joint dysfunctions may affect about 25% of the adult population, with a smaller though significant percentage of patients experiencing severe impairment. From 1986 through 1991, 107 patients with severe temporomandibular joint symptoms and with various temporomandibular joint disorders were evaluated with conventional radiology and with closed/open-mouth temporomandibular joint tomograms. Single-photon emission-computed tomography (SPECT) and planar imaging were performed on 32 patients using a rotating gamma camera equipped with a general purpose collimator. Transaxial, coronal and sagittal tomoscintigrams were reconstructed. Increased radiotracer uptake in the temporomandibular joint was regarded as a positive finding, and the intensity of temporomandibular joint activity was compared with that of adjacent calvarium using regions of interest. In the 32 patients submitted to scintigraphy, conventional radiology showed no pathologic patterns, while SPECT showed pathologic findings in 31 patients (97% of cases). The patient with normal temporomandibular joint findings on SPECT exhibited abnormal maxillary isotope uptake, ipsilateral to the symptoms. Our results indicate that SPECT is a simple, noninvasive, inexpensive and very sensitive screening test relative to the internal derangement of the temporomandibular joint. Moreover, it provides information which is not available by means of routine bone scans or X-ray studies. Thus, SPECT appears to be the modality of choice for patients whose clinical findings are equivocal or whose symptoms are unclear, and it can guide treatment strategies and be useful in the follow-up.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

[Suicide attempts in alcohol dependents: clinical characteristics und differentiation of the applied methods].

INTRODUCTION: Suicidal behavior is common in alcohol-dependent subjects. In terms of methods used, violent and non-violent suicide attempts can be distinguished. To confirm the validity of this distinction from a clinical point of view a sample of inpatient alcohol-dependent subjects is explored. METHODS: Subjects with a diagnosis of alcohol dependence according to DSM-IV and ICD-10 who took part in an inpatient withdrawal treatment program were included. Characteristics of alcohol dependence and suicidal behavior as well as lifetime diagnosis of other psychiatric disorders were assessed using the SSAGA. Clinical syndromes, personality and temperament were obtained by MMPI-2, TCI and NEO-FFI. RESULTS: Of the 182 included patients, alcoholics with a history of suicide attempts reported more depressive pathology and a personality profile characterized by emotional instability, psychopathy and decreased self-control. DISCUSSION: Distinguishing alcohol dependent suicide attempters according to methods used, no significant differences between violent and non-violent methods could be found. Therefore the clinical validity of this distinction could not be confirmed.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

[The short novel "The jealous Estremaduran", an example of Cervantes' psychopathology].

The Cervantinie short novel "The Jealous Estremaduran" describes with poetic liberty the senile jealousy-imagination of a man nearly 80 years old towards his 15-year-old new bride. The preposterous, patholplastic forms of this jealousy-phantasm make the main figure of the short novel, the old man Carrizales, his absurd, fantastie plans of a hermetical isolation of his wife from the outside-world a reality. CERVANTES describes in his novel, without the noxa alcohol playing any part though, a state of affairs which is similar to the symptoms of the chronic jealousy-phantasm of the alcoholic who only has in his mind's eye the sheer wish to possess his partner. These details prescribed in a person with a pathological derangement, which show CERVANTES as an excellent psychopathologist among the poets, are examined and analysed.

Famous Persons↗
PubMed1994

What bothers caregivers of stroke victims?

Caregivers of brain-impaired persons report that the caregiving experience often is stressful to them. The caregiving stress model has been based primarily on stress associated with caring for persons with Alzheimer's disease. Relatively little information is available on stressors for caregivers of stroke victims, however, who could be expected to have different stressors based on the different underlying pathology. Caregivers of persons with stroke therefore were asked to respond to the Brain Impairment Behavior Inventory (BIBI) and the companion Brain Impairment Behavior Bother Scale (BIBBS) and to list the three most important stressors for them. The behaviors of the persons with stroke which were most stressful for this sample of caregivers were irritability, dependence with resulting caregiver confinement and immature behavior. Nursing interventions targeted toward alleviating the stress caused by these behaviors could include investigation of treatable causes of brain dysfunction, a search for triggers for irritability and bad temper, and use of community-based support systems such as stroke clubs.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Personality disorder research agenda for the DSM-V.

The American Psychiatric Association is sponsoring a series of international conferences to set a research agenda for the development of the next edition of the diagnostic manual. The first conference in this series, "Dimensional Models of Personality Disorder: Etiology, Pathology, Phenomenology, and Treatment," was devoted to reviewing the existing research and setting a future research agenda that would be most effective in leading the field toward a dimensional classification of personality disorder. The purpose of this article, authored by the Steering Committee of this conference, was to provide a summary of the conference papers and their recommendations for research. Covered herein are the reviews and recommendations concerning alternative dimensional models of personality disorder, behavioral genetics and gene mapping, neurobiological mechanisms, childhood antecedents, cross-cultural issues, Axes I and II continuity, coverage and cutoff points for diagnosis, and clinical utility.

