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PubMed1992

[Are prism glasses a sensible measure in treatment of dyslexia?].

A short summary of the characteristics of speaking, reading and writing is given, followed by the respective anatomical, physiological and neuropsychological counterparts, which are to be described as the "Hör-Denk-Sprech-Seh-Schreib-Organismus" (H-D-S-S-SCH-O). Various disorders occurring in the H-D-S-S-SCH-O as well as health problems and psychological and/or sociological factors may negatively contribute to the ability of speaking, reading and writing. In each case medical and non-medical specialists should thoroughly assess the cause of the problem in order to select the most effective treatment method. An agreement was made between Dr. Pestalozzi (Olten) and the author, to asses logopedically from 1987 until 1990 at the Speech Therapy Clinic (Abteilung Klinische Logopädie, ORL-Klinik, Universitätsspital Zürich) 20 dyslexic children, aged 7 to 13 years, designated by Dr. Pestalozzi to the wearing of prism-glasses in order to cure their dyslexias. The results of this logopedic study are described and discussed.

Child↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Scientific writing: the choice of references].

Only "acceptable" references can be cited, i.e. references that the reader can find easily. Only published work must be referenced, and the author must only cite those papers he or she has actually read. These should be avoided, as they are always difficult to obtain. Conference abstracts are published either in the conference report handed to participants alone, or in special issues of journals. Only the latter should be cited, when necessary. References to oral presentations are not accepted. References to personal communications should not be included in the list of references. The author cited must have given express permission. "Secondhand" references, i.e. those the author has not taken time to read yet quotes nonetheless, are prohibited. Manuscripts submitted for publication should not be cited. Articles accepted for publications can be referenced as "In press; "name of journal"".

Bibliographies as Topic↗

PubMed2000

The epidemiological study on registered cases of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) in Tokyo: examination of the effect of autopsy on diagnosis of SIDS and the mortality statistics in Japan.

In the United States and most of European countries, a diagnosis of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) may be given only after an autopsy has been performed. Under the new definition of SIDS in Japan, an autopsy is now mandatory for the diagnosis of SIDS. However, according to the official records on autopsies, the proportion of autopsy for sudden infant death in Japan is still low (less than 30%). If a physician suspects SIDS from a review of the patient's medical history and medical findings, he can write 'suspected SIDS' as the cause of death on the death certificate without performing an autopsy. Such a clinical diagnosis is entered in the Vital Statistics section by the Japanese Ministry of Health and Welfare. In this report, a comparative epidemiological survey of registered cases of SIDS--after autopsy and with no autopsy--was carried out by examining the data from the death certificates registered by the Japanese Ministry of Health and Welfare (vital statistics in Tokyo from January 1979 to December 1996). There were 369 cases of SIDS registered in Tokyo. We found 247 diagnosed after autopsy (66.9%) and 122 with no autopsy (33.1%). The following epidemiological variables were used: address of the deceased (a specific area in Tokyo), sex, year of death, time of death, month of death, age at death, occupation of householders, and place of death. There were epidemiological differences at the 0.05 significance level between registered cases diagnosed after autopsy and those diagnosed without autopsies, as follows: year (P=0.016) and place of death (P=0.037). In addition, there were slight epidemiological differences at the 0.10 significance level between registered cases diagnosed after autopsy and with no autopsy, as follows: month of death (P=0.076) and age at death (P=0.082). This suggests that the quality of diagnosis of SIDS is not completely guaranteed. With respect to the area of residence, the incidence of SIDS is high in those areas where autopsy is performed frequently. In Tokyo, the medical examiner system is enforced only in the urban area and there is a possibility that SIDS is being underdiagnosed in the rural area of the Metropolitan Tokyo. It is likely that the diagnosis of SIDS without autopsy will influence the quality of SIDS diagnoses. The administrative inadequacy in the autopsy system in Japan should be corrected to improve the accuracy of SIDS diagnosis.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1988

Doctors dispensing medications: contemporary India and 19th century England.

In developing countries the widespread use of medications in ways that are unsafe and inappropriate is a threat to health and a waste of scarce resources. It is possible that doctors contribute to the problem when, as in rural India, the doctor earns a living by selling medications rather than by charging a consultation fee and writing a prescription; the incentive is to medicate irrespective of the diagnosis. In this article, doctor-patient roles and paying for the doctor's services in a South Indian town are described. Similarities between the town and 19th century England in regard to doctor-patient roles are noted and analyzed.

