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PubMed1978

The avowal of motives for marijuana behavior.

The present report is a comparative analysis of data from different studies on the motives avowed for the use and nonuse of marijuana. Qualitative data on the reasons given by users and nonusers for their behavior were first described and categorized according to 21 verbal patterns. Then these categories were utilized to analyze quantitative data by various investigators, i.e., were the means to compare the frequencies with which each kind of motive was verbalized. The results indicated that knowledge-ableness is by far the most frequently expressed motive for the initial use of marijuana. Continued use, however, is largely explained either on the grounds of self-fulfillment or with an appeal to psychological drives. Habitual users in different studies mentioned almost all categories of reasons for smoking more often than did occasional users. Explanations for the two types of nonuse were also quite dissimilar. For the discontinued use of pot, lack of interest is claimed as the chief motivation; but for never use, appeals to illegality, injury, drug addiction, and morality are asserted more frequently. Several conclusions based on these findings are drawn.

Cannabis↗

PubMed2005

Food choice motives and the importance of family meals among immigrant mothers.

To determine the health and social benefits of the family mealtime, we examined the contribution of immigrant mothers' food motives to the importance placed on family meals, and cultural differences in mothers' food motives and the importance ascribed to family meals. Data were taken from a study on food choice factors among ten- to 12-year-old children from three cultural communities in Montreal. A 24-item, self-administered questionnaire was used to explore food choice motives. Each mother was also asked how important it was for her family to take the time to eat together, and if the child enjoyed sharing meals with his or her family. In all, 209 of the 653 questionnaires distributed were valid; 68 were from Haitian, 75 from Portuguese, and 66 from Vietnamese mothers. Five factors emerging from factor analyses explained 61.67% of the variance. Analysis of variance indicated significant differences between mothers' countries of origin for the importance placed on health, pleasure, familiarity, and ingredient properties (p<0.005). Among Haitian and Portuguese mothers, health motivations emerged as the only significant predictor of the importance given to family meals, whereas for Vietnamese mothers, both health and eating familiar foods were predictors (p<0.05).

Acculturation↗

PubMed2005

The relationship of motivation and flow experience to academic procrastination in university students.

In this article, the author examined the relationships of motivation and flow experience to academic procrastination in 262 Korean undergraduate students who completed a questionnaire on procrastination, flow, and motivation. The results indicated that high procrastination was associated with lack of self-determined motivation and low incidence of flow state. The results also indicated that, although amotivation and intrinsic motivation showed significant unique effects on procrastination, they did not contribute significantly to the variance in procrastination when the effects caused by flow experiences were considered. The author discusses implications for practice and gives suggestions for further research.

Achievement↗

PubMed2004

Motivation when optimism declines: data on temporal dynamics.

To contribute to a description of motivation variables across time, the authors examined temporal changes in these variables as the time to pursue a test-taking goal approached. In three samples, expected performance, grade-level standards, and perceived adequacy of effort decreased as the test time approached, but other indices of motivation did not always decrease. Data indicated that (a) there is a strong relationship between expectancies and implicit goal setting, (b) students may sometimes change goal levels and definitions of success to maintain their desire for chosen goals despite declining expectations, (c) effects of event proximity on goal-achievement expectations may be based on overestimating the adequacy of future effort, and (d) the degree to which expectancy and value predict motivation appears to vary with exam proximity. Results revealed a temporal complexity in motivation variables and in the relationships among them.

Attitude↗

PubMed1991

Geriatric motivation. Clinically helping the elderly to comply.

1. Motivation must be considered separately from compliance. Compliance implies manipulation whereas motivation is not something we "do to" a patient. 2. Many factors can stimulate patient motivation. These include both internal (medication, nutrition, sensory, and cognitive changes) and external (social norms) factors, as well as beliefs and past experiences. 3. Many strategies can help motivate the elderly to comply. It is helpful to set goals with the patient, explore fears of failure, establish frequent rewards, set a low stress environment, use role models, and evaluate each patient as an individual.

