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PubMed1995

Maximizing internal and external validity in MMPI malingering research: a study of a military population.

The authors investigated the effectiveness of various commonly used Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI; Hathaway & McKinley, 1943) indices of exaggeration and malingering in detecting suspected malingering in a military sample of 121 enlisted men. To maximize external validity, only men undergoing psychological evaluation were used as participants. Forty-one participants were identified as suspected malingerers through multiple criteria and were contrasted with schizophrenic-spectrum and clinic outpatient groups. To improve internal validity, the 41 suspected malingering participants were asked to retake the test without exaggerating. Results revealed that there were many false positives and fewer, but nonetheless many, false negatives with standard malingering indices. It appeared that the Gough Dissimulation scale (Gough, 1947) might hold the most promise as a measure of malingering, but other scales are also useful. Individual comparisons between different samples and implications for MMPI-2 (Butcher et al., 1989) are presented.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1996

The Rorschach and MMPI: toward a more scientifically differentiated understanding of cross-method assessment.

Reasons for Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) and Rorschach disagreement at the nomothetic level are explored. Building on an understanding of measurement distinctions from other sciences, it is proposed that the Rorschach and MMPI procedures are differentially sensitive to unique manifestations of personality. By necessity, each method is then also recognized as having a limited scope of effectiveness, such that neither can provide a complete picture of personality in its full complexity. Drawing on the more extensive self-report literature, the idiosyncracies and limited scope of the self-report method are documented. Finally, an ideographically rooted, cross-method, configural model is proposed for validation research in personality assessment. Several examples consistent with this approach are drawn from the assessment literature and discussed.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2006

Tell me a story: MMPI responses and personal biography in the case of a serial killer.

The interpretation of MMPI (Hathaway & McKinley, 1943) profiles has emphasized a language of pathological attribution that often serves the interests of clinical description and actuarial prediction better than those of individual case formulation and an understanding of the adaptive forces involved in the production of symptomatic behavior. In this article, I illustrate a contrasting approach, one that emphasizes MMPI items and scales as instruments of personal biography, with the case of the serial murderer Jeffrey Dahmer.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

MMPI Profiles of Female Candidates for Obesity Surgery: A Cluster Analytic Approach.

BACKGROUND: Early attempts to characterize personality in obese persons led to the conclusion that the severely obese are not homogeneous on personality measures. More recently, cluster analysis procedures have been applied to identify meaningful personality subtypes in populations of persons with severe obesity; some progress has been made in this effort, but researchers have indicated the need for replication in other settings. METHODS: In the present study, the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) was administered to 163 female candidates for intestinal bypass surgery. RESULTS: Eight clusters were identified. Of the MMPI profiles, 71% were in one of four normal limit clusters. The remainder were distributed across four clusters, all beyond normal limits. CONCLUSIONS: Present and previous results appear to converge on representative personality subtypes in severe obesity. Identification of such meaningful subgroups of candidates for obesity surgery may enhance the prediction of surgery outcomes, and yield a better understanding of personality in severely obese women.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1978

Patient improvement, measured by the MMPI and Pyp, related to paraprofessional and professional counselor assignment.

This study examined the treatment efficacy of professional and paraprofessional counselors with similar caseloads of narcotic addicts stabilizaed on methadone. The patients assigned to a professional counselor showed a statistically significant decrease on the D and Sc scales of the MMPI. The patients assigned to paraprofessional counselors did not demonstrate statistically significant decreases on the scales of the MMPI. On the basis of examined patient variables, the two groups of patients appeared comparable in terms of demographic characteristics prior to admission and there did not appear to be a bias in the assignment of patient to counselor.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

A comparison of simulation and known groups in the detection of malingering on the MMPI-2.

