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PubMed2000

Juan Gabriel and audience interpretation. cultural impressions of effeminacy and sexuality in Mexico.

Juan Gabriel's purported effeminacy and sexuality have made him a controversial subject in Mexico, but still loved by fans. Juan Gabriel, by trying to gain acceptance into Mexican society, has become part of a hybrid culture, between the feminine/masculine and homosexual/bisexual/heterosexual groups. This study focuses on interviews with 20 participants who discuss Juan Gabriel's popularity and sexuality. The findings of the study indicate that Juan Gabriel may be considered by his fans to be effeminate, and consequently homosexual. Even though homophobia is widespread in Mexico, Juan Gabriel's fans tend to ignore or exoticize his sexuality, thus affording his success. It is also possible that Juan Gabriel, consciously or not, uses his controversial sexuality as a way to generate popular interest.

Cultural Characteristics↗
PubMed2005

Distribution of apolipoprotein E alleles in coras and huicholes from Nayarit and Nahuas and Mestizos from Veracruz, Mexico.

We report allele frequencies for the most common polymorphism of the APOE gene in Mexican individuals from two regions not previously described: Coras and Huicholes from Nayarit, and Nahuas and mestizos from Veracruz. We also report APOE allele frequencies for inhabitants of Mexico City. These descriptive data underscore the allelic heterogeneity for this particular locus in Mexico.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Comparing the quality of three models of postabortion care in public hospitals in Mexico City.

CONTEXT: Each year, an estimated 120,000 women in Mexico seek treatment in public hospitals for abortion-related complications--the country's fourth leading cause of maternal mortality. Models of postabortion care emphasizing counseling and provision of contraceptives have the potential to improve the quality of care these women receive. METHODS: Between April 1997 and August 1998, women treated for abortion complications in six Mexican Institute of Social Security (IMSS) hospitals in the Mexico City metropolitan area were surveyed. Data related to patient-provider interaction, information provision and counseling were analyzed for three models of care: sharp curettage standard care, sharp curettage postabortion care and manual vacuum aspiration postabortion care. RESULTS: Women in the two postabortion care groups rated the quality of services they received more highly than did those receiving sharp curettage standard care. A significantly greater proportion of women treated under the postabortion care models than of those treated under the sharp curettage standard model received information about their health status before treatment, the uterine evacuation procedure, signs of postabortion complications and care at home. In addition, a greater proportion of women treated under the postabortion care models accepted a contraceptive method before leaving the facility (64-78% vs. 40%). CONCLUSIONS: Implementation of a postabortion care model contributes to the delivery of high-quality services to women experiencing abortion complications. The standard IMSS model of postabortion treatment should be modified to emulate those in hospitals that systematically link general counseling and family planning services to the clinical services provided to women with abortion complications.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMed1992

Prevalence of high hematocrits in patients with interstitial lung disease in Mexico City.

Erythrocytosis, a known response to chronic hypoxemia, is considered infrequent in interstitial lung diseases. We studied the prevalence of high hematocrit (Hct) values and the relationship between Hct and SaO2 in 79 patients with chronic pigeon breeder's lung (PBL) and 34 with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), all of whom lived in the Mexico City metropolitan area (2,240 m above sea level). Lung biopsy was performed in 31 patients with IPF and 71 with PBL. We analyzed only one simultaneous measurement of Hct and SaO2 per patient (usually the initial measurement) before treatment. No additional cause for anemia or erythrocytosis was detected. Forty-eight percent of the patients with PBL (38/79) and 62 percent of those with IPF (21/34) had high Hct values (greater than 2 SD above mean values for Mexico City); in 14 (12.3 percent) of the 113 patients (nine with PBL and five with IPF), the Hct was above 60 percent. The Hct and SaO2 values displayed a poor correlation for the whole group: Hct = 65.7-0.16(SaO2), r = 0.24, p = 0.012. The correlation between Hct and SaO2 was nonsignificant if patients were separated by diagnosis. For an SaO2 of less than 80 percent, the slope of SaO2 vs Hct was zero. Half of our patients with PBL and IPF had Hct values that were high for the altitude. In most cases, Hct responses fell within the confidence limits reported as normal at high altitudes. We found a poor relationship between Hct and awake SaO2.

