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At least 955 records · Page 53Linked to original sources
PubMed1988

Effect of mouth opening on bite-force discrimination.

The purpose of this study was to determine whether different extents of mouth opening affect normal subjects' (N = 24; 12 women, 12 men) ability to discriminate differences in their interincisor bite force. Three mouth openings were selected including 50, 70, and 90 percent of maximum opening for each subject. Bite force was measured using a specially designed strain gauge scale which permitted subjects to monitor visually when their biting force equalled a preset resistance. Resistance forces of 500 and 1000 gm. were selected as standards. The procedure involved the use of a modified method of constant stimuli in which each subject was presented with a series of paired resistance settings, one at a time--the first resistance setting being the standard and the second resistance was the comparator. This paired-comparisons procedure was continued until the subjects' difference limen (DL) value (the threshold of discrimination between two forces) could be established. An analysis of variance yielded no significant differences in subjects' ability to discriminate bite force as a function of mouth opening.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Phonological similarity effect is abolished by a silent mouthing task.

This experiment was designed to examine the effect of silent mouthing on the phonological similarity effect. 16 undergraduates were tested for serial recall of visually presented letter sequences that were either phonologically similar or dissimilar. The letter sequences had to be remembered under two conditions, a control condition and a silent mouthing condition in which subjects had to articulate irrelevant words silently during the study period. Analysis showed the clear advantage of the dissimilar sequence over the similar one in the control condition. In contrast, this phonological similarity effect disappeared in the silent mouthing condition. This result is consistent with the working memory model.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Cross-face nerve grafting followed by free muscle transplantation in young patients with long-standing facial paralysis. Reanimation of the cheek and the angle of the mouth.

For reanimation of the cheek in 8 young patients with long-standing facial palsy a method with cross-face nerve grafting followed by free muscle transplantation has been used. The sural nerve was used as nerve graft and placed in a subcutaneous tunnel across the face. In the normal cheek 3-4 fascicles of the nerve were anastomosed to facial nerve branches innervating muscles elevating the angle of the mouth. Four to 13 months later the extensor digitorum brevis muscle to the second toe or the palmaris longus was transplanted to the paralysed cheek. It was attached between the zygomatic arch and the angle of the mouth. The end of the nerve was sutured to the muscle after taking a biopsy. The follow-up period has been 7-30 months. At 7 months 6 patients had positive EMG, either on voluntary movement or on stimulation of the contralateral facial nerve. Three of them had also a slight movement in the cheek. Two patients are as yet only 7 months postoperative. In the remaining two cases, No. 2 and 4, there were no signs of reinnervation. At 18 months 4 out of 6 patients had a synchronous natural contraction in the cheek giving increased balance to the mouth. These patients had a positive EMG. In patients No. 2 and 4 there was neither innervation nor improvement. At 30 months there was additional improvement in two cases but as previously in patients No. 2 and 4 there was neither improvement nor signs of innervation of the muscle on the EMG. The other 4 patients have not reached this postoperative stage.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Method of stimulation, mouth movements, concentration, and viscosity: effects on the degree of taste adaptation.

Although sensory adaptation, the gradual loss of sensation during prolonged stimulation, has been demonstrated in laboratory taste experiments, a comparable loss of taste intensity is not experienced in real-life eating situations. This discrepancy may be due to differences in the proximal stimuli or to differences in the ways the taste receptors are stimulated. In two experiments, the effects of four potentially relevant variables were investigated: stimulus intensity, stimulus viscosity, mouth movements, and presentation method. During the initial seconds of stimulation, adaptation to the weakest of the two solutions was faster. Although more viscous stimuli were less sweet, viscosity as such did not affect adaptation rate, nor did mouth movements. Among the three presentation methods, a sucrose-soaked filter paper on the tongue produced more adaptation than either sipping the solution or flowing it over the tongue. This suggests that even mouth movements far more subtle than those still present in the no-movement condition of a sip-and-spit experiment can disrupt the adaptation process.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Effects of reduced mouth opening capacity (trismus) on pulmonary function.

In this study, pulmonary function test data were obtained from 15 healthy volunteers and 15 patients with slightly impaired ventilation during both normal and maximally reduced opening of the mouth (trismus, intercuspal position). The aim of the study was to examine the effects of complete trismus on pulmonary function using objective and subjective parameters. In maximally reduced mouth opening, both groups showed an impairment of all subjective and objective pulmonary function test data. In healthy volunteers, the significant changes in test data (P<0.05) stimulated mild to moderate pulmonary impairment, whereas patients with an already impaired pulmonary function showed a marked deterioration of their initial respiratory condition. The results of the subjective and objective parameters examined indicate that an intercuspal position (trismus) further aggravates pulmonary functional impairment. Complete trismus can be considered a risk factor to pulmonary function in patients using mouth breathing as a primary or supportive mode of respiration.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

A new medication for treatment of dry mouth in Sjögren's syndrome.