Drug Therapy↗

PubMed2006

Use of a committee review process to improve the quality of course examinations.

PURPOSE: In conjunction with curricular changes, a process to develop integrated examinations was implemented. Pre-established guidelines were provided favoring vignettes, clinically relevant material, and application of knowledge rather than simple recall. Questions were read aloud in a committee including all course directors, and a reviewer with National Board of Medical Examiners (NBME) item writing and review experience. This study examines the effectiveness of this process to improve the quality of in-house examinations. METHODS: Five hundred and twenty items were randomly selected from two academic years for initial comparison; 270 from 2000 to 2001, and 250 from 2001 to 2002. The first set of items represented the style, content and format when courses and tests were departmentally/discipline based, assembled by course directors, and administered separately. The latter group represented similar characteristics when courses and tests were organ-system-based, committee-reviewed and administered in an integrated examination. Items were randomized, blinded for year of origin, and rated by three NBME staff members with extensive item review experience. A five-point rating scale was used: one indicated a technically flawed item assessing recall of an isolated fact; five indicated a technically unflawed item assessing application of knowledge. To assess continued improvement, a follow-up set of 250 items from the 2002 to 2003 academic year was submitted to the same three reviewers who were not informed of the purpose or origin of this set of test items. RESULTS: The mean rating for items from 2000 to 2001 was 2.51 +/- 1.27; analogous values for 2001-2002 were 3.16 +/- 1.33, (t = 5.83; p < 0.0001), and in 2002-2003; 3.59 +/- 1.15 (t = 10.11; p<0.0001). CONCLUSION: Pre-established guidelines and an interdisciplinary review process resulted in improved item quality for in-house examinations.

Education, Medical↗

PubMed1995

Presenting a scientific paper, including the pitfalls.

The tone of the presentation is set with the writing of the abstract. Wanting a trip to Vienna is not a good enough reason for framing an abstract unless the data are really interesting. If you don't find them so, you can bet your life that nobody else will. Have you presented the work before? Increasingly, the forms inviting abstracts stipulate that they should contain novel data. This protects the audience from boredom and your reputation from the aspersion that you never have anything new to say. It has been my practice to communicate similar data at a second meeting provided it contains some new results and that it is targeted at a totally unrelated specialist group. Hopefully, no one will have heard the information before. However, it is not acceptable to simply rehash the same abstract but should reflect the special interests of the second group. If one genuinely wants the abstract accepted for oral presentation it must contain a clear hypothesis, a brief description of methods, an exposition of results, and a conclusion. That well worn phrase 'results will be presented' simply raises the suspicion that the author is hoping that the data will be ready by the time that the conference begins. Sometimes, in the rush to meet deadlines for abstract submission, the needs of coauthors are overlooked. This is a sensitive area and can easily temporarily wreck what appeared to be a harmonious collaboration. Do make sure that all coauthors have seen the abstract before submission and are happy with the content--it is good research practice and important to the smooth running of the research group.

Communication↗

PubMed2007

English for specific purposes: implications in medical education.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Education, Medical↗

PubMed1994

Moral and religious objections by hospitals to withholding and withdrawing life-sustaining treatment.

A patient's right to decide about life-sustaining treatment may conflict with the policies of health care facilities that refuse on the basis or religious or moral convictions to honor certain decisions to forgo treatment. The New York State Task Force on Life and the Law examined the prevalence and nature of facility conscience objections to the refusal of life-sustaining treatment by conducting a survey of New York hospitals. Written questionnaires were distributed to hospitals in New York State. Fifty-eight percent of the New York State hospitals responded. Twenty-nine percent of the respondents indicated that their hospital would object on grounds of conscience either to withholding or to withdrawing life-sustaining treatment in at least one of the twelve hypothetical cases presented. Hospitals were more likely to have "no policy" for withdrawing than for withholding treatment. Only 10% of the hospitals that would object to decisions to forgo treatment on religious or moral grounds had stated the objections in writing. The patient's medical condition and the type of life-sustaining treatment to be withdrawn or withheld are important factors in determining whether a hospital will object on grounds of conscience. The imminence of death appeared more decisive than the degree of debilitation or disability as a factor in the willingness to accept decisions to forgo life-sustaining treatment. Hospitals should establish clear, written policies about their objections to forgoing treatment so that patients and their families can evaluate whether the facility meets their needs.

Advisory Committees↗

PubMedDate not supplied