Aged↗

PubMed2004

Teaching motivational interviewing to first-year medical students to improve counseling skills in health behavior change.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the effectiveness of motivational interviewing training on improving medical students' knowledge of and confidence in their ability to counsel patients regarding health behavior change. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: In the spring of 2002, 42 first-year medical students participated in a counseling course on health behavior change. Three small groups focused on learning and practicing motivational interviewing techniques using brief lectures, interactive class activities, student role-plays, and simulated patients. Students completed an identical precourse and postcourse questionnaire that measured their confidence and knowledge regarding counseling skills in health behavior change. RESULTS: The medical students reported improved confidence in their understanding of motivational interviewing after participation in the course (very confident, 77%) compared with before the course (very confident, 2%). Each of the 8 confidence items were compared before and after the course using a signed rank test. All comparisons indicated a significant improvement (P < .001) in confidence. Regarding knowledge-based questions, students showed significant improvement; 31% of students answered all the questions correctly before the course, and 56% answered all the questions correctly after the course (P = .004). CONCLUSION: These results show that teaching motivational interviewing techniques to first-year medical students can enhance student confidence in and knowledge of providing counseling to patients regarding health behavior change.

Counseling↗

PubMed1993

Obstacles to and motivation for successful breast-feeding.

This study determined obstetric physiotherapists' perceptions about major obstacles to and methods of motivation for successful breast-feeding by means of the Friedman non-parametric procedure for the two-way analysis of variance. Three categories of obstacles were identified: maternal obstacles, health professionals and society. Maternal obstacles mentioned most were insufficient motivation (25%) and knowledge (24%), anxiety (14%), fatigue (14%), and employment (14%). Obstacles related to health professionals included lack of support for mothers (20%), inappropriate lactation management (19%), lack of knowledge (15%), negative attitudes (5%), and staff shortages (5%). With regard to society, lack of support (27%) and life-styles (29%) were identified as significant obstacles. The two most significantly important methods of motivation were information and education (53%) and contact with other breast-feeders (27%). It is concluded that breast-feeding education efforts can be improved by identifying obstacles to breast-feeding and methods of motivation and that the Friedman test may be a statistical procedure to consider for determining priorities.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Motives for smoking cessation are associated with stage of readiness to quit smoking and sociodemographics among German industrial employees.

PURPOSE: To test the relationships among particular motives for smoking cessation, stage of readiness to quit (preparation or contemplation), and sociodemographic characteristics. DESIGN: A cross-sectional study to examine attitudes toward and use of health promotion at the worksite, using a self-administered questionnaire. SETTING: Two German metal companies. SUBJECTS: Of 1641 responding employees (response rate 65% in company A and 44% in company B), 360 smokers who intended to quit immediately (n = 105) or in the near future (n = 255) were analyzed. MEASURES: The questionnaire comprised of sociodemographic characteristics, smoking behavior, smoking history, readiness to quit smoking, motives to quit, such as coworkers' complaints and health-related or financial concerns. Chi-squared tests and multiple logistic regression analyses were performed. RESULTS: Health-related reasons (94%) predominated financial (27%) or image-related (14%) reasons for smoking cessation. Participants in the cessation preparation group were more likely to report an awareness of being addicted (79.6% vs. 58.2%; p < .001) and the negative public image (22.5% vs. 11.6%; p < .01) as reasons for quitting compared with those in the contemplation group. In multivariable regression models, the motives for smoking cessation, including reduced performance, family's and coworkers' complaints, pregnancy/children, and negative public image, but not health-related and financial concerns, differed significantly by gender, age, marital status, education, and occupational status. CONCLUSIONS: Motives for smoking cessation vary according to the individual's level of readiness to quit and sociodemographic background.

Cross-Sectional Studies↗

PubMed1988

[Interactive effects of job complexity and expectancy on internal motivation].

A questionnaire administered to 1,391 nurses in big hospitals revealed that they were strongly motivated if they expected good results from their efforts and if they had enough information about what they were supposed to do and how. Satisfactory work situations were characterized by smooth feedback, role clarity and so on. Even nurses who responded to external rewards were internally motivated to carry out complex jobs if they received sufficient information about the jobs presumably because the information eliminated uncertainty about their roles. Autonomy, or delegated power and responsibility, tended to be motivating only for the nurses who placed high valence on intrinsic rewards, that is, who received encouragement from the accomplishment of the job itself. These results suggest that even those who have more extrinsic needs may be motivated by the complexity of the job. Individual differences in the response to the job may be understood as a matter of information-processing such as the extent of adaptation to the job.