Altitude↗
PubMed2004

Trends of asthma in Mexico: an 11-year analysis in a nationwide institution.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: Asthma prevalence is increasing in many countries. Some recent articles, however, claim that this tendency is ending. Our aim was to investigate asthma trends in Mexico. DESIGN: Annual data on health services provided to asthmatic patients were retrospectively analyzed from 1991 to 2001. SETTING: The Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, the largest nationwide medical institution in Mexico (approximately 24 to 32 million insured subjects). PARTICIPANTS: Health services provided to subjects of any age. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: Asthma-associated health services, either expressed as absolute number or as rate per insured subjects, progressively increased until 1997 in family physician office visits (FPOVs) [newly diagnosed cases only], emergency department visits (ERVs), and hospital discharges (HDs). From that year onward, the number and rates of asthma-associated health services decreased. The same trends were observed for age groups 0 to 4 years, 5 to 14 years, 15 to 44 years, and 45 to 64 years. Using a different approach, asthma was diagnosed each year in approximately 0.4% of all FPOVs, but a decrease in this percentage was observed from 1997 onward. Likewise, asthma caused increasing percentages of all ERVs and HDs until 1997, followed by a sharp decline thereafter. CONCLUSIONS: A decline in absolute and relative numbers of asthma-associated health services occurred over recent years in all medical settings, suggesting that the epidemic of new asthma cases is ending and/or that better control of the disease has been achieved.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Some helminth parasites from Morelet's crocodile, Crocodylus moreletii, from Yucatan, Mexico.

An examination of three specimens of the Morelet's crocodile, Crocodylus moreletii Duméril et Bibron, from the Lagoon of Celestún, Yucatan, Mexico revealed the presence of the following eight helminth species: Acanthostomum americanum (Pérez Vigueras, 1956), Pelaezia loossi (Pérez Vigueras, 1956), Telorchis sp. juv., Pseudoneodiplostomum groschafti sp. n. (all trematodes), Dujardinascaris helicina (Molin, 1860), Contracaecum sp. Type 2 larvae, Micropleura sp. and Paratrichosoma recurvum (Solger, 1877) (all nematodes). Pseudoneodiplostomum groschafti sp. n. is established by indication based on the description of specimens from Crocodylus rhombifer from Cuba, given by Groschaft and Barus (1970). Acanthostomum acuti Caballero et Brennes, 1959 is considered a synonym of A. americanum. A. americanum and D. helicina are recorded for the first time from Mexico and Micropleura sp. is the first American representative of the genus recorded outside South America. Findings of A. americanum, Telorchis sp., P. groschafti, D. helicina and Micropleura sp. in C. moreletii represent new host records. Some observations on the early development of D. helicina are provided. All species, except for P. recurvum, are briefly described and illustrated and some problems concerning their morphology, taxonomy and geographical distribution are discussed.

Alligators and Crocodiles↗
PubMed2002

Two new nematodes, Paraseuratoides ophisterni gen. et sp. n. (Quimperiidae) and Philometra ophisterni sp. n. (Philometridae), from the swamp-eel Ophisternon aenigmaticum in Mexico.

Two new nematodes, Paraseuratoides ophisterni gen. et sp. n. (Seuratoidea: Quimperiidae) and Philometra ophisterni sp. n. (Dracunculoidea: Philometridae) are described based on specimens recovered from the intestine and mesentery, respectively, of the swamp-eel Ophisternon aenigmaticum Rosen et Greenwood (Synbranchiformes: Synbranchidae) from a canal of the Papaloapan River in Tlacotalpan, State of Veracruz, Mexico. The genus Paraseuratoides is mot similar to Paraseuratum Johnston et Mawson, 1940, differing from it mainly in the absence of a bulbous inflation on the anterior end of the oesophagus and in the structure of the mouth (presence of 6 spines in addition to 6 oesophageal teeth). Neoquimperia Wang, Zhao, Wang et Zhang, 1979 and Wuinema Yu et Wang, 1992 are synonymised with Ezonema Boyce, 1971 and Paragendria Baylis, 1939, respectively, and Haplonema hamulatum Moulton, 1931 is considered a junior synonym of Ichthyobronema conoura Gnedina et Savina, 1930. Philometra ophisterni (only females) is mainly characterised by minute cephalic papillae, a greatly developed anterior oesophageal bulb separated from the cylindrical part of the oesophagus, anterior extension of the oesophageal gland anterior to the nerve ring, and by the character of large caudal projections. This is the first Philometra species recorded from inland fishes in Mexico.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Analysis of 6000 skin biopsies of the national leprosy control program in Mexico.