Traditionally, treatment of dry mouth in SS is focused on palliative measures (using salivary substitutes). However, due to the dynamic nature of the oral cavity, the salivary substitute is removed from the mouth during swallowing. Therefore, the duration of effect of salivary substitutes is short. Another drawback is that salivary substitutes do not provide the protective roles of saliva. Effective treatment of dry mouth requires increasing salivary output. Gustatory stimulation of the salivary glands with sugar free gum and sugar free candies may be effective in inducing salivary output, however, they impose significant inconvenience on the patient which can compromise compliance. Pharmacological stimulants provide an alternative effective measure and improve compliance. Both Salagen and Evoxac are FDA approved salivary stimulants. They are effective, and safe given awareness of their indications, contraindications, potential adverse effects, and patient's tolerance.

Contraindications↗
PubMed1999

Mouth care practices in nursing and research-based education: an historical analysis of instructional nursing texts 1870-1997.

In this paper we examine 68 nursing textbooks published between 1870 and 1997 to examine the historical background to contemporary mouth care practice(s) in nursing and the extent to which they are based on research evidence. The analysis shows that, although there has been some variation in the types of equipment and preparations recommended for use over the past 120 years, descriptions of the actual nursing practices themselves have not varied greatly; nor has the discourse varied noticeably. Since the 1970s, there is a progressive increase in references to research. However, the instructional style and discursive frames in which mouth care is discussed reflect an approach to body care that is relatively unchanged in over a century. Individual nursing practices appear as decontextualised and procedurally oriented. With the exception of assessment techniques, written accounts of mouth care practices do not reflect the influence of more recent conceptual or rhetorical standpoints in nursing.

Education, Nursing↗
PubMed1999

[Absorbed doses to critical organs from full mouth dental radiography].

OBJECTIVE: A few studies were reported in China on radiological risk of dental radiography. The aim of this study is to evaluate the absorbed doses of patients from the full mouth radiographs, and to find out the contribution from each projection to the total absorbed dose of the organs. METHODS: Absorbed doses to critical organs were measured from 14-film complete dental radiography. The organs included pituitary, optical lens, parotid glands, submandibular glands, sublingual glands, thyroid, breasts, ovary, testes and the skin in center field of each projection were studied. A-radiation analog dosimetry system (RANDO) phantom with thermoluminescent dosimeters (ILD200) was used for the study. All of the exposure parameters were fixed. The total filtration was 2 mm Al equivalent. The column collaboration was 6 cm in diameter and 20 cm in length. The absorbed doses of organs were measured three times in each projection of the full-mouth series (FMS) exposures. RESULTS: The absorbed dose of lenses in FMS (249 microGy) in present study was much less (10%) than the doses (2,630 microGy) reported in 1976. The doses absorbed of other organs in the present study were thyroid gland (125 microGy), pituitary gland (112 microGy), parotid gland (153 microGy), submandibular gland (629 microGy), sublingual gland (1,900 microGy), and breast gland (12 microGy). The doses of the ovary and testis were to small to further analysis. CONCLUSION: All of the results show that the radiation risk to patients in intraoral radiograph has been reduced significantly. In the pituitary, half of the dose is from both sides of the maxillary molar projection. For the lenses, the largest contribultions of radiation (60%) come from the ipsilateral molar and premolar projection of maxilla. In parotid gland, up to 57% of the dose is from the contralateral molar, pre-molar and canine of maxilla. It could be derived that about 90% of the absorbed doses could be avoided in FMS if the column collimator is 20 cm long and the filter is 2.0 mm thick. If we use the 10-film complete mouth radiograph instead of the 14-film series, more 20% of the doses would be reduced.

Absorption↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A pivoting appliance for intracavitary brachytherapy in patients with reduced mouth opening.

PURPOSE: The risks of radiotherapy to normal tissues are well known. In many cases, a tumor patient suffering a relapse cannot undergo radiotherapy a second time. One exception may be the local application of brachytherapy. Afterloading devices allow the position of radiating materials near the site for treatment exactly according to three-dimensional treatment planning. This report shows the technical procedure for the fabrication of an intracavitary afterloading radiation device. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A 48-year-old woman who had received neutron radiotherapy and tumor surgery for adenoid cystic carcinoma had to be treated for relapse. The mouth opening was limited to 15 mm. The mixing tip of a silicone impression system was used as an axis for a pivoting appliance. RESULTS: Two years after reradiation, the patient was free of relapse symptoms, although an increased limitation of mouth opening was recorded. CONCLUSION: Even if the mouth opening is severely limited after tumor surgery and/or radiation, intracavitary brachytherapy still can be performed in edentulous patients using a pivoting device.

