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PubMedDate not supplied

The named nurse in Scotland: time for action runs short.

The implementation of the named-nurse standard for Scotland takes place in 1997. Scottish nurses therefore have the opportunity to learn from the successes and pitfalls experienced by their English colleagues. This article examines the change process in one Lanarkshire hospital which saw a marked change in the extent to which patients could identify their named nurse. At the start of the project 72% of 50 patients surveyed could identify who their named nurse was. After a structured change programme involving planning, training implementation and evaluation, 100% of patients in the first eight wards that took part in the project could identify their named nurse, with 75% saying that they spoke with their named nurse on a regular basis.

England↗
PubMed1996

How Priming Affects Two Speeded Implicit Tests of Remembering: Naming Colors versus Reading Words

Three experiments investigated two timed implicit tests of memory-word reading and color naming. Using the study-test procedure, Experiments 1 and 2 showed that studied words caused reliable facilitation in word reading but no interference in color naming relative to unstudied words. Indeed, there was a small amount of facilitation in color naming as well. Experiment 3 further explored the color naming task by alternating shorter study and test intervals and adding control trials consisting of letter strings. Although both studied and unstudied words showed interference relative to the control letter strings, the amounts of interference they showed did not differ. Overall, word reading consistently displayed facilitation whereas color naming never exhibited increased interference due to word priming. Priming appears to be process-specific: It is restricted to facilitating repetition of processing previously applied to a stimulus and does not extend to influencing performance on a different task involving the same studied materials.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1997

In vivo, ex vivo, and in vitro effects of L-NAME and L-arginine on the metabolism of theophylline in the rabbit.

It has been shown that selected isoforms of cytochrome P450 (P450) can generate nitric oxide from L-arginine analogs; however, the effect of L-arginine analogs on the catalytic activity of P450 remains unknown. To assess the effect of N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME; 25 mg/kg) and L-arginine (150 mg/kg) on the activity of P450, these compounds were administered intravenously every 8 hr for 2 days to groups of six New Zealand rabbits. Thereafter, the biotransformation of theophylline was documented in vivo (2.5 mg/kg i.v.) and ex vivo in hepatocytes of control and treated animals. In vivo, compared with control rabbits, both L-NAME and L-arginine increased theophylline plasma concentrations secondary to a reduction in theophylline systemic clearance by 46% and 42% (p < 0.05), respectively. Ex vivo, the effect of L-arginine analogs on P450 activity was documented by measuring the production of 3-methylxanthine (3MX), 1-methyluric acid (1MU), and 1,3-dimethyluric acid (1,3DMU) after incubation of theophylline (176 microM) with hepatocytes for 4 hr. L-NAME reduced the formation of 3MX, 1MU, and 1,3DMU by 42%, 45%, and 32% (p < 0.05), respectively. However, L-arginine reduced only the formation of 3MX by 34% (p < 0.05). In the in vitro studies, incubation of L-NAME or L-arginine with hepatocytes did not modify the biotransformation of theophylline. It is concluded that L-NAME and L-arginine inhibit the activity of several apoenzymes of P450, the probable mechanism being a catalysis-dependent inhibition.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

[Memory training for remembering names: initial results in the healthy elderly].

In this study, a memory training program for remembering names was developed. It was assumed that names are remembered better if they have meaning. The effect of training is compared with two control conditions a) a placebo training, aimed at reducing worries about forgetfulness by giving information about memory and aging and b) a retest control group. Participants were healthy persons over 43 years old (M = 70 years) having subjective memory complaints and objective memory problems. The effect of training is evaluated with tasks for remembering names. Because the learned memory strategy can be applied to these tasks, these are called target memory tests. Other evaluation measures concerned remembering verbal information and intentions. These are called control memory tests, because the memory strategy learned cannot be applied directly. In accordance with the expectations, performance in the placebo training group (n = 10) did not improve more than in the retest control group (n = 11). The names training group (n = 13) improved more than both control groups on tests for remembering names. This improvement was maintained for at least three months after training. As expected, the improvement in performance on the target memory tests did not generalize to the control tasks, because of the specificity of the learned strategies.

Aged↗
PubMed2006

Notification that new names and new combinations have appeared in volume 56, part 6, of the IJSEM.

This listing of names published in a previous issue of the IJSEM is provided as a service to bacteriology to assist in the recognition of new names and new combinations. This procedure was proposed by the Judicial Commission [Minute 11(ii), Int J Syst Bacteriol 41 (1991), p. 185]. The names given herein are listed according to the Rules of priority (i.e. page number and order of valid publication of names in the original articles). Taxonomic opinions included in this List (i.e. the creation of synonyms or the emendation of circumscriptions) cannot be considered as validly published nor, in any other way, approved by the International Committee on Systematics of Prokaryotes and its Judicial Commission.

Bacteria↗
PubMed2000

Neuropsychological impairments in the recognition of faces, voices, and personal names.