Six thousand skin biopsy specimens taken from April 1978 to January 2002 under conditions as specified by the National Leprosy Control Program (NLCP), were analyzed to obtain information about the work of the program and contribute to the knowledge of this illness in the Mexico. Six-thousand request forms for histologic exam of the NLCP were reviewed. Sixty-two percent of the requests had all the required information and in 38% one or more data items were omitted. The age range was 2 to 98 yrs with a median of 50 yrs; a small number of cases was observed in the age group of 0 to 14 yrs, and the peak was in the age group of 41 to 50 yrs. Of the 6000 biopsies, 3693 were classified. Polar lepromatous (LL) was the most common form of the disease, in 60.3% of cases. Twice as many cases were multibacillary leprosy (MB) as paucibacillary (PB). MB predominated in males, and PB predominated in females. The Cohen's kappa index (kappa) of clinical-histological agreement was 0.202 (95% CI 0.184-0.219) and showed a poor grade of agreement between clinical and histologic diagnosis, with a level of significance of 0.05 (p <0.001). The results may indicate the end of leprosy in Mexico, a country in which the national goal of elimination was reached in 1994, with a prevalence since the year 2000 of 0.17/10 000.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

A comparison of community and physician explanatory models of AIDS in Mexico and the United States.

The goal of this research was to explore differences between lay and professional explanatory models both within and between two countries. We test which effect is stronger, country of residence or professional/lay status, in determining similarities and differences of explanatory models of AIDS. Interviews conducted in Guadalajara, Jalisco (Mexico) and the Edinburg-McAllen area of south Texas (United States) elicited explanatory models of AIDS. Two pairs of samples were interviewed: a physician and community sample in Mexico and a physician and community sample in the United States. Comparisons of the explanatory models indicated that there was a shared core model of AIDS across all four samples, but that physicians' models were more similar to those of lay people in their own communities than either was to samples across the border.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed2004

Childhood asthma on the northern Mexico border.

Children with asthma living on the northern Mexico border suffer not only from the physical aspects of this condition, but also from the lack of a clear biomedical definition and treatment plan for the illness. An ethnographic study involving participant observation and focused interviews in Tijuana, Mexico, sought to understand the intersection of diagnostic uncertainties surrounding childhood asthma on the part of parents, particularly mothers, living in acute poverty. Environmental factors such as dust and insects in impoverished homes probably acted as asthma triggers among many of the children in the study. Furthermore, management of children's asthma took place not only in biomedical clinics, but also in homes, traditional medical settings, and pharmacies, where mothers often sought remedies for their children's asthma attacks on an emergency basis. In all treatment settings, including biomedical ones, they often faced significant barriers to effective care, including the misuse of antibiotics. Thus, the role of pharmaceutical sales clerks, as well as pediatric asthma specialists, is explored in this article.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Alcohol consumption and casualties: a comparison of emergency room populations in the United States and Mexico.

This study compares alcohol consumption and casualties in probability samples of emergency room populations in the U.S. and Mexico: four hospitals representative of a Bay Area California county (N = 3,609) and eight hospitals representative of Mexico City (N = 2,507). Both studies used similar methods and data collection instruments. Patients were breath analyzed and interviewed regarding self-reported alcohol consumption 6 hours prior to the injury or illness event, usual drinking patterns and alcohol-related problems. Similar associations of alcohol consumption and casualties were found between the two populations with positive admission breath-analyzer readings and moderate consumption being positively associated with injuries. Both samples reported higher rates of heavy drinking, drunkenness and alcohol-related problems than that found in general surveys of their respective populations. Differences found between the two samples were largely due to varying drinking patterns in the two cultures and to differing uses of the emergency room for treatment.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Immigration and tuberculosis among children on the United States-Mexico border, County of San Diego, California.

