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PubMed1975

The pace of patient processing in the mental health system.

In consultation to some mental health agencies, we have found the pace and quality of patient processing to be needlessly labored, discontinuous, and often redundant. Processing is too often "for the record" rather than "for the client." Information rarely flows comprehensively, comprehensibly, or continuously between the evaluating system and the system from which the client is sent or to which he is referred. Contributing factors are identified and analyzed; the processing system is demystified. A change in strategy is suggested.

Evaluation Studies as Topic↗
PubMed2003

Clinical utility and policy implications of a statewide mental health screening process for juvenile offenders.

OBJECTIVES: This study examined the utility of screening adjudicated juvenile offenders for mental health symptoms at intake to the State of Washington Juvenile Rehabilitation Administration. The authors assessed the ability of a screening measure, the Massachusetts Youth Screening Inventory, second edition (MAYSI-2), to identify youths with mental health problems and co-occurring substance use problems. This study also examined the relationship of these symptoms to treatment utilization both before and after intake to the juvenile justice system. Ethnic and gender differences in the screening results were studied. METHODS: The MAYSI-2 was administered to 1,840 youths consecutively admitted to state custody. Cluster analysis was used to group the youths by mental health symptom status, and the relationship between symptoms and treatment utilization was tested in the groups identified in the cluster analysis. RESULTS: Youths who reported a high level of mental health symptoms, with or without co-occurring substance use problems, were more likely to have received previous mental health treatment than youths with a low level of mental health symptoms. Youths with a high level of mental health symptoms were more likely to receive extraordinary sentences and were thus less likely to be eligible for community transition programs than youths with a low level of mental health symptoms. Significant gender and ethnic differences in mental health symptom reporting on the screening inventory were found. Female offenders were significantly more likely than male offenders to report a high level of symptoms, and Hispanic youths were significantly less likely than youths in other ethnic groups to report a high level of symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: The MAYSI-2 has utility in identifying youths in the juvenile justice system who have mental health problems, and MAYSI-2 results are related to use of treatment services both before and after intake to the juvenile justice system. Ethnic and gender differences in MAYSI-2 reporting must be considered in interpreting mental health screening data.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Neural correlates of decision processes: neural and mental chronometry.

Recent studies aim to explain the duration and variability of behavioral reaction time in terms of neural processes. The time taken to make choices is occupied by at least two processes. Neurons in sensorimotor structures accumulate evidence that leads to alternative categorizations, while other neurons within these structures prepare and initiate overt responses. These distinct stages of stimulus encoding and response preparation support variable but flexible behavior.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Age-cohort differences in treating symptoms of mental illness: a process approach.

This study examines age-cohort differences in conceptually organizing, observing, and responding to unclustered symptoms of mental illness. Older (M = 70.8) and younger (M = 19.9) adults sorted symptoms of depression, schizophrenia, and age-associated changes into similarity groupings. Hierarchical cluster analysis showed that both older and younger adults sorted the statements similarly, although labels given for depressive symptoms differed across groups. Participants then reported which symptoms they had observed within their families and listed what actions were taken. Age groups showed significant differences in symptom reporting, with older individuals observing depressive symptoms less frequently. There were small differences in the kinds of actions reported. These results suggest that differences in help-seeking behavior for mental illness may be explained by differences in the way symptoms are observed by younger and older cohorts.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

The influence of shared mental models on team process and performance.

The influence of teammates' shared mental models on team processes and performance was tested using 56 undergraduate dyads who "flew" a series of missions on a personal-computer-based flight-combat simulation. The authors both conceptually and empirically distinguished between teammates' task- and team-based mental models and indexed their convergence or "sharedness" using individually completed paired-comparisons matrices analyzed using a network-based algorithm. The results illustrated that both shared-team- and task-based mental models related positively to subsequent team process and performance. Furthermore, team processes fully mediated the relationship between mental model convergence and team effectiveness. Results are discussed in terms of the role of shared cognitions in team effectiveness and the applicability of different interventions designed to achieve such convergence.

Achievement↗
PubMed2003

Evaluating the influence of implicit models of mental disorder on processes of shared decision making within community-based multi-disciplinary teams.

This paper reports findings from a qualitative study concerning the influence of implicit models of mental disorder on shared decision making within community-based mental health teams. One-hundred participants representing five distinct multi-agency groups: psychiatrists, community psychiatric nurses, approved social workers, patients and informal carers operating within Leicestershire, England were interviewed using a standard case vignette describing a person whose behaviour suggests he may have schizophrenia. The results showed that each of the study's multi-agency groups implicitly supports a complex range of model dimensions regarding the nature of schizophrenia, the appropriateness of specific forms of treatment and care, and their respective rights and obligations towards each other. The influence of these implicit model patterns on processes of shared decision making are discussed through evaluating their contribution to our understanding of the power relationships existing between various practitioner groups (including informal carers), and between practitioners and patients during clinical encounters.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed1985

Differences in semantic processing speed of mentally retarded and nonretarded persons.

A modified Sternberg choice-reaction time procedure was used to compare differences in the speed with which mentally retarded and nonretarded adults were able to retrieve recently stored information from short-term memory and process permanently stored semantic information. Results revealed that the retarded adults were slower than were the nonretarded adults in both domains of processing; the relative magnitude of "processing inefficiency" exhibited by the retarded subjects was quite similar across the two domains (47% and 57% as efficient as the nonretarded subjects in short-term and long-term memory processing, respectively). This similarity suggests that inefficient processing may represent a fundamental deficiency of retarded individuals resulting from the inefficient execution of some central processing mechanism.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Mental retardation and inspection time: a two-stage model for sensory registration and central processing.

Mildly mentally retarded and nonretarded young adults were compared in simple visual discrimination tasks from which can be derived an estimate of inspection time (lambda), assumed to reflect the time taken by some basic component in the decision process. In the first experiment retarded and nonretarded subjects' performance showed improvement in a condition employing a backward mask to limit the duration of sensory information available to subsequent central processes, but substantial group differences in lambda remain unchanged. When target stimuli were presented for short durations, but without interruption by masking, retarded subjects performed less effectively than did nonretarded subjects and, despite extensive practice, did not achieve nonretarded subjects' levels. These results suggested a two-stage serial model of discrimination that was tested in the second experiment. Concurrent manipulation of two factors confirmed that (a) lambda involves initial sensory registration followed by central processing, (b) for both groups these stages are independent, and (c) poorer performance among retarded subjects is the consequence of deficiencies at both stages.

Adolescent↗