In order to determine the dissociability of face, voice, and personal name recognition, we studied the performance of 36 brain-lesioned patients and 20 control subjects. Participants performed familiarity decisions for portraits, voice samples, and written names of celebrities and unfamiliar people. In those patients who displayed significant impairments in any of these tests, the specificity of these impairments was tested using corresponding object recognition tests (with pictures of objects, environmental sounds, or written common words as stimuli). The results showed that 58% of the patients were significantly impaired in at least one test of person recognition. Moreover, 28% of the patients showed impairments that appeared to be specific for people (i.e., performance was preserved in the corresponding object recognition test). Three patients showed a deficit that appeared to be confined to the recognition of familiar voices, a pattern that was not described previously. Results were generally consistent with the assumption that impairments in face, voice, and name recognition are dissociable from one another. In contrast, there was no clear evidence for a dissociability between deficits in face and voice naming. The results further suggest that (a) impairments in person recognition after brain lesions may be more common than was thought previously and (b) the patterns of impairment that were observed can be interpreted using current cognitive models of person recognition (Bruce & Young, 1986; Burton, Bruce, & Johnston, 1990).

Agnosia↗
PubMed1998

Comprehension of famous personal and geographical names in global aphasic subjects.

This experiment compared comprehension of famous personal and geographical names with that of common nouns in three groups of severe aphasic subjects across three modalities. Results revealed that the global aphasic group comprehended famous personal names significantly better than they did common nouns and were better in the reading comprehension modality. Comprehension of famous geographical names in the global aphasic group, however, was as impaired as that of common nouns. CT images suggested that the left occipital lobe and the left posterior inferior temporal gyrus, as well as the right hemisphere, may have relevance to the comprehension of written famous personal names.

Aged↗
PubMed1994

Anomia for people's names.

The case of an anomia for people's names is reported. The study of this dissociation helps to clarify the difference in processing between proper and common names. Associated deficits in this and previously described cases provide support for the idea that an inability to retrieve arbitrary relations is the basis of the naming difficulty. This would confirm the role of proper names as purely referring expressions.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Enhancing HMM-based biomedical named entity recognition by studying special phenomena.

The purpose of this research is to enhance an HMM-based named entity recognizer in the biomedical domain. First, we analyze the characteristics of biomedical named entities. Then, we propose a rich set of features, including orthographic, morphological, part-of-speech, and semantic trigger features. All these features are integrated via a Hidden Markov Model with back-off modeling. Furthermore, we propose a method for biomedical abbreviation recognition and two methods for cascaded named entity recognition. Evaluation on the GENIA V3.02 and V1.1 shows that our system achieves 66.5 and 62.5 F-measure, respectively, and outperforms the previous best published system by 8.1 F-measure on the same experimental setting. The major contribution of this paper lies in its rich feature set specially designed for biomedical domain and the effective methods for abbreviation and cascaded named entity recognition. To our best knowledge, our system is the first one that copes with the cascaded phenomena.

Abbreviations as Topic↗
PubMed2004

Enhancing performance of protein and gene name recognizers with filtering and integration strategies.

Named entity (NE) recognition is a fundamental task in biological relationship mining. This paper considers protein/gene collocates extracted from biological corpora as restrictions to enhance the precision rate of protein/gene name recognition. In addition, we integrate the results of multiple NE recognizers to improve the recall rates. Yapex and KeX, and ABGene and Idgene are taken as examples of protein and gene name recognizers, respectively. The precision of Yapex increases from 70.90 to 85.84% at the low expense of the recall rate (i.e., it only decreases 2.44%) when collocates are incorporated. When both filtering and integration strategies are employed together, the Yapex-based integration with KeX shows good performance, i.e., the F-score increases by 7.83% compared to the pure Yapex method. The results of gene recognition show the same tendency. The ABGene-based integration with Idgene shows a 10.18% F-score increase compared to the pure ABGene method. These successful methodologies can be easily extended to other name finders in biological documents.

Abstracting and Indexing↗
PubMed2005

Semantic relevance best predicts normal and abnormal name retrieval.

The relevance of a semantic feature measures its contribution to the "core" meaning of a concept. In a naming-to-description task, we investigated the predictive power of relevance in comparison with frequency, familiarity, typicality, and Age-of-Acquisition. In a group of Alzheimer patients with semantic disorder, relevance turned out to be the best predictor of name retrieval accuracy in a naming-to-description task. The same pattern of results was observed in normal controls. Relations between semantic relevance and the parameters of the concepts are discussed in order to highlight the mechanism of concept activation in a naming-to-description task.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2000

Absence of amusia and preserved naming of musical instruments in an aphasic composer.

M.M., a right-handed, 74 year old professional musician and composer, presented with a progressive aphasia with a severe anomia. His musical competence was apparently totally preserved, and he continued his activity as a composer. There was a striking discrepancy between his impaired naming of nonmusical stimuli and his normal naming of musical instruments' sounds. We suggest that the preservation of skills in the musical domain results from an expanded cortical representation of this function in the left hemisphere, secondary to his lifelong formal training, and to the high level of his professional competence. As for his preserved naming of musical instruments, we argue that the early age-of-acquisition and higher than "normal" frequency/familiarity for names of musical instruments facilitate the access to their lexical representation and/or their retrieval within the lexicon.

