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At least 955 records · Page 53Linked to original sources
PubMed2005

Impairments in working memory and decision-taking processes in monkeys in a model of Alzheimer's disease.

Studies were performed on two groups of animals (three monkeys in each). Monkeys of group I received unilateral intracerebroventricular injections of the neurotoxin p75-saporin (the ribosomal toxin saporin bound to monoclonal antibody to the p75NTR receptor), which elicits irreversible degradation of cholinergic neurons in the basal nuclei of Meynert, along with the enzyme dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH-saporin), which impairs the functioning of noradrenergic neurons in the locus ceruleus. Monkeys of group II received injections of sterile physiological saline (0.9% NaCI). Monkeys were trained to discriminate stimuli containing different types of information (spatial frequency grids, geometric figures with different colors, different spatial relationships between objects) and perform spatial selection. The characteristics of working memory were identified in delayed differentiation tasks in monkeys of both groups before and after injections. These studies provided the first evidence that the development of Alzheimer's disease in rhesus macaques is characterized by a deficiency of working memory, this being based on impairment of two components of these processes. Impairment of the first in monkeys of group I was minifest in delayed visual differentiation as a significant decrease in correct responses. The extent of decreases depended on the duration of the delay and the type of visual information. Impairment of the second component, associated with decision-taking processes, was characterized by an increase in refusals to take decisions and was independent of the duration of delays and the type of visual information. Monkeys given injections of physiological saline showed no significant differences in these characteristics. The features of impairments in these memory components resulting from the development of Alzheimer's disease demonstrate that the structural-functional organization of cholinergic and noradrenergic mechanisms responsible for sensory processing differ from those involved in decision-taking.

Alzheimer Disease↗
PubMed1993

Development of candidate rotavirus vaccines.

Candidate rotavirus vaccines tested to date have been developed using a 'Jennerian' approach. Strains of bovine and simian rotaviruses that are naturally attenuated for humans have been assessed and found to confer immunity that is serotype specific in a varying proportion of recipients. The spectrum of protection has been widened by developing reassortants in which the bovine or simian gene coding for VP7 (the major outer capsid protein) has been replaced by the corresponding gene from human VP7 types 1, 2, 3 or 4. Once the protective antigen(s) are identified it may be possible to develop subunit vaccines that eliminate side effects sometimes observed with live vaccine candidates.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Retroperitoneal fibromatosis and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in macaques. Pathologic observations and transmission studies.

A peculiar fibroproliferative syndrome called retroperitoneal fibromatosis (RF) has been observed in Macaca nemestrina, Macaca mulatta, Macaca fascicularis, and Macaca fuscata at the Washington Regional Primate Research Center. RF is characterized by the aggressive proliferation of highly vascular fibrous tissue subjacent to the peritoneum covering the ileocecal junction and associated mesenteric lymph nodes. In the early, proliferative phase of the disease, most of the fibroblastlike cells contain Factor VIII-related antigen. Two syndromes have been recognized: localized, in which fibroproliferative lesions occur only in solitary nodules; and progressive, in which fibromatosis occurs throughout the abdominal cavity. RF-affected monkeys often develop a simian acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (SAIDS) with severe thymic and lymphoid atrophy, chronic enterocolitis, and wasting. Experimental intraperitoneal inoculation with suspensions of RF tissue in two separate experiments resulted in the development of SAIDS in 5 of 16 and RF-SAIDS in 3 of 16 macaques. RF associated with SAIDS appears to be an excellent model for the Kaposi's sarcoma associated with AIDS.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1993

Tuberculosis in imported nonhuman primates--United States, June 1990-May 1993.

Nonhuman primates (NHPs) shipped to the United States must be quarantined and monitored for evidence of infectious diseases transmissible to humans. During May-October 1992, CDC investigated reports from NHP importers of mycobacterial infections in NHPs recently imported from Mauritius. This report describes a review of tuberculosis (TB) in all 249 imported shipments of CDC-permitted NHP species in the United States from June 1990 through May 1993 and updates recommendations regarding the identification and control of TB in imported NHPs and in workers exposed to such animals.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Lymphocyte subpopulations in spontaneous disease of rhesus macaques.

The immunologic status of rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) with naturally occurring disease was evaluated by determining the percentages of B and T lymphocytes and mitogen responsiveness of lymphocytes in peripheral blood and lymph nodes. The B lymphocytes were identified by the presence of cell surface immunoglobulin and receptors for complement. The T lymphocytes were identified by their ability to form spontaneous rosettes with sheep red blood cells. Rhesus macaques with idiopathic or primary amyloidosis had normal lymphocyte characteristics. Peripheral blood lymphocytes from rhesus macaques with atypical tuberculosis had decreased percentages of spontaneous rosette-forming cells and depressed responses to concanavalin A, and those with chronic diarrhea or chronic arthritis were also found to have abnormal peripheral blood lymphocyte characteristics. The percentage of B and T lymphocytes in normal lymph nodes was variable, making simultaneous histologic examination necessary for evaluation of diseased animals.

