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PubMed1989

Ergonomic aspects of cold stress and cold adaptation.

In contrast to the simplified, unvarying, and rigidly controlled conditions that characterize laboratory studies of human responses to cold, normal work in cold regions is characterized by a complex and unstable thermal environment, intermittent cold exposure and exercise, and the freedom to adjust clothing and activity for comfort. These "ergonomic" aspects profoundly modify the impact of a cold environment on people's health, comfort, and performance. A review of recent field studies in the Antarctic shows that the supposed "tropical microclimate" of clothed people in the cold is an over-simplification. People tend to be alternately chilled and overheated, and the accompanying exercise of the vascular responses provides a potential stimulus for vasomotor adaptation. Significant and substantial changes in men's responses to standardized whole-body cold exposures, observed on eight Antarctic expeditions, show that general acclimatization to cold develops as an increase in tissue insulation, which is mediated by an enhanced vascular response to cold.

Acclimatization↗
PubMed1989

[Immunologic indicators of adaptation to high temperature].

It is shown that immunological adaptation of the worker's body to heating industrial microclimate is not perfect. In the genesis of immunological disorders a certain role is played by disturbances of protein metabolism and interaction of biologically active substances: histamine, heparin, hyaluronidase. Perspectives of further studies of the immune status due to effect of high temperatures of the human body are outlined.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1989

[Clinical and functional features of the development of myocardial infarction in miners engaged in deep coal mines].

It is shown that miners engaged in deep coal mines develop myocardial infarction (MI) at a young age, the mean age being 42.8 years. The foregoing clinical picture was characterized by an atypical, painless course. In some cases (20 percent) the typical pain syndrome did not manifest itself even in the preinfarction period making the diagnosis difficult. MI develops under the conditions of relatively preserved coronary reserves (functional class I-II). The leading factors that promote IM development are intense hard physical work combined with a heating microclimate. This is evidenced by the high rate of its occurrence during work and the first 1 to 4 hours after work (74.2 percent), large zones of affection (large-focal and transmural infarctions), and by the development of disorders in cardiac rhythm and conduction. The low percentage of persons registered at the health centers before MI development, and late hospitalization indicate the necessity of improving the system of the treatment and prevention of diseases among the group of patients under consideration.

Age Factors↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The effect of economic activities on the fauna and population count of malarial mosquitoes in an industrial city].

During his practical activities man produces a considerable effect on the Anopheles urban population by changing areas and character of the breeding sites as well as urban conglomerates' microclimate. In the 80-s breeding site areas and number of Anopheles larvae were observed in the Il'ichevskiĭ industrial district of Mariupol'. Domination indices have changed. An. hyrcanus has disappeared completely. The number of An. claviger has reduced to 2-5%. At present, the dominant species is An. maculipennis.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Chronic bronchitis in the iron and steel industry: prevalence study.

The paper reports the results of a prevalence study on functional impairment and chronic bronchitis in 733 foundry workers and in a control group of 1041 workers not exposed to the specific risks of the iron and steel industry. This study is the first part of a longitudinal study lasting 5 years within the framework of the Fourth Research Programme of the European Coal and Steel Community. Data on microclimate and particulate pollution for the various departments showed uniformly cold and damp conditions. Concentrations of pollutants were generally below the current T.L.V.'s. The subjects were subdivided into groups according to age, smoking and length of exposure. All the subjects were administered the "E.C.S.C. Questionnaire for the study of chronic bronchitis and pulmonary emphysema" and underwent a chest X-ray and spirometry to measure FVC, FEV1 and Vmax 50. The prevalence of functional impairment and chronic bronchitis was higher in the foundry workers than in the group of non-exposed workers. A statistical standardization was made of the effect of age and smoking thus accentuating the effect of exposure. The results are compared with the data obtained by other epidemiologic studies on working populations exposed to a similar risk.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

[Etiology and pathogenesis of papular dermatitis in fattened pigs].

Judging from hitherto knowledge, papular dermatitis of fattened pigs is a polyfactorial disease of idiodisposition nature. It affects only a part of the population of fattened pigs (the so-called susceptible part of population), in the cases of increased contamination of the stable environment with contaminants. The susceptible part of the population includes predisposed individuals unable to cope with the complex contamination stress of large-scale premises for pig fattening. As the concentrations of contaminants in the stable microclimate decrease, papular dermatitis starts declining and the susceptible part of the population of fattened pigs remains latently (free of symptoms) hidden in the population. The main and primary cause of the papular dermatitis of fattened pigs is seen in the predisposed individuals' inability to eliminate quickly and effectively the contaminants (particularly zinc, lead, aflatoxin B1, mercury and cadmium) from their bodies. All the remaining changes, particularly the mutagenic and immunosuppressive effects as well as papular efflorescences on the skin, arise only as secondary phenomena. The papular efflorescences in fact revealed the less resistant and predisposed individuals in the given pig population. In our view there are three factors which play an important role in the resistance of the pigs: the performance of the detoxicating mechanisms, adequate function of the immunity system, and effectiveness of the reparation mechanisms of the genetic apparatus.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

[Health status of journalists and organization of work in a national daily newspaper].

A multidisciplinary investigation was performed on 173 reporters (53 men and 20 women) of a newspaper. The microclimate and illumination conditions of the main seat, in which the use of VDT was beginning, were satisfactory, although not all the instruments were correctly adjusted. A very low percentage of reporters working in the main center was suffering from arterial hypertension indicating the presence of the "healthy worker effect". The values of plasma cortisol and arterial blood pressure of 10 reporters of the main seat, except two cases, changed normally during the evening hours. It is to point out that among the reporters there was significant correlation between spondylosis and astigmatism. The psychological investigation evidenced that the reporters were aggressive, eager of success and with constant attention. The EMG biofeedback demonstrated in the reporters with a more prolonged period of employment nervous tension and difficulty in relaxing. Particularly, in the reporters of the main center, the Stait-Trait Anxiety Inventory was more altered than in those of the peripheral seats.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Gastrointestinal dynamics and pharmacology for the optimum design of controlled-release oral dosage forms.

This article encompasses a brief discussion of the principles of pharmacodynamics of different types of drugs and the mechanisms of absorption at different sites in the gastrointestinal tract. The importance of factors such as the pH, the unstirred layer or microclimate, gastric emptying, intestinal contact time, metabolism in the gut wall, and bacterial degradation in the colon is discussed. Methods that can be used to alter the absorption of drugs such as formulation in a viscous form, a form that floats in the stomach, position release forms, combination with other drugs that may influence absorption, etc. are examined in detail.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1987

[Improvement in the hygienic standards for radio-frequency electromagnetic fields in member countries of the COMECON].

The hygienic norms for radiofrequency electromagnetic fields in this country are based on a large number of experimental and industrial studies performed in separate countries and jointly on the CMEA side. Up to 1983 they comprised the widest frequency range in the world - from 60 kHz, 300 GHz, protecting in the best way man. However, these hygienic norms are not perfect: they have steplike frequency dependence, do not include exposure (except at the length of wave under 1 m - microwave range; there are no norms for frequency under 60 kHz, for magnetic field from 1.5 to 30 MHz and from 50-300 MHz do not concern modulated electromagnetic fields and for their combination with other factors of the environment--noise, vibration, overheated microclimate, some toxic substances etc. Therefore, on the side of CMEA two new standards are under preparation, which include the quantity equivalent dose effect in the microwave range--200 W h/cm2, and also report the exposure of the other ranges. This is an advance in the principles of the hygienic standardization, facilitate the hygiene evaluation and are prepared for implementation in our country for the next 2-3 years.

Electromagnetic Fields↗
PubMed1987

[The dysbacteriosis of extreme states].

The study was aimed at investigation of the characteristic features of intestinal dysbacteriosis in man under extreme conditions and development of methods for correcting intestinal microflora for prevention of dysbacteriosis under such conditions. Microbiocenosis of the intestine was investigated in 99 practically healthy persons under model earth conditions and in 34 cosmonauts after space flights of various duration. The following factors influencing intestinal microflora in man under extreme conditions were studied: neuroemotional tension, hypokinesia, increased physical loads, isolation under conditions of altered gaseous environment and microclimate. The study revealed that the above factors participated in development of dysbacteriosis. It was shown that the neuroemotional stress played the main role in development of dysbacteriosis in man under extreme conditions: intestinal microflora responded under extreme conditions by decreased counts of bifidobacteria and lactobacilli participating in maintenance of the intact ecological barrier and colonization resistance. For preventing dysbacteriotic reactions of intestinal microflora it was recommended to use bifidobacterin tablets. Bifidobacterin correction was shown to be efficient in prevention of dysbacteriosis in persons under extreme conditions.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

[Influence of high environmental temperature on various parameters of blood coagulation in healthy subjects and in thrombosis risk patients].