Feedback↗

PubMed1992

[The effect of motivation on preschool children's sharing judgment and behavior].

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of motivation on preschool children's sharing judgment and behavior. In Experiment 1, 45 4-year-olds and 41 5-year-olds were asked whether they wanted to share seals in a fictional situation, and were observed whether they shared their seals in an actual situation. The main results indicated that the number of children who shared seals in the latter situation was smaller than those who judged to share seals in the former one. Especially there was a great difference regarding this point in 4-year-olds children. "Empathic orientation" motivated preschool children's sharing behavior, while "self-focused orientation" did not. In Experiment 2, 52 4-year-olds and 60 5-year-olds were divided into two empathic levels (middle, high) and two motivational cost levels (low, high) to examine the effects of "empathic orientation" and "self-focused orientation." The main results indicated that high motivational cost restrained children from sharing in an actual situation.

Child Behavior↗

PubMed1998

[The effect of accuracy motivation on face function in person perception].

The present study investigated the effects of accuracy motivation and face attractiveness on person perception. Sixty-two female undergraduate and professional school students participated in an experiment. Half of them were motivated to form accurate impression by experimental manipulations of accountability (expecting to describe their impression later to a third party). After studying behavioral descriptions and photograph of target, they were asked to form impression and recall the descriptions. Main results were as follows: (1) On social desirability, accuracy motivation reduced the effect of positive face. (2) Accuracy motivation induced subjects to recall more behavioral descriptions.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1986

Theories of motivation in occupational therapy: an overview.

The motivational theories behind five theoretical approaches in occupational therapy that claim to be generic are explained. With the exception of the occupational behavior approach, the motivational perspectives are only implied features of the following other occupational therapy approaches discussed: object relations analysis, action consequence approach, recapitulation of ontogenesis, and developmental facilitation. These motivational explanations are developed and then applied to a case example. Finally, the occupational therapy approaches are analyzed in terms of the viability of their motivational perspectives to determine their adequacy as generic approaches for the profession.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

Differential Expression of Motivational Stimulus Properties by Dopamine in Nucleus Accumbens Shell versus Core and Prefrontal Cortex.

The response of extracellular dopamine (DA) and its relationship to motivational valence (positive or negative) and novelty of motivational stimuli was investigated by brain microdialysis in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) shell and core and prefrontal cortex (PFCX) of rats. Stimuli were elicited by intraoral infusion of 20% sucrose, sucrose plus chocolate, quinine, and NaCl solutions, feeding of a palatable food (Fonzies), or smelling of a predator (red fox) urine. Sucrose elicited appetitive reactions and increased DA in the PFCX but not in the NAc shell. An unfamiliar appetitive taste such as that of sweet chocolate and Fonzies, increased DA in all three areas. Habituation of the stimulatory DA response to intraoral chocolate or to Fonzies feeding was observed in the NAc shell after a single pre-exposure to the same taste or food; no habituation was observed in the NAc core nor in the PFCX. Aversive taste stimuli (quinine, saturated NaCl solutions) rapidly increased DA in the PFCX and in the NAc core, and this response did not undergo one-trial habituation. In the NAc shell, instead, no effect (10 min exposure) or a delayed, transitory increase of DA (5 min exposure) sensitive to one-trial habituation was obtained in response to the aversive taste (quinine and saturated NaCl) or olfactory (red fox urine) stimuli. These observations indicate that DA responsiveness is an integrated function of the motivational valence and novelty of stimuli in the NAc shell and an expression of generic motivational value in the NAc core and PFCX.

Administration, Oral↗

PubMed1979

Motivating pharmacists.

Although pharmacists are developing interest in many types of pharmacy practice, they are still spending the bulk of their time in the prescription dispensing process. Any effort to provide motivation must consider the prescription dispensing process. The pharmacy literature includes only a few studies that dealt with pharmacists as people. The studies usually showed that pharmacists basically were unhappy with their jobs. In developing a motivational climate for pharmacists, pharmacy supervisors have several concepts to consider: the hierarchy of needs by Maslow; the expectancy theory by Hampton; the gygiene-motivator theory by Herzberg; and the Theory Y management approach by McGregor. Because pharmacists must be induced to enter and remain in an organization, supervisors should be aware of the need to use any technique available in developing a motivational climate.