Congresses as Topic↗
PubMed1997

Characteristics of borderline personality disorder associated with suicidal behavior.

OBJECTIVE: This study examined the relationship between characteristics of borderline personality disorder and suicidal behavior. The authors hypothesized that a specific feature of borderline personality disorder, impulsivity, and childhood trauma, a possible etiological factor in the development of impulsivity, would be associated with suicidal behavior. METHOD: Information on lifetime history of suicidal behavior was obtained from 214 inpatients diagnosed with borderline personality disorder by structured clinical interview. The authors examined the relationship between DSM-III-R criteria met and the following measures of suicidal behavior: presence or absence of a previous suicide attempt, number of previous attempts, and lethality and intent to die associated with the most lethal lifetime attempt. RESULTS: Impulsivity was the only characteristic of borderline personality disorder (excluding the self-destructive criterion) that was associated with a higher number of previous suicide attempts after control for lifetime diagnoses of depression and substance abuse. Global severity of pathology of borderline personality disorder was not associated with suicidal behavior. History of childhood abuse correlated significantly with number of lifetime suicide attempts. CONCLUSIONS: The trait of impulsivity is associated with number of lifetime suicide attempts and may therefore be a putative risk factor for a future suicide attempt. If so, impulsivity is a potential target therapeutically for prevention of future suicide attempts. The association between childhood abuse and number of lifetime suicide attempts is consistent with the hypothesis that childhood abuse is an etiological factor in the development of self-destructive behaviors.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

[Age characteristics of the bile duct system functioning in the norm and in the gastrointestinal system pathology].

At the present the age-specific particularities of many organs and systems used in diagnostics are determined. The function--morphological state of the biliary system in different age groups is poorly studied. The age-specific particularities of biligenesis in norm (control group--90 persons) and in pathology were studied by the following traditional methods: multifractional chromatic duodenal catheterization, dynamic scintigraphy of gallbladder, dynamic ultrasonic cholecystography. There were 167 patients with gastroduodenal diseases (chronic gastritis, gastric, duodenal and intestinal ulcers) and 115 patients with calculous cholecystites and chronic hepatites. The gastroduodenal affections reinforced the appearnce and the course of typical age alterations of biliary system. Patients sufferin from hepatobiliary pathology over 5 years biliation ability has remained in normal values.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Age functional differences in auditory and verbal memory].

The aim of this work, has been focus an the study of an specific aspect of the memory. To verify (establish) the influence of the age in the mnesic efficiency of the auditory verbal memory in the presence of non numerical stimulus structured and non structured. After the study of the upper functions in 162 persons, 69 persons of both sexes, who didn't show any objectable sign of the cognitive deterioration were selected and that in the moment of the neuropsychologist exploration weren't diagnosed of any Kind of pathology. The selected persons were divided in two groups depending of the age. A first group of bess than 65 years persons, and a second group of people over years. We found significant differences in the total efficiency of the Audio Verbal King evidence, the same as in the efficiency of the Babcock History between the two groups that were studied, being the second group (elder one) which showed a warse efficiency in the total number of evoked words, the same as in the information unites remembered of History.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

[The psychophysiological criteria for assessing the excitable type of psychopathy].

In the excitable psychopaths and persons with some psychopathic traits (Leonard's "accentuated personality") the study was made of a cognitive function of discriminating microintervals and event-related potentials to visual stimuli. A qualitative difference in the accomplishment of the cognitive task between the two groups was found. Disturbances of the cognitive function, learning deficiency and reduction of the P300 wave provide grounds for referring this ""antisocial personality disorder" to pathology of the limbic system of the brain.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Premalignant and malignant lesions of the uterine cervix--personal experience].

INTRODUCTION: Cervical pathology represents the most frequent cause of mortality and morbidity in regard to female genital diseases in Serbia. The aim of this study was to establish the occurrence and grade of histopathologic lesions by examination of cervical biopsy specimens taking into consideration the patient's age and knife conization as a diagnostic-therapeutic procedure. The study included a period of 1993-1997 at the Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics of the Health Center in Sremska Mitrovica. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Criteria for biopsy were: colposcopic or naked eye evaluation of lesions and Papanicolaou smear grade III or higher. Conization was not performed in cases with: low grade squamous intra-epithelial lesion (L-SIL) with HPV (human papillomavirus) and high grade squamous intra-epithelial lesion (H-SIL) or microinvasive Ca (< 5 mm without distribution by lymph or blood). None of the patients had undergone biopsy before. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Our results show high occurrence of malignancy, mainly of invasive type. In elder patients all grades of pathologic lesions were established, whereas knife conization showed high efficacy. Although patients might be exposed to risk factors predominantly in their older age, it is evident that public knowledge is poor, while physician-patient relationship is unsatisfactory. CONCLUSION: In accordance with reported, it can be concluded that there is a great need for public health education as well as improvement of secondary health care in the long run.

Adult↗