The effects of environmental hyperthermia (exposure to a hot, dry microclimate) on the human body were investigated with particular reference to certain clotting parameters in healthy subjects and patients at risk of thrombosis. The study covered 70 volunteers, 10 of them clinically healthy (6 males and 4 females) aged 37.7 +/- 9.7 and 60 patients at risk of thrombosis aged 18-60 and divided according to pathology as follows: 26 with ischaemic cardiopathy, 22 with metabolic disorders (12 diabetics, 8 with dyslipidaemia, 2 with hyperuricaemia) and 12 with obliterating arteriopathies of the lower extremities (Fontaine stage 2 and 3). The following standardised protocol was adopted: 2 hours exposure in a controlled climate chamber (40 degrees C, 40-50% humidity, standard air speed 4 m/min, barometric pressure 760 mmHg) for a total of 8 exposures (2 per week for 1 month). This approach was adopted in order to assess not only the effect of each single exposure but also the role of any adaptation to heat. Three blood samples were taken from each subject for each session: the first in basal conditions in a comfortable environment, the second at the end of the 2 hour exposure; the third 30 minutes after the end of the session. Simultaneously samples of arterial blood were taken for pH assays and a spleen echography was performed in basal conditions and at the end of the session for each subject. Each blood sample was tested for several parameters essentially attributable to blood concentration for a broader view of the biological effects of exposure to heart (Ht, blood protein, Nat, K+). The clotting factors under specific study were also assessed (platelet count and volume, beta-thromboglobulin, PF4, von Willebrand Factor VIII, thromboxane B2, fibronectin). Body weight, blood pressure and oral temperature were also measured in all subjects before and after each session. In all subjects both healthy and at risk of thrombosis oral temperature increased (1 +/- 0.4 degrees); on average blood pressure was already higher in basal conditions in the patient group; body weight fell by 900 +/- 120 G in both groups. Ht and blood protein increased significantly in both groups while electrolyte changes were insignificant and blood pH showed a tendency towards acidosis. Clotting parameters revealed a tendency towards thrombophilia in all subjects: platelet count and volume were already higher in the patient group in basal conditions and increased after exposure to hyperthermia. Beta-thromboglobulin, FP4, Factor VIII, thromboxane B2 and fibronectin all increased.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Monitoring of occupational activities under the risk of heat stress: use of mathematical models in the prediction of physiological parameters].

Some authors proposed mathematical models that, starting from standardized conditions of environmental microclimate parameters, thermal impedance of the clothing, and energetic expenditure allowed the forecast of the body temperature and heart rate variations in respect to the basal values in subjects standing in the same environment. In the present work we verify the usefulness of these models applied to the working tasks characterized by standardized job made under unfavourable thermal conditions. In subject working in an electric power station the values of the body temperature and heart rate are registered and compared with the values obtained by the application of the studied models. The results are discussed in view of the practical use.

Body Temperature↗
PubMed1985

Measurements of transepidermal water loss in newborn infants.

Measurement of transepidermal water loss without disturbing the microclimate in the air layers above the skin has not been possible with previously available methods. The introduction of a new instrument, the Evaporimeter, for measuring the vapor pressure gradient above the skin surface meant that the evaporation of water from the skin could be determined. Each measurement is of short duration, and measurements can be made even in the most preterm infants under the conditions in which they are normally nursed. Studies of the evaporation rate and transepidermal water loss by this technique have increased our knowledge considerably during the last ten years. It is now well established that the loss of water from the skin surface is related to the ambient humidity, gestational age at birth, and postnatal age, and to weight, activity, and body temperature, and that it differs between appropriate- and small-for-gestational-age infants. Conclusions of special clinical importance drawn from these studies are that the most preterm infants may lose as much as 13 per cent of their body weight as TEWL during their first day after birth even at an ambient humidity of 50 per cent, and much more at a lower ambient humidity, and that their losses gradually diminish with age but are of significance even four weeks after birth. Small-for-gestational-age infants have a lower TEWL early after birth than appropriate-for-gestational-age infants. For heat exchange between the infant and its environment, TEWL plays an important role. In preterm infants, losses of heat through evaporation are very high early after birth. On the other hand, their heat losses through other routes are smaller because of the high ambient temperature in which they have be nursed in order to maintain a stable and normal body temperature. Simultaneous measurements of evaporation rate and skin blood flow have shown that the skin blood flow increases at a lower body temperature than the evaporation rate and that not all full-term infants sweat in a warm environment even when their body temperature becomes higher than 37.2 degrees C, which may indicate a delay in the postnatal adaptation of heat regulation. In addition, this regulation can easily be disturbed by a central cold-stimulation in infants who react with sweating in a warm environment.