Brachytherapy↗
PubMed2000

Evaluation of school-based dental health activities including fluoride mouth-rinsing in Hiraizumi, Japan.

School-based dental health activities conducted in Hiraizumi over the past 20 years have remarkably improved the dental health status of schoolchildren. For example, DMFT index of 12-year-old children decreased to 1.5 in 1998, one-half that of the national average. School dental health activities, which were focused on dental health education, resulted in an increase of filled teeth rates, a decrease in the number of missing teeth, and a decline in incisor caries (1979-1986). In addition, the introduction of a school-based fluoride mouth-rinsing program (1986 - ) showed a positive effect on the prevention of dental caries; a significant decrease was observed in the overall prevalence of dental caries, particularly in the molars. In Japan it seems advantageous to promote the dental health of schoolchildren by school-based programs that combine dental health examination, dental health education and fluoride mouth-rinsing program. Especially, to prevent dental caries in the mandibular first molars more effectively, it is recommended to start fluoride mouth-rinsing at age 5.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Dry mouth and nose in the older patient. What every PCP should know.

Dry mouth and dry nose are common complaints among the older population. Dry mouth can be attributed to medical conditions and other underlying causes, whereas dry nose is usually associated with age-related changes in nasal physiology and structure. In both cases, medications can contribute to dryness, so a proper evaluation includes a careful drug review. Management of dry mouth includes hydration and use of mouthwash, sugarless gum, candy, and saliva substitutes. Dry nose can be managed with nasal sprays that moisten the nasal cavity.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The classification and the monitoring of the state of mouth riverine and lacustrine ecosystems in lake Baikal based on the composition of local microbiocenoses and their activity].

The paper presents the results of the long-term investigation of microbial communities in the technogenically vulnerable mouth riverine and lacustrine ecosystems of Lake Baikal. The structural and functional parameters of the microbial communities were analyzed from the standpoint of developing destructive processes. The analysis showed that the total number of microorganisms (TNM), the number of saprophytic bacteria (NSB), and bacterial production (BP) were greater in the river-mouth water than in the near-mouth lake water. In the offshore direction, TNM and NSB decreased by a factor of 1.5 to 2, and BP decreased by a factor of 4 to 7. Based on TNM, NSB, and BP data, we classified the Lake Baikal rivers with respect to the degree of the impact of human activities on them. The degrading capability of the riverine microbial communities was found to be such that they degrade daily from tenths of a percent to 3.5% of the total amount of organic compounds polluted the river waters.

Bacteria↗
PubMed2003

Evaluation of a nystatin-containing mouth rinse for terminally ill patients in palliative care.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the antifungal effect of a nystatin mouth rinse to control oral candidiasis of elderly patients in palliative care. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 52 cancer patients (mean age: 83 years) hospitalized in a long term care facility for chronically ill geriatric patients. Mouth rinsing with 15 ml nystatin solution (4,000 Ul/ml) was carried out for one minute, six times daily, over two weeks. Yeasts were collected and seeded on CHROMagar. Growth was read qualitatively and quantitatively after two days' incubation at 37 degrees C. RESULTS: Clinical signs of oral candidiasis were observed in 31% of cases. High yeast scores were observed in 58% of the residents. There was an association between signs of oral candidiasis and high yeast scores (p < 0.001). Treatment for two weeks caused no clinical changes nor reduced yeast scores. CONCLUSIONS: No clinical or antifungal effect from the nystatin suspension suggests that the concentration of nystatin in the mouth rinse was too low. A more effective procedure should be employed for antifungal treatment of terminally ill patients. Appropriate antimicrobial solutions with lubricating activity should be developed and applied to prevent oral diseases.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Mouth-to-mask resuscitation in the hospital: perceived problems of staff and variations in technique.

Mouth-to-mask resuscitation is used by many hospitals to implement "Universal Infection Precautions" and is now mandatory for health care Basic Cardiac Life Support (BCLS) courses nationwide. In the past, mouth-to-mask resuscitation was not routinely performed in hospital settings, and was optional in health care BCLS courses. This study suggests needed changes in mouth-to-mask resuscitation training and use. These findings can be used by nurse educators who are frequently responsible for implementing and evaluating BCLS programs.

Education, Nursing, Continuing↗
PubMed1992

[Transient, prolonged, combined sicca syndrome of the eyes and mouth. Occurrence along with a common cold in an 8-year-old girl].

A girl of eight years fell ill with signs of common cold and bronchitis. Already on the second day of illness, before any treatment was started, she showed symptoms of a sicca-syndrome, beginning in the eyes, later the mouth. Ophthalmologic examination showed keratitis filiformis, histology of the salivary glands in the mucosa of the mouth was normal. Local substitution therapy led to subjective improvement. The disorder of secretion persisted for four months only, then rapid restitutio ad integrum of tears and saliva production occurred. Pathogenetically a parainfectious immunologic mechanism seems probable. During the observed period there were significant changes of antibody titers against RS-virus and streptococci, but it is not possible to identify the cause of the illness really. We conclude that a sicca-syndrome with normal histology of mouth-mucosa-glands is not necessarily prognostically infavorable.

