Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Mandatory Testing”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 955 records · Page 53Linked to original sources
PubMed2003

Olaf Scheel and Johannes Heimbeck: their contribution to understanding the pathogenesis and prevention of tuberculosis.

From 1924 onwards, mandatory tuberculin testing (von Pirquet's method) was introduced for student nurses on entry to the Ullevaal Hospital School of Nursing, Oslo. The chief physician of the hospital's Department IX, Olaf Scheel, was responsible for this measure. In 1927, his deputy Johannes Heimbeck showed that about half of the students were not infected at the time of entry, a conclusion that was in fundamental conflict with the prevailing view that nearly all tuberculous infection occurred in childhood. Virtually all tuberculin-negative student nurses, however, became infected during their 3-year training. These findings changed our understanding of the pathogenesis of tuberculosis. BCG vaccination had recently been introduced by Calmette. From 1927 onwards Heimbeck offered BCG vaccination to tuberculin-negative student nurses, while Scheel undertook a similar project among medical students. The two projects continued until respectively 1936 and 1939. Long-term follow-up of both groups demonstrated a protective effect of about 80% in those accepting vaccination. Calmette had given the vaccine per os to new-born babies. Heimbeck and Scheel pioneered giving the vaccine via injection and to adults. These projects have been criticised for being based on voluntary inclusion and not being conducted as randomised control trials. The results were so convincing, however, that they led to the launch of the Norwegian BCG programme shortly after World War II. Scheel and Heimbeck' efforts were also of great importance for the use of the BCG vaccine in other countries.

BCG Vaccine↗
PubMed2003

Duplex scan sonography of renal artery stenosis.

Renal artery stenosis is the most common cause of potentially remediable secondary hypertension. The most common causes include atherosclerosis and fibromuscular dysplasia. Particularly the atherosclerotic form is a progressive disease that may lead to gradual and silent loss of renal functional tissue. Thus, early diagnosis of renal artery stenosis is an important clinical objective since interventional therapy may improve or cure hypertension and preserve renal function. Screening for renal artery stenosis is indicated in the suspicion of renovascular hypertension or ischemic nephropathy in order to identify patients in which an endoluminal or a surgical revascularization is advisable. In the recent years many noninvasive tests have been proposed and evaluated in the clinical practice, in alternative to arteriography. These include nuclear scan, color Doppler sonography, CT angiography and MR angiography. Sonography is usually the first diagnostic modality for the non invasive evaluation of renal vascular disease with 95% sensitivity and 90% specificity when performed in dedicated laboratories. Despite sonography is highly affected by operator dependence, and it takes a lot of time to train good operators, actually is the best screening test because it is not expensive, non invasive and accurate. When a discrepancy exists between the clinical data and the results of US, other tests are mandatory.

Disease Progression↗
PubMed2003

[Asthma and aspirin].

Aspirin (ASA) is an important cause of asthma so that ASA induced asthma (AIA) is considered a disease. Its prevalence is of 0.3-0.6 in the general population but it raises to 21% in the asthmatic one. Middle aged female are the most affected. AIA generally begins with a non allergic rhinitis, complicated sometimes with polyps, that evolves secondarily in asthma. The disease is often so severe to need oral corticosteroids to be controlled. It persists independently to the intake of ASA. From a pathogenetic point of view the interaction of ASA with the arachidonic acid metabolism seems to be important. The inhibition of cyclo-oxygenase (COX) induces an activation of lypo-oxygenase with an increased synthesis of leukotrienes. In ASA intolerant patients there is also an activation of LTC4 synthetase, enzyme responsible for the synthesis of leukotrienes. Clinical history is very important to diagnose the disease but to confirm the diagnosis sometimes the provocation test is mandatory. Oral and bronchial challenges can be dangerous, while nasal challenge is safer even if must be better standardized. Patients must not use antiinflammatory drugs with the same mechanism of action of ASA; COX-2 inhibitors are generally well tolerated. Antileukotrienes are useful to treat asthma, in association with steroids. Desensitization can be used in very selected patients.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2003

Nigeria launches new AIDS policy.

A new national policy on HIV/AIDS in Nigeria prohibits mandatory HIV/AIDS testing and addresses a number of other human rights and ethical issues. Activists welcome the new policy, but they point out that it is not legally enforceable. What is needed, they say, is for the government to introduce anti-discrimination legislation.

AIDS Serodiagnosis↗