Body Temperature↗
PubMed1985

[Effect of industrial noise on the prevalence of arterial hypertension].

Women exposed to industrial noise were subjected to a one-stage overall examination. The levels and character of industrial noise, microclimate, labour tension and the scope of physical activity had been evaluated before. Altogether 1584 women aged 17-55 years were examined to form 4 groups to be compared. The prevalence of arterial hypertension (AH) was found to be slightly higher in women exposed to the noise 90-100 dBA. It was shown by the method of the purposeful pair matching that the probability of an increase in the incidence of AH under exposure to industrial noise in the absence of other risk factors is 1.1--=1.9%; when combined with one of the factors such as overweight, aggravated heredity or aggravated obstetrical-gynecological anamnesis it rises up to 15%.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

[Zoohygienic studies on the management of sows in ordinary stalls and in raised stalls].

Comparative zoohygiene studies were carried out on two types of industrial sow-raising technology that made use of common boxes and boxes the floor of which was lifted above the flooring on the premis in the winter season. It was found that raised boxes substantiated more favourable zoohygiene conditions for both sows and newborns. The latter were found to develop better, and the mortality rate was very low. The introduced ventilation system with the two types of technology, however, failed to guarantee the regular air exchange and the removal of injurious gases. Besides, when outside temperatures dropped below zero no optimal microclimate could be maintained within the houses for sows without using additional heating. Thirdly, with regard to their construction raised boxes were considered imperfect and did not meet the ergonomic and technologic requirements.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

[Rheumatoid arthritis and morbidity among wet spinning factory women workers].

Two hundred ninety women employed in the wet spinning mill of the linen plants have been examined. Their average age and duration of employment were respectively 45 and 17,5 years. Examined women worked in specific microclimate including temperature from 24 degrees C to 25.3 degrees C and the moisture of air from 63,5 to 72,5%. Rheumatoid Arthritis in women working in wet spinning factory was the aim of this examination. It has been stated that these surroundings have no influence on that sort of disease.

Arthritis, Rheumatoid↗
PubMed1982

[Nervous system diseases in large-city population. II. Effect of occupational factors].

The patients of a local outpatient department in a half--million population town have been examined. The rate of organic angiogenic encephalopathies, vasomotor headaches and epilepsy has been three times greater in those performing light work than in the hard-working group. No dependency between the hard work and rate of ischias and lumbago has been found. Operations of productive machines, similarly as the working place microclimatic conditions do not pose a risk of nervous system diseases, except ischias and lumbago which occur more frequently in an occupational group working at low temperature and considerable humidity or at an open air. Likewise, the body position at work significantly affects the rate of ischias and lumbago. Our findings prove that hard work does not pose an additional risk of nervous system diseases. Another conclusion of those investigations is that advantageous microclimate and body position at the working place, possibly accompanied by corrective physical training, are significant in the prevention of ischias and lumbago.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

[The cell populations of the lower lung and their response to stress. Interrelations between cells and secretions of inflammation mediators in the distal air spaces].

Broncho-alveolar cells (BAC) act as defence means in the lower respiratory tract and acinus; equally they determine the evolution of inflammatory phenomena, whatsoever its cause. Alveolar macrophages (AM) play an important role in the regulation of the immune response and presentation of antigen to lymphocytes. In the alveolar microclimate AM exert a suppressor effect. AM can be equally considered as true inflammatory cells, either through their own mediators or through the skewed pattern of cellular recruitment. Among these cells polymorphonuclear cells and eosinophils, present in small numbers in broncho-alveolar lavage (BAL) may be encountered in a number of pathological conditions. Finally, free mast cells probably play an important role in the induction of the inflammatory reaction in the distal air spaces.

Animals↗