Antibodies, Viral↗
PubMed2003

Clinical efficacy of Colgate Total Advanced Fresh and a commercially available breath-freshening dentifrice in reducing mouth-odor-causing bacteria.

The objective of this double-blind clinical study was to compare the long-lasting overnight (10- to 12-hour) and 4-hour effects of Colgate Total Advanced Fresh toothpaste to a commercial fluoridated breath-freshening dentifrice in controlling the level of mouth-odor-causing bacteria. Thirty-two adult men and women from New Jersey participated in the randomized, crossover design clinical study. After a 1-week "washout" period of brushing with a regular fluoride dentifrice, subjects refrained from dental hygiene, eating, and drinking in preparation for the morning visit. After providing a baseline salivary sample, subjects were issued a soft-bristled toothbrush and instructed to brush their teeth twice a day (once in the morning and once before bed) for 1 minute with the assigned test dentifrice. After a 7-day product use cycle, the subjects returned to the test site, having refrained from dental hygiene, eating, and drinking. Subjects provided an overnight salivary sample (10 to 12 hours postbrushing). Subjects then ate, brushed for 1 minute with the assigned dentifrice, and returned for 2- and 4-hour postbrushing evaluations. Subjects refrained from dental hygiene, eating, or drinking during the 4-hour evaluation period. To collect the oral microflora samples, subjects rinsed with 10 mL of sterile water for 10 seconds and deposited their samples into sterile tubes. Each collected sample was serially diluted in sterile phosphate-buffered saline and duplicate-plated onto lead acetate agar. When plated onto this medium, mouth-odor-causing bacteria that produce hydrogen sulfide appear as dark pigmented colonies. After 96 hours of incubation, hydrogen-sulfide-producing bacteria were counted, expressed as log colony-forming units per milliliter, and reduction from baseline was calculated. The results of this clinical study support the conclusion that Colgate Total Advanced Fresh provides a significantly greater reduction in mouth-odor-causing bacteria than a commercial fluoridated breath-freshening dentifrice (P < or = 0.05).

Adult↗
PubMed2003

The efficacy of casein phosphoprotein-calcium phosphate complex (DC-CP) [Dentacal] as a mouth moistener in patients with severe xerostomia.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to evaluate casein derivatives coupled with calcium phosphate (CD-CP) (Dentacal, NSI Pty Ltd, Hornsby, Australia) as a mouth moistener in a group of dentate patients with severe xerostomia. DESIGN: The study was a subjective, patient self-evaluation questionnaire on the use of Dentacal compared with the moistening strategies that they usually used. SETTING: The study was hospital and community based. SUBJECTS/MATERIALS, AND METHODS: Thirty eight patients with severe xerostomia were recruited from the larger group of 124 who had taken part in a clinical trial of the anti-caries efficacy of casein derivatives complexed with calcium phosphate (Hay and Thomson, 2002). Each patient used Dentacal for 14 days and the responses to it were compared with the responses to their other mouth moistening strategies. RESULTS: The outcome indicated that Dentacal, when used as an atomised spray in the mouth, provided good moistening and lubrication. CONCLUSIONS: The material could provide benefits in both oral moistening and dental caries prevention in dentate people with xerostomia.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2005

Structure-function studies of the outer mouth and voltage sensor domain of hERG.

hERG has uniquely fast inactivation but slow activation processes. We study the structural basis for these unique gating properties using the following approaches: site-specific mutagenesis, the MTS accessibility test, disulfide bond formation, thermodynamic mutant cycle analysis, peptide toxin 'foot-printing', NMR spectroscopy, and molecular modelling. We propose the following: (1) two structural features in hERG's outer mouth contribute to its fast inactivation rate: a lack of 'open mouth'-stabilizing hydrogen bonds and an unusually long extracellular 'S5-P' linker that contains an alpha-helix. During membrane depolarization, four such 'S5-P helices' from the tetramer channel come near each other to occlude the outer mouth. This occurs rapidly due to the dynamic nature of the S5-P helices. (2) Two structural features in hERG's voltage sensor domain contribute to its slow activation rate: hERG's major voltage-sensor, S4, has three (instead of four as in Shaker) positive charges involved in gating charge transfer, and hERG has six (instead of three as in Shaker) negative charges in the other transmembrane segments (S1-S3) of the voltage sensor domain. Thus a less voltage-sensitive S4, in conjunction with more surrounding negative charges (some of which can form salt-bridges with S4's positive charges in the pre-open state), retards channel activation.

Amino Acid Sequence↗