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PubMed1991

Development of environmentally compatible controlled release formulations of a mosquito larvicide.

A new controlled release system of a mosquito larvicide, fenthion has been developed by the chemical modification of sodium carboxymethylcellulose into a hydrophobic gel of copper carboxymethylcellulose. Four formulations having a slab geometry were developed with two concentrations of the larvicide and two extents of cross-linking. The release profile of the larvicide from the formulations was studied under laboratory conditions. The formulation with a cross-linking period for 48 h and a 20 per cent larvicide concentration with respect to the dry weight of the formulation has been found to be stable with a sustained release of the active ingredient for a period of 25 wk. The release profile of the formulation followed zero order release kinetics after three weeks in water. The concentration of fenthion ranged between 0.07 and 0.21 mg/l at the application rate of one slab per five litres of water with an average release rate of 6.38 mg/wk during the period of study.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

A geographical information system to manage mosquito and arbovirus surveillance and control data in the Coachella Valley of California.

A geographical information system was developed to monitor and analyze mosquito abundance and encephalitis virus activity in the Coachella Valley to facilitate mosquito control operations. Data layers include soil types, vegetation types, irrigation method, standpipes, larval occurrence, adult abundance, and viral transmission to sentinel chickens. Base maps are digitized aerial photographs, with data entry done through sections of the range/township system. The image resolution of a section is 100 ft2 (9.3 m2) per pixel. This system currently is operational and in use by the Coachella Valley Mosquito and Vector Control District for data management.

Animals↗

PubMed1993

Observations on mosquito breeding in wells and its control.

Studies on mosquito breeding in wells revealed the dominance of An. stephensi among the malaria vectors, whereas Cx. quinquefasciatus was most abundant in disused wells and was present in wells of all depths. None of the anopheline species was encountered when well depth up to water level exceeded 12 m. Larval breeding was effectively controlled through the introduction of larvivorous fish Poecilia reticulata and expanded polystyrene (EPS) beads in comparison to untreated control wells.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Use of the recombinant bacterial strain to control blood-sucking mosquito larvae].

The recombinant strain of Methylobacillus flagellatum with the cloned synthesis gene Cry 4B of the toxic Bac. thuringiensis var. israelensis protein proved to be effective against larvae of the Anopheles stephensi, An. atroparvus, An. pulcherrimus, An. superpictus, and An. sacharovi cultured in the laboratory. The use of M. flagellatum in combination with T. pyriformis may greatly expand the scope of use of the recombinant strain to control malaria mosquito larvae. Their combined use shows a 6-fold increase in the rate of strain action and a 4-fold decrease in the concentration of the agent. The optimum effects are shown following 24-hour combined intubation of M. flagellatum and Tetrahymena pyriformis.

Animals↗

PubMed1995

Edhazardia aedis (Microspora: Culicosporidae) effects on the reproductive capacity of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae).

The influence of the microsporidium Edhazardia aedis (Kudo) on the survival and reproduction of its mosquito host, Aedes aegypti (L.), was studied in the laboratory. Survival, fecundity, egg hatch, and percentage of emergence for 4 gonotrophic cycles were compared for control and infected mosquitoes. Control females oviposited an average of 123.1 eggs over 4 gonotrophic cycles, 86.1% of which hatched, whereas infected females laid an average of 38.0 eggs with a 69.3% hatch. Emergence in progeny of infected female Ae. aegypti was significantly less than for control mosquitoes in all gonotrophic cycles. The reproductive capacity (Ro) for control and infected adults was 168.4 and 4.1, respectively, representing a decrease of 98.2%. Overall infection levels in progeny of infected females was 95.7%, of which 46.6% were lethal, larval infections. Infected female survivors were capable of initiating infections in F2 progeny. Wing length, often used as an indicator of fitness, was not significantly different between infected and control adults.

Aedes↗

PubMed1999

Compatibility of Bacillus thuringiensis serovar israelensis and chemical insecticides for the control of Aedes mosquitoes.

The compatibility of the commercial aqueous Bacillus thuringiensis serovar israelensis (B.t.i.) formulation, Vectobac 12AS, with the chemical insecticides Actellic 50EC, Aqua Resigen, Resigen, and Fendona SC, for the simultaneous control of Aedes larvae and adults was studied by dispersing nine different formulations using a portable mist blower, in single story half-brick houses. The effectiveness of the treatment was evaluated by measuring the larval mortality, adult mortality, and droplet analysis at varying distances from the sprayer. Persistence of the larvicidal activity of the chemical insecticides and B.t.i was also determined by measuring the larval mortality in the test samples 7 days posttreatment. The sprayed particles in all the trials were 50-60 microns in size, indicating that the particles were those of mist spray. Test samples placed within 3 m from the sprayer gave the maximum larval and adult mortality. Chemical insecticides exhibited maximum larval mortality in the 1 h posttreatment test samples and it was comparable to the larvicidal activity of B.t.i. The larvicidal toxins of B.t.i were more stable and were able to affect sufficient larval mortality for 7 days posttreatment. The larvicidal activity of the mixtures, i.e., chemical insecticides with B.t.i, in the 1 h posttreatment test samples was not significantly different from the larvicidal activity of the chemical insecticides and it was comparable to the larvicidal activity of B.t.i alone. However, the larvicidal activity of the mixtures was significantly more than the chemical insecticides alone in the 7 days posttreatment test samples except for the Actellic 50EC and Vectobac 12AS mixture. In all the trials, with or without B.t.i, there was no significant difference in adult mortality, indicating that this B.t.i formulation, Vectobac 12AS, was not antagonistic to the adulticidal activity of the chemical insecticides. From this study, it can be concluded that chemical insecticides can be used effectively for both adult and larval control, but the chemical insecticides do not exhibit residual larvicidal activity. Hence, for an effective control of both Aedes larvae and adults, it is advisable to add B.t.i. to the chemical insecticides, as B.t.i is specifically larvicidal and is also able to effect extended residual larvicidal activity.

Aedes↗

PubMed1985

Control of snow pool mosquitoes with Bacillus thuringiensis serotype H-14 in mountain environments in California and Oregon.

Studies were conducted in mountainous areas of California and Oregon to test the effectiveness of Bacillus thuringiensis serotype H-14 in controlling larvae of snow pool Aedes mosquitoes, and also the effect of such larval control on the density of adult mosquitoes. California and Oregon studies showed that a wettable powder formulation of B.t.i. was effective in controlling mosquito larvae. In Oregon, treatment was effective even at water temperatures as low as 5 degrees C. Sampling of adult mosquitoes at campgrounds where intensive larval control was done failed to demonstrate a lowering of adult mosquito density in comparison with untreated control areas. Flight range studies showed that snow pool Aedes species can fly distances of up to 2 km, suggesting that infiltration from outside the treated area was one cause of failure. Inadequate seasonal timing appeared to be an additional factor. Using a simple computer model, we estimated that larval mosquito control with B.t.i. could be done for about $5,000 per season for a 500 ha area similar to our test area, a cost of $10 per ha ($4 per acre).

Aedes↗

PubMed1964