Humans↗

PubMed1980

Motivational theory applied to hospital pharmacy practice.

In recent years a great deal of attention has been paid to motivation and job satisfaction among hospital pharmacy practitioners. Institutional pharmacy managers should become more aware of ways in which they can motivate members of their staff. Specifically, Frederick Herzberg's Two-Factor Theory is discussed in reference to its origination, major tenets, and practical applications in institutional pharmacy practice settings. Principally, Herzberg's theory explains needs of workers in terms of extrinsic factors called "hygienes" and intrinsic factors called "motivators." The theory suggests that job satisfaction and dissatisfaction are not opposites but two separate dimensions. According to this theory, an employee will be motivated if the task allows for the following: 1)actual achievement, 2) recognition for achievement, 3) increased responsibility, 4) opportunity for growth (professionally), and 5) chance for advancement. It is concluded that some of these suggested applications can be useful to managers who are faced with low morale among the members of their staff.

Humans↗

PubMed1982

Beyond expectancy theory: an integrative motivational model from health care.

Expectancy theory has been criticized for its omission of normative, habitual, and other motivational elements. This paper describes the sources and features of an integrative motivational model from the field of preventive health care that combines expectancy/valence factors with habitual, normative, and conative motivational elements. The model is viewed as having implications for work motivation as well.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed1986

Employee motivation: quality versus business concerns.

The traditional factors that influence employee motivation and morale remain important in healthcare organizations. However, the nursing staff tends to be more self-motivated than many employees in other occupations because of values that are intrinsic to the nursing profession. When the humanist values of the nursing profession conflict or compete with business values, erosion of nursing morale and motivation may result with attendant employee "burnout" that undermines the organization's business objectives. There are several steps that both management and nursing educators can take to lessen the cultural conflict and avert motivational breakdowns. The future may teach us that an ideal blend of business and humanist values may result in a situation where good business decisions are good humanist decisions, and vice versa.

Conflict, Psychological↗

PubMed1998

Referral patterns and motivation for anti-reflux surgery of patients suffering from gastroesophageal reflux disease.

Due to a better understanding of the pathophysiology of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), as well as the improvements in surgical technique, the number of anti-reflux procedures has increased world-wide during the last decade. This trend has been facilitated by the advent of minimally invasive surgery. Although a great number of publications deal with the indications or selection of patients for surgery, only a few discuss the motivation of patients for choosing surgery rather than long-term medical treatment. In order to evaluate the different elements of motivation of patients suffering from primary gastroesophageal reflux disease, the data of 115 patients who had undergone anti-reflux surgery between January 1990 and June 1997 at the Department of Surgery, Technical University, Munich, were evaluated. As laparoscopic anti-reflux surgery has only been regularly performed since 1994 in our Department, the study period was divided and the two periods (1990-1993 and 1994-1997) were analyzed separately. The data were evaluated according to the referral pattern and the motivation of patients with GERD who chose surgery. In the period from 1990 to 1993, 38.5% of the patients were referred to surgery by general practitioners, 38.5% by internists, 10% by practicing surgeons and 8% by gastroenterologists. In 5% of the cases the patients themselves initiated surgery. The corresponding results for the period from 1994 to 1997 were 29%, 38%, 12%, 8% and 13%, respectively. The most common reason for a patient to choose surgery was moderate or only short-term response to appropriate conservative treatment, which accounted for 98% and 92% of the patients, respectively, during the study periods. This was followed by avoidance of life-long medical therapy and its potential risks in 77% and 85% of the patients. Fear of cancer was reported in 10% and 25%, respectively. In the second period, the option of a minimally invasive procedure was reported as an important factor in 45% of the patients. Although the number of anti-reflux procedures performed per year is increasing and there is also an increasing tendency regarding the application of minimally invasive procedures, the factors leading to referral failed to show significant differences in the two periods. The motivation of patients, however, clearly changed in favour of surgical therapy, mainly because of the availability of a minimally invasive approach.

Adolescent↗