Amyloidosis↗
PubMed1980

[Virus hepatitis, an overview (author's transl)].

It has now been known for 40 years that the particular liver disease which has been called "icterus catarrhalis" in former times is being caused by virus infection. Before that, Virchow's thesis ("occlusion of the papilla by mucus"), and later on Eppinger's thesis ("serous hepatitis due to intoxication by unidentified protein break-down products") were held to be true. Only after liver biopsy was introduced became it known that this particular disease is in fact an inflammatory process. Since neither bacteria nor protozoa could be found, it had to be assumed that viruses were the positive agents. It then took another 30 years until two viruses causing hepatitis (A and B) could be identified. The most important steps in this process of identification were: (1) proof of the oral and parental route of infection by Voegt in Germany and by American authors (following yellow fever vaccination in the US Army); (2) detection of the Australia (HBS) antigen by Blumberg; and (3) transfer of the infectious disease to monkeys. In conclusion, the present day status of hepatitis research (virology, epidemiology, immunology) is presented and chances of prevention are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Fatal lymphoproliferative disease associated with a novel gammaherpesvirus in a captive population of common marmosets.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Callitrichids (marmosets and tamarins) are extremely susceptible to experimental tumor induction by herpesviruses native to other primate species. A colony of common marmosets developed a syndrome of weight loss, inappetence, diarrhea, and in several animals, palpable abdominal masses. METHODS: Marmosets in the colony were subjected to histologic examination and serologic testing for Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). The DNA from tumors that developed in the marmosets was subjected to consensus primer polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis designed to amplify conserved regions of herpesvirus genomes. RESULTS: The mesenteric lymph nodes and intestinal mucosa were consistently infiltrated by principally B lymphocytes, which often obliterated the normal architecture. Of 84 clinically normal marmosets, 52 were seropositive for EBV. The tumor DNA contained previously unreported herpesvirus sequences closely related to but distinct from those of EBV, Herpesvirus papio, and these lymphocryptovirus, a novel gammaherpesvirus. Results of PCR analysis of circulating lymphocytes from EBV-positive, clinically normal marmosets were negative for EBV antibodies and were positive for marmoset lymphocryptovirus; PCR analysis of circulating lymphocytes from EBV-negative marmosets yielded negative results for EBV and this novel marmoset lymphocryptovirus. CONCLUSION: This novel gammaherpesvirus possibly associated with tumor development may have important management implications for captive callitrichids.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1980

Fatal Yersinia pseudotuberculosis infection in captive bushbabies.

Fatal Yersinia pseudotuberculosis infection was diagnosed in 3 bushbabies (Galago crassicaudatus) in a large prosimian colony. The clinical signs were diarrhea, dyspnea, hyperthermia, dehydration, and lethargy. Histologically, the disease was characterized by lesions of ulcerative enterocolitis, necrotizing hepatitis, splenitis, lymphadenitis, and nonsuppurative pneumonitis.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Susceptibility of marmosets to Epstein-Barr virus-like baboon herpesviruses.

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-like herpeviruses, strains of Herpesvirus papio (HVP), have recently been isolated from lymphomatous (HVP-L) and from normal baboons (HVP-N). Both HVP isolates infect some species of marmosets, HVP-L inoculated adult animals develop a mild to severe and sometimes fatal lymphoproliferative disease whereas newborn marmosets of the same species do not develop a measureable disease after inoculation with HVP-l. HVP-N infects adult marmosets but does not cause disease.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

The effects of immunosuppression on development and progression of endometriosis in baboons (Papio anubis).