OBJECTIVE: To identify factors contributing to a 400% increase in tuberculosis among children in San Diego County, California, from 1985 to 1993. DESIGN: Review of medical records of reported cases in 1989, 1991, and 1993 and their source case. RESULTS: Of 192 children with tuberculosis, the largest increase was observed in children younger than 5 years old, of whom 77.4% were born in the United States, 67.8% had a foreign-born parent, 73.1% came from a non-English-speaking household, and 46.2% were known to visit Mexico. Of 28 source cases, 82.1% were born outside the United States, primarily in Mexico (67.9%). Resistance to at least one first-line antituberculous drug was identified in 27.5% of isolates from children and in 33.3% of isolates from source cases. CONCLUSIONS: The increase in tuberculosis and high level of drug-resistance among children born in the United States may be attributed to transmission outside of the United States or within the United States from household contacts born in countries in which tuberculosis is highly endemic.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Longitudinal associations between blood lead concentrations lower than 10 microg/dL and neurobehavioral development in environmentally exposed children in Mexico City.

OBJECTIVE: Increasing evidence suggests that 10 microg/dL, the current Centers for Disease Control and Prevention screening guideline for children's blood lead level, should not be interpreted as a level at which adverse effects do not occur. Using data from a prospective study conducted in Mexico City, Mexico, we evaluated the dose-effect relationship between blood lead levels and neurodevelopment at 12 and 24 months of age. METHODS: The study population consisted of 294 children whose blood lead levels at both 12 and 24 months of age were < 10 microg/dL; blood lead levels were measured by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy; Bayley Scales of Infant Development II were administered at these ages. The outcomes of interest were the Mental Development Index and the Psychomotor Development Index. RESULTS: Adjusting for covariates, children's blood lead levels at 24 months were significantly associated, in an inverse direction, with both Mental Development Index and Psychomotor Development Index scores at 24 months. Blood lead level at 12 months of age was not associated with concurrent Mental Development Index or Psychomotor Development Index scores or with Mental Development Index at 24 months of age but was significantly associated with Psychomotor Development Index score at 24 months. The relationships were not altered by adjustment for cord blood lead level or, in the analyses of 24-month Mental Development Index and Psychomotor Development Index scores, for the 12-month Mental Development Index and Psychomotor Development Index scores. For both Mental Development Index and Psychomotor Development Index at 24 months of age, the coefficients that were associated with concurrent blood lead level were significantly larger among children with blood lead levels < 10 microg/dL than it was among children with levels > 10 microg/dL. CONCLUSIONS: These analyses indicate that children's neurodevelopment is inversely related to their blood lead levels even in the range of < 10 microg/dL. Our findings were consistent with a supralinear relationship between blood lead levels and neurobehavioral outcomes.

Child Behavior Disorders↗
PubMed2002

Renewable energies in electricity generation for reduction of greenhouse gases in Mexico 2025.

This study presents 4 scenarios relating to the environmental futures of electricity generation in Mexico up to the year 2025. The first scenario emphasizes the use of oil products, particularly fuel oil, and represents the historic path of Mexico's energy policy. The second scenario prioritizes the use of natural gas, reflecting the energy consumption pattern that arose in the mid-1990s as a result of reforms in the energy sector. In the third scenario, the high participation of renewable sources of energy is considered feasible from a technical and economic point of view. The fourth scenario takes into account the present- and medium-term use of natural-gas technologies that the energy reform has produced, but after 2007 a high and feasible participation of renewable sources of energy is considered. The 4 scenarios are evaluated up to the year 2025 in terms of greenhouse gases (GHG) and acid rain precursor gases (ARPG).

Acid Rain↗
PubMed1996

[Mortality by homicide, the fatal consequences of violence. The case of Mexico, 1979-1992].