Aged↗
PubMed1995

Selective impairment of the retrieval of people's names: a case of category specificity.

Recent cases of 'proper names anomia' have been interpreted as arising from a category-specific recall deficit that is mediated either by the effects of 'uniqueness', or 'meaningfulness'. However, an alternative account is suggested by the report of a patient whose difficulties in naming familiar people arise from a selective learning impairment. The current case study presents data that are inconsistent with a learning interpretation of difficulties in naming people. We conclude that a dissociation exists between selective deficits affecting the learning and recall of people's names.

Aged↗
PubMed1993

Selective impairment of retrieving people's names: a category specific disorder?

A patient with an extremely long-standing low grade glioma affecting the left temporal lobe is described. The patient was almost entirely unable to retrieve the names of current personalities, although in other respects identification was unimpaired and nominal functions were only mildly inefficient. In particular geographical features and historical figures were generally appropriately named. The problem was equally severe whether naming was to confrontation, from description or by generation. A similarly severe impairment was also found for the retrieval of new words that had come into the language in the last twenty years (eg. aids). The impairment of retrieving people's names was interpreted in terms of a long-standing inability to form new associations between meaning and phonological word-forms.

Amnesia↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Using lexical disambiguation and named-entity recognition to improve spelling correction in the electronic patient record.

In this article, we show how a set of natural language processing (NLP) tools can be combined to improve the processing of clinical records. The study concentrates on improving spelling correction, which is of major importance for quality control in the electronic patient record (EPR). As first task, we report on the design of an improved interactive tool for correcting spelling errors. Unlike traditional systems, the linguistic context (both semantic and syntactic) is used to improve the correction strategy. The system is organized along three modules. Module 1 is based on a classical spelling checker, it means that it is context-independent and simply measures a string-edit-distance between a misspelled word and a list of well-formed words. Module 2 attempts to rank more relevantly the set of candidates provided by the first module using morpho-syntactic disambiguation tools. Module 3 processes words with the same part-of-speech (POS) and apply word-sense (WS) disambiguation in order to rerank the set of candidates. As second task, we show how this improved interactive spell checker can be cast as a fully automatic system by adjunction of another NLP module: a named-entity (NE) extractor, i.e. a tool able to identify words as such patient and physician names. This module is used to avoid replacement of named-entities when the system is not used in an interactive mode. Results confirm that using the linguistic context can improve interactive spelling correction, and justify the use of named-entity recognizer to conduct fully automatic spelling correction. It is concluded that NLP is mature enough to help information processing in EPR.

Artificial Intelligence↗
PubMed2003

The time course of negative repetition effects in post-cue naming.

It has previously been shown that when picture pairs are repeated across blocks in a post-cue naming task, former distractors are named faster than former targets: the "negative repetition effect" (Mayall, Humphreys, & Kotsanis, 2002). In the present study the time course of this effect was examined. Experiment 1 demonstrated that the effect became apparent after a lag of only two intervening trials, with former targets being named faster than former distractors after a lag of zero trials. Experiment 2 used a new baseline condition with repeated picture pairs for which no response was required on the first presentation. Comparisons with this baseline indicated that the negative repetition effect is the result of suppression of former targets as opposed to facilitation of former distractors. The results support the proposal of Mayall et al. that the negative repetition effect reflects a form of speech monitoring that is applied when there is competition in the process of mapping from semantics to name representations.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Characteristics of proper names and temporal memory of social news events.

Long-term memory of social news events was investigated by means of a questionnaire methodology with a large sample of participants. In Experiment 1, a total of 501 university students were asked to give proper names (i.e., persons and places) that related to a certain news event, and to estimate the date of the event. The accuracy of proper names (especially person names) was superior to that of estimated date (i.e., year). In addition, telescoping effects were found in the events that occurred more than 3 years ago, but time expansion effects emerged in the events that occurred less than 2 years ago. In Experiment 2, in which 182 students participated, the accuracy of proper names and the date estimates tended to be high on the events that participants judged to be given frequent exposure by the mass media. Based on these results, we discuss long-term memory and temporal schemata regarding social news events.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Age of acquisition affects object recognition and naming in patients with Alzheimer's disease.

Twenty-two patients with a diagnosis of dementia of the Alzheimer type (DAT) and a comparison group of 22 age-matched individuals took part in an object decision and picture naming task. The age of acquisition (AoA) of the picture names was manipulated (25 early, 25 late). The comparison group identified significantly more objects as real than the patients. While the comparison group made very few errors in object decision, DAT patients failed to classify significantly more late than early acquired objects as real. The patients also named significantly fewer pictures than the comparison group, showing a differential impairment in naming late acquired objects. Late acquired objects induced proportionately more visual errors in the patients than did early acquired objects. The results are discussed in terms of current theories of age of acquisition and of the impact of Alzheimer's disease on lexical and semantic processing.

Aged↗