OBJECTIVE: To test the hypothesis that immunosuppression increases the development and progression of endometriosis in baboons. DESIGN: Experimental controlled study. SETTING: Institute of Primate Research, Nairobi, Kenya. PARTICIPANTS: Thirty-two baboons (8 with normal pelvis, 10 with spontaneous endometriosis, and 14 with endometriosis induced by intraperitoneal seeding of menstrual endometrium). INTERVENTION: Daily injection of 0.8 mg/kg IM methylprednisolone and 2 mg/kg azathioprine for 3 months in 16 baboons (4 with normal pelvis, 5 with spontaneous endometriosis, and 7 with induced endometriosis). No treatment was given to the remaining 16 primates. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The change in number and surface area (mm2) of endometriotic lesions was evaluated by laparoscopy in all baboons after 3 months, in 8 animals with induced endometriosis and in 9 primates with spontaneous disease after 7 and 12 months, respectively. RESULTS: Immunosuppressed baboons with spontaneous endometriosis had a significantly higher number and larger surface area of endometriotic lesions than nontreated animals. However, immunosuppressed and nontreated primates with induced endometriosis were comparable with respect to both number and surface area of implants. A transient decrease in typical lesions was noted during immunosuppression. Immunosuppression did not cause the development of endometriosis in baboons with previously documented normal pelvis. CONCLUSION: Immunosuppression may increase the progression of endometriosis in baboons with spontaneous disease.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Simian retrovirus D serogroup 1 has a broad cellular tropism for lymphoid and nonlymphoid cells.

Simian acquired immunodeficiency syndrome is a fatal immunosuppressive disease caused by type D retroviruses such as simian acquired immunodeficiency syndrome retrovirus type 1 (SRV-1). The disease is characterized by generalized lymphadenopathy, opportunistic infections, and lymphoid depletion with defects in both humoral and cell-mediated immunity. To understand how SRV-1 infection relates to the immune defect, we studied in vivo-infected lymphocytes from SRV-1-positive macaques with and without clinical signs of immunosuppressive disease. B and T helper/inducer and T suppressor/cytotoxic lymphocytes were purified by panning or by flow cytometry. Neutrophils were purified by dextran sedimentation, and platelets were purified by low-speed centrifugation. In vitro infection studies were also done with HUT78, H9, K562, rhesus lung fibroblast, rhesus monkey kidney, and bat lung cells. SRV-1 in lymphocytes or culture supernatants was detected by the induction of syncytia in cocultivated Raji cells and was confirmed by immunofluorescence, electron microscopy, or reverse transcriptase assay. We found that B and T helper/inducer lymphocytes were infected in all animals tested. The number of infected T suppressor/cytotoxic cells was generally lower than that of the other cell subsets, and not all animals in this subset had SRV-1 infections. All other cells exposed in vitro to SRV-1, except bat lung cells, were able to be infected. These findings show that SRV-1 has a broad cell tropism for lymphoid and nonlymphoid cell types.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1980

Yersinia pseudotuberculosis infection in a group of Macaca fascicularis.

Diarrheal disease associated with abortions and stillbirths occurred in a group of 42 Macaca fascicularis. The group was composed of wild-caught adults and their colony-born offspring housed in a half-acre cage. Thirteen adult females and 1 infant male were affected. All 14 monkeys had diarrhea and all 9 pregnant females either aborted or had a stillbirth. Yersinia pseudotuberculosis was isolated from 7 animals. In addition, Y enterocolitica was isolated from 1 monkey and Shigella flexneri type IV was isolated from 5 monkeys. One adult female had a mixed infection of both Y pseudotuberculosis and S flexneri. Every pregnant monkey from which Y pseudotuberculosis was isolated aborted or had a stillbirth. Five animals died, and Y pseudotuberculosis was the only pathogen isolated from these 5 monkeys.

Abortion, Veterinary↗
PubMed1986

Induction of experimental myasthenia gravis in rhesus monkeys: a model for the study of the human disease.

Experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis (EAMG) was induced in rhesus monkeys using purified acetylcholine receptor (AChR) from Torpedo california. A single dose of 80 micrograms induced antibody formation two weeks after injection. Two subsequent doses at two-week intervals caused clinical signs (anorexia, fatigability, weight loss, ptosis and dysphagia) which initially responded to treatment with neostigmine. Histologic examination of post-mortem tissues revealed lesions characteristic of myasthenia gravis in man: muscular atrophy, fibrous degeneration and lymphocytic infiltration. Antibodies were quantitated in the sera of three other monkeys which received only 60 micrograms of purified AChR. Abnormally high titers persisted for two years (60-200 micrograms /ml versus 0-10 micrograms/ml for controls). A monkey injected with 60 micrograms AChR as part of reconstituted membrane vesicles had lower titers (30-50 micrograms/ml) than those which received purified receptor. Only those monkeys with antibody titers exceeding 800 micrograms/ml developed overt disease. These titers were 4-100 times higher than those reported for myasthenic humans. The antibody-antigen molar ratios were higher for monkeys with disease than for asymptomatic animals. These data suggest that the diversity of antibody molecules synthesized by the sensitized monkeys determined the appearance of clinical signs, and that the cross reaction of anti-torpedo antibodies with monkey receptor was primarily responsible for the development of EAMG.

Agglutination Tests↗