Three groups of 30 inmates, one instructed to respond honestly, one to fake being mentally ill, and one to fake schizophrenia after being educated to its symptoms, were administered the MMPI-2. These simulation groups were compared to two forensic evaluation groups of 30 pretrial defendants, one believed to be mentally ill and one suspected of malingering based on their psychiatric history, in order to compare the results of simulation with those of the forensic context. The results demonstrated that those instructed to feign psychiatric disorder and those suspected of malingering in the forensic context scored significantly higher on all MMPI-2 validity indicators than did those with a history of psychiatric treatment and those instructed to respond honestly, yet did not differ from each other. These findings suggest that the results of simulation designs are comparable to those obtained from forensic subjects. The F(p) Scale failed to add incrementally to F in discriminating the two defendant groups.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Motivation for traumatic brain injury rehabilitation questionnaire (MOT-Q): reliability, factor analysis, and relationship to MMPI-2 variables.

A Likert scale questionnaire was developed to assess motivation for postacute rehabilitation by traumatic brain injury patients. Items were designed to reflect head-injured individuals' statements about their attitudes toward head injury rehabilitation. Factors such as denial of illness, anger, compliance with treatment, and medical information seeking behavior were used to assess unfavorable and favorable components of motivation. Reliability was assessed using Cronbach's Alpha, which was found to be 0.91 for the total scale. Four factor analysis derived subscales were identified: Lack of Denial, Interest in Rehabilitation, Lack of Anger, and Reliance on Professional Help. Correlation and multiple regression analyses demonstrated moderate relationships between MOT-Q and several MMPI-2 variables largely related to indicators of somatic distress, depression and capacity for self-sufficiency. Lack of Denial subscale showed the strongest relationship to MMPI-2 of all MOT-Q variables, while Interest in Rehabilitation showed the best correlation to the MOT-Q total.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1996

MMPI profiles of depressed adolescents with and without conduct disorder.

This study examined whether adolescents with depression would produce significantly different MMPI profiles from adolescents with depression and conduct disorder. Twenty-four adolescents who met DSM-III-R criteria for major depression or dysthymia were included in the study. Nine of these 24 subjects also met DSM-III-R criteria for Conduct Disorder. Results indicated that depressed only adolescents had significantly higher elevations on scales 2 and 0 while those with depression and conduct disorder had significantly higher elevations on scales F and 9. These findings suggest that the presence of conduct disorder in depressed adolescents may lead to a veiling of their affective symptoms, thus potentially causing clinicians to underdiagnose depression in such cases.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Clinical utility of the MMPI-A content scales and Harris-Lingoes subscales in the assessment of suicidal risk factors in psychiatric adolescents.

This study of 143 inpatient adolescents (68 boys and 75 girls) investigated the clinical utility of the MMPI-A in assessing suicidal risk factors by examining the unique contribution of the content scales and Harris-Lingoes subscales beyond what is provided by the basic clinical scales. The results of the regression analyses indicated that for boys, the Depression, Psychopathic Deviate and Hypomania scales; Alienation and Anxiety content scales: and Subjective Depression. Self Alienation, Imperturbability, and Amorality Harris-Lingoes subscales contributed significantly to the prediction of suicide probability. For girls, the Depression, Psychopathic Deviate, and Hypomania scales; Family Problems, Conduct Problems, School Problems, Depression, and Social Discomfort content scales; and the Subjective Depression, Self Alienation, Psychomotor Acceleration, and Imperturbability Harris-Lingoes subscales contributed significantly to the prediction of suicide probability.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Oral and booklet presentation of MMPI-2.

The MMPI-2 was administered twice to college students under two formats: standard booklet administration and oral presentation, with the examiner reading the items to the students and recording their answers. The two types of administration were compared in a series of mixed-factor analyses of variance. No significant differences were found when comparing oral and booklet presentation for either men or women.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Code type-specific tables for interpretation of MMPI-2 Harris and Lingoes subscales: consideration of gender and code type definition.

