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PubMed2002

Distribution of monthly deaths, solar (SA) and geomagnetic (GMA) activity: their interrelationship in the last decade of the second millennium: the Lithuanian study 1990-1999.

Thirty percent of cardiovascular deaths cannot be explained by known risk factors. In this study, we sought links between 1) circannual rhythmicity, solar activity (SA) - sunspot number, solar radioflux and geomagnetic activity (GMA) - Ap., Cp., Am. with monthly number of deaths looking for environmental influence on mortality at the end of the second millennium. The Lithuanian national death data from for 120 consecutive months according to the IDC (1990 - 1999, n = 424925 deaths) was studied: 157189 from IHD (72144 male, 85045 female), 50228 from stroke (19062 male, 31166 female), 33722 from accidents (26193 male, 7529 female), 10655 from road accidents (8127 male, 2528 female) and 14810 from suicide (12137 male, 2673 female), 217508 - non cardiovascular (134308 male, 83200 female). Monthly death numbers (total, < 65y, 65-74, > 74y old for IHD and Stroke, and by gender) were compared with time of year, SA and GMA indices obtained from the National Geophysical Data and National Space Services Center, USA. Circannual rhythmicity indices, Pearson correlation coefficients and their probabilities were obtained and analyzed. The interrelationships of deaths from IHD and stroke and some other pathologies were also studied. In addition a multivariate linear regression analysis was done in order to evaluate the influence of time (month), Solar (S.A.) and Geomagnetic (GMA) activity on the temporal distribution of deaths. The total IHD monthly death number was significantly linked with GMA indices (r = 0.2-0.24, p = 0.03-0.075), but not with SA. IHD correlated with SA (r = 0.25-0.27, p = 0.006-0.0026), only in the 74 year age group. p = 0.0001) In the 65-74 age group, there was an inverse relationship with SA (r = -0.46-0.44) and no significant relationship to GMA. The IHD death number was correlated with GMA only in the < 65 and > 74 year age group (r = 0.30-0.36, p = 0.001-0.001). 2) Stroke-related deaths showed an inverse correlation with SA and GMA only for the 65-74y age group (r = -0.5, p = 0.0001 - SA, r = -0.4, p = 0.0001- GMA) and with GMA at age < 65 only for males (r = 0.20-0.25, p = 0.03-0.04). 3) Both IHD and stroke were strongly circannual rhythmic with acrophase at month 1.27 (IHD) and 1.32 (stroke) - first half of February, (p = 0.0001). 4) The IHD / stroke death ratio was correlated both with SA and GMA (r = 0.35, p 0.0001 - SA, r = 0.40-0.44, p = 0.0001 - GMA). 5) There was a strong inverse monthly deaths correlation between IHD and suicide (n = 14,810, r = -0.53, p = 0.0001). Stroke and suicide were also related, but to a much weaker extent (r = -0.217, p = 0.017). Accidents were inverse related to S.A. (r = -0.286, p = 0.0015), but not to GMA. Road Accidents - with both S.A. (r = 0.427, p < 0.0001) and GMA (r = 0.258, p = 0.004); with acrophases in October for road and November for other fatal accidents. Non cardiovascular deaths were annually rhythmic only for female - acrophase in early February, and for both gender inverse related to S.A. (r = -0.57, p < 0.0001) but not with GMA. Suicide victims had their acrophase in July (p < 0.0001) and were inverse related to S.A. (r = -0.6, p < 0.0001) and GMA (r = -0.27, p = 0.002). At the onset of the third millennium, the temporal distribution of deaths is still related to environmental physical activity. Those links differ for each of the pathologies, and by age and gender.

Aged↗
PubMed2001

Diaphragmatic injuries.