UNLABELLED: A study of homicide in the population of Mexico, was undertaken for the purpose of discovering the mortality panorama by this cause during 1979-1992. Homicide mortality trends were analyzed, as well as the main causes by age and sex. Rate by cause and sex were also analyzed using a Poisson Regression model. The variables were: age, sex, year, external cause of intentional injuries ICD 9th. E960-E969. RESULTS: The total number of deaths due to homicide was 198,485. Each day 35 persons die in Mexico as a result of homicide. Men were more affected than women with a RR of 10.1 and CI (95%) 14.9-16.0, adjusted for age. The main cause 56% was homicide by fire-arms and explosives. The high relative risk was for those aged from 35 to 39 with an RR of 15.4 CI 14.9-16.0. To the cause assault by other and unspecified means, the elderly population has a RR of 21.2 IC 19.7-22.9. Further research in the area and prevention should make use of a multidisciplinary approach in considering the multiple causes and solutions to this problem.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

[Health sector decentralization and divergences with the medical society in Mexico].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the medical society's perception and actions in the context of health sector decentralization in the states of Guanajuato and Sonora, Mexico. METHODS: Qualitative research techniques were applied. Thirty-five semi-structured interviews were conducted with medical college members of both public and private institutions, and collegiate and union representatives of both states studied. RESULTS: Members of medical society in both states acknowledged that decentralization implied in insecurity due to the lack of clarity of health sector regulations. As a result of actions of the medical college in both states there was a growing politicization of medical college members, elaboration of proposals to increase their control over the medical labor market and their participation in the regional political power structure. CONCLUSIONS: This research supports the existing re-articulation of the medical society at a regional level preserving its status as a respected group. In contrast to studies conducted in the United States and Mexico medical authorities have pressed on the regulations in order to preserve their privileged status within the existing contention.

Health Care Reform↗
PubMed2003

[Cervical cancer screening: knowledge of Pap smear benefits and utilization in Mexico].

OBJECTIVE: To identify and evaluate the predisposing factors regarding the utilization of the Pap smears in the population seen in the Cervical Cancer Screening Program in Mexico METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted from January 1997 through December 1998 in Mexico city. A questionnaire was applied to a total of 2,107 women of reproductive age who attended a family planning program and data was collected regarding the following topics: social-demographics, reproductive risk factors associated with cervical cancer, sexual behavior and partner history, birth control, knowledge about Pap smear' benefits, and its utilization. Statistic analysis was conducted using Student' s test and non-conditional multiple logistic regression model for determining significance. RESULTS: The predisposing factors were: knowledge about Pap smear's benefits (OR=6.00, CI 95% 4.70-7.67), history of using at least two birth control methods (OR=2.38, CI 95% 1.75-3.24), previous history of vaginal infection (OR=2.18, CI 95% 1.73-2.75), sexual partner's approval of gynecological examinations (OR=1.56, CI 95% 1.07-2.29). CONCLUSIONS: Educational programs on cancer prevention in this population should include the benefits of screening tests. Pap smears for Mexican women of reproductive age are mostly offered opportunely. The previous use of health services is a determinant factor for the utilization of the Cervical Cancer Screening Program. These results show the need to strengthen health promotion programs to women at high risk of cervical cancer and their sexual partners.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Validity and reproducibility of a food frequency questionnaire to assess dietary intake of women living in Mexico City.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the reproducibility and validity of a 116 item semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), designed to assess the relation between dietary intake and chronic diseases. MATERIAL AND METHODS: To test the reproducibility of the FFQ questionnaire, the FFQ was administered twice to 134 women residing in Mexico City at an interval of approximately one year; to assess the validity we compared results obtained by the FFQs with those obtained by four 4-day 24-hour recalls at three month intervals. Validity and reproducibility were evaluated using regression analysis and Pearson and intraclass correlation coefficients of log-e and calorie-adjusted nutrient scores. RESULTS: Mean values for intake of most nutrients assessed by the two food frequency questionnaires were similar. However, means for the 24-hr recall were significantly lower. Intraclass correlation coefficients for nutrient intakes, assessed by questionnaires, administered one year apart, ranged from 0.38 for cholesterol to 0.54 for crude fiber. Correlation coefficients between energy-adjusted nutrient intakes, measured by diet recalls, and the first FFQ ranged from 0.12 for polyunsaturated fatty acids to 0.67 for saturated fatty acids. Regression coefficients between 24-hr recall and FFQ,s were all significant were significant for all nutrients, except for polyunsaturated fat, folic acid, vitamin E and Zinc. CONCLUSIONS: These data indicate that this semi-quantitative FFQ is reproducible and provides a useful estimate by which to categorize individuals by level of past nutrient intake. However, its application outside Mexico City or in different age and gender populations will require additional modifications and validation efforts.

Diet↗