Normative tables for various MMPI-2 code types, which may be used to enhance the interpretation of the Harris and Lingoes subscales, were developed. It was found that scores on the subscales covaried significantly as a function of code type. Gender and code type definition strategy were considered as moderators of the relationship between code type and subscale scores, but neither accounted for a large enough proportion of variance to justify consideration in the tables.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Differential diagnosis of PTSD, schizophrenia, and depression with the MMPI-2.

This study used 102 male, veteran, psychiatric inpatients to describe patterns of MMPI-2 clinical and content scales that most accurately discriminate among patients diagnosed with PTSD, schizophrenia, and depression. Single scale accuracy classification using scales PK and PS was unacceptably low. Optimally weighted scales, including PK, Sc, BIZ, and ANX, correctly classified 70% of the patients. Suggestions for facilitating the use of formal decision rules are offered.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

The relation of the MMPI-2 Pd Harris-Lingoes subscales to psychopathy, psychopathy facets, and antisocial behavior: implications for clinical practice.

Little is known concerning the correlates of the MMPI-2 Psychopathic deviate (Pd) Harris-Lingoes subscales. In four studies with undergraduates, Pd2 (Authority Problems) emerged as the most consistent marker of psychopathy and antisocial behavior and was the only Pd subscale to assess the callousness traditionally associated with psychopathy. Pd3 (Social Imperturbability) correlated highly with social potency and was the only Pd subscale to consistently assess low anxiety proneness. Pd1, Pd4, and Pd5 (Familial Discord, Social Alienation, and Self-Alienation, respectively) correlated highly with externalization of blame but exhibited few differential correlates. Pd2 exhibited statistically significant levels of incremental validity above and beyond all other Pd subscales in the prediction of global psychopathy and antisocial behavior. These findings indicate that several Pd subscales assess markedly different facets of psychopathy and suggest that consideration of different Pd subscale elevations may hold important implications for clinical practice and assessment.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1975

Automated MMPI interpretation based on a modification of Gilberstadt's codebook.

Several limitations to commercially available automated MMPI reports prompted the psychology staff at Topeka VA Hospital to develop its own automated interpretive system. The computer programs of the system require further modification, and local validity studies of the automated interpretations are needed. However, it is hoped that this project will encourage others to consider the development of a local automated interpretive system as an alternative to commercial interpretive services.

Computers↗
PubMed1976

Discriminating alcoholic and nonalcoholic patients with conventional and factored MMPI scales: a comparison.

The factor scales were significantly more accurate than the conventional clinical scales in discriminating alcoholic from nonalcoholic patients. Whereas no single clinical scale emerged as highly important to the discrimination, Factor III emerged as very important to it. The possibility that Factor III represents an "alcoholic" factor was raised. From this study, it appears that the factor scales represent a more refined scoring version of the MMPI item pool.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

Exclusion of subjects with F scores at or above 16 in MMPI research on alcoholism.

The results of these comparisons that used the MacAndrew and Holmes scales suggest that the practice of excluding Ss with F scores at or above 16 may result in the discarding of data on alcoholic and problem-drinking Ss with no appreciable gain in the statistical differentiation of the remaining Ss. In the case of the Hampton scale, application of the rule results in nonsignificant statistical results. Furthermore, the F scale differentiated the groups more effectively than did the Hampton scale. It is suggested that MMPI investigators who use the MacAndrew and other alcoholism scales reexamine the appropriateness of MacAndrew's exclusion rule for their particular samples.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed1977

Psychiatric patients' religon and MMPI responses.

The relationship between psychiatric patients' psychological test responses and their religion has been overlooked in the past. MMPI protocols were obtained from samples of 18 Roman Catholic schizophrenic, 18 Protestant drug-dependent male patients. The profiles reflected significant religion related differences in scales L, HY, D; MF, PA and SC. The results suggest that the religion of the psychiatric patient is a potentially important S variable that could influence the psychiatric diagnosis and subsequent treatment.

Adult↗