OBJECTIVES: (1) To determine the actual incidence rate of blunt and penetrating diaphragmatic injuries (DI); (2) to evaluate the effectiveness of urgent surgical intervention for treatment of DI; and (3) to reveal main causes of postoperative complications. METHODS: We reviewed: (1) forensic medical examination charts of 3353 subjects, who died due to polytrauma (including injuries to the chest and/or abdomen) at accident sites; and (2) medical case reports of 4857 patients, treated for thoracoabdominal trauma (TAT) from 1962 to 1998. A detailed analysis was completed with 12 years (1987--1998) of clinical experience, involving 65 (43 penetrating, and 22 blunt) cases of DI. RESULTS: According to forensic medical data, blunt and penetrating DI occurred in 3.7% and 2.6% of individual cases, respectively. Among patients suffering from TAT, it was revealed that blunt DI had occurred in 1.1%, and penetrating in 3.9% of the cases. This data indicates if all the victims, who had sustained TAT, had survived, the incidence rate of DI would have been 2.6% (blunt -- 2.1%, and penetrating -- 3.4%). All the patients, provided surgical operations due to DI, survived. Morbidity in patients, suffering from blunt and penetrating DI, was 50%, and 35%, respectively. In the group of patients, suffering from penetrating DI, shock, intrapleural and/or intraabdominal haemorrhage, and liver injuries constituted a significant (P<0.05) influence, relevant to development of postoperative complications. The risk of complications was significantly (P<0.05) greater in cases of gunshot injuries. Fractures of chest bones, injuries of abdominal organs, and intraabdominal haemorrhage constituted a significant influence (P<0.05), relevant to development of complications after blunt DI. CONCLUSIONS: (1) The danger to the health or even life of patients is not directly caused by DI, but by consequential complications and associated injuries; (2) the effectiveness of treatment is determined by purposeful surgical diagnostics with particular regard to DI and urgent surgical intervention.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Spontaneous and benzo[a]pyrene-induced micronuclei in the embryos of the black-headed gull (Larus ridibundus L.).

The spontaneous levels of micronuclei in erythrocytes were established in embryos of the black-headed gull of two natural populations. In total 216 blood samples from the same number of individuals were examined. A statistically significant decrease in the number of spontaneous micronucleated erythrocytes was found after 13 days of incubation. We found no statistically significant difference in the spontaneous frequencies of micronucleated erythrocytes in the embryos of the two colonies studied, although they differed in anthropogenic load. Results of analysis of variance indicated that egg incubation time was the only variable significantly (P=0.0001) affecting spontaneous frequency of micronucleated erythrocytes in the embryos of black-headed gulls. We also took 78 eggs of different developmental stages from both colonies and exposed them for a further 24h to a dose of benzo[a]pyrene (30 microg per egg). After exposure to benzo[a]pyrene, the frequency of micronucleated erythrocytes was not increased in the embryos incubated for a total period of 13 days. A statistically significant increase in the number of micronucleated erythrocytes was recorded in the benzo[a]pyrene-treated embryos incubated for a total period of 14 days. Decrease in numbers of spontaneous micronucleated erythrocytes after the 13 day of incubation and increased levels of benzo[a]pyrene-induced micronuclei after the 13 day of incubation were discussed to be caused by changes in spleen and liver function in advanced developmental stages of the embryo.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Chromosomal aberrations and sister-chromatid exchanges in Lithuanian populations: effects of occupational and environmental exposures.

Cytogenetic analysis of chromosomal aberrations (CA) in 175,229 cells from 1113 individuals, both unexposed and occupationally or environmentally exposed to heavy metals (mercury and lead), organic (styrene, formaldehyde, phenol and benzo(a)pyrene) and inorganic (sulfur and nitrogen oxides, hydrogen and ammonium fluorides) volatile substances and/or ionizing radiation was performed. In addition, 11,250 cells from 225 individuals were scored for the frequency of sister-chromatid exchanges (SCE). Increased frequencies of CA were found in all occupationally exposed groups. A principal difference between the exposure to heavy metals and organic substances was found: increase in the CA frequency was dependent on duration of exposure to mercury but not dependent on duration of exposure to styrene, formaldehyde and phenol. A higher CA incidence was found in lymphocytes of children living in the vicinity of a plant manufacturing phosphate fertilizers. This indicates that children are a sensitive study group for the assessment of environmental exposure. However, the results of SCE analysis in these children were inconclusive. Exposure to ionizing radiation was found to cause chromosome breaks and chromatid exchanges in Chernobyl clean-up workers and chromatid breaks, chromatid exchanges, dicentric chromosomes and chromosome translocations in workers from the Ignalina Nuclear Power Plant. The increased frequency of chromatid exchanges in individuals exposed to ionizing radiation was quite unexpected. This may be attributed to the action of some unrecognized life-style or occupational factors, or to be a result of radiation-induced genomic instability. Also an increased SCE frequency was found in lymphocytes of Chernobyl clean-up workers.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Clinical otosclerosis and auditory exostoses in ancient Europeans (investigation of Lithuanian paleoosteological samples).

The purpose of this investigation was to establish the incidence of clinical otosclerosis and auditory exostoses in Lithuanian paleopopulations. The total sample consists of 4080 skulls, dating from the Neolithic to the C17th-C18th A.D., investigated visually, under magnification and radiologically. Eight cases of clinical otosclerosis and 22 of auditory exostoses were identified. The general epidemiology of otosclerosis (0.19 +/- 0.08 per cent) was established to be similar to contemporary populations. This suggests that there are no new aetiological factors attributable to our modern society. Clear diminution of the incidence of auditory exostoses from the 1st to the 2nd millenium A.D. (3.46 +/- 0.76 per cent, against 0.06 +/- 0.04 per cent, p < 0.001) and definite sexual differences (males: 1.21 +/- 0.28 per cent; females: 0.17 +/- 0.10 per cent, p < 0.001) were also noted. In general, auditory exostoses were found much more frequently than in recent populations.

Ear Diseases↗
PubMed2002

Isolation and structure elucidation of radical scavengers from Thymus vulgaris leaves.

2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH*) scavenging activity-guided fractionation of a leaf extract of Thymus vulgaris led to the isolation of the radical scavengers rosmarinic acid 1, eriodictyol, taxifolin, luteolin 7-glucuronide, p-cymene 2,3-diol, p-cymene 2,3-diol 6-6'-dimer, carvacrol, thymol, and a new compound, 2. The fractionation was considerably facilitated by using an on-line HPLC detector for radical scavenging activity. In this detector activity is monitored as the disappearance of the color of a postcolumn added stable radical after reacting with radical scavengers in a reaction coil. Compound 2, which consists of rosmarinic and caffeic acid moieties linked via a C-3'-C-8' ' ether bridge, was mainly elucidated by various NMR techniques and CD. Phenylpropanoid trimer 2 was a weaker and stronger radical scavenger than rosmarinic acid 1 in off-line TEAC and DPPH* assays, respectively.

Biphenyl Compounds↗
PubMed2006

Kutznerides 1-4, depsipeptides from the actinomycete Kutzneria sp. 744 inhabiting mycorrhizal roots of Picea abies seedlings.

Bioassay-guided fractionation of culture supernatants of the actinomycete Kutzneria sp. 744 resulted in the isolation of four new depsipeptides (1-4). Structure analysis revealed the general structure: cyclo[2-(1-methylcyclopropyl)-D-glycine-(2S,3aR,8aS)-6,7-dichloro-3a-hydroxy-1,2,3,3a,8,8a-hexahydropyrrolo[2,3-b]indole-2-carboxylic acid-3-hydroxy-D-glutamic acid-O-methyl-L-serine-L-piperazic acid-(S)-2-hydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutanoic acid]. The 3-hydroxy-d-glutamic acid was present as its threo-isomer in 1 and 2 and as its erythro-isomer in 3 and 4. The piperazic acid was modified to its (R)-4-chloro analogue in 2 and to its C-5/N unsaturated analogue in 4. Compounds 1-4 displayed moderate spore germination inhibiting activity against several common root-rotting fungi.

Actinobacteria↗
PubMed2001

Comparative karyological studies on the species of Eubothrium Nybelin, 1922 (Cestoda: Pseudophyllidea).

Karyotypes of Eubothrium salvelini, E. crassum and Eubothrium sp. were studied using conventional Giemsa staining and comparative karyometric analysis. The karyotypes, reported here for the first time, consist of eight chromosome pairs. The two first pairs of homologues are metacentric and markedly larger than the remaining elements. The obvious similarity in karyotype structure does not exclude the possibility of discriminating E. salvelini and E. crassum using karyotypic characters. The best cytogenetic marker is the last pair of chromosomes, which is acrocentric in the karyotype of E. salvelini and metacentric in that of E. crassum. Karyological observations provide strong evidence for assigning Eubothrium sp. from Clupea harengus membras to E. crassum. Comments are made on the karyotypes of these and related species with respect to their phylogenetic links.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Thermal regime database of Ignalina Nuclear Power Plant cooler--Lake Drŭksiai.

The hydrothermal regime of the Lake Drŭksiai has changed when it became a cooler for the Ignalina NPP. For 18 years, 1981-1998, the hydrologists from Lithuanian Energy Institute have been investigating thermal state of the lake. The water temperature data owned by the laboratory is unique as it has been collected sequentially during 18 yr under wide range of different weather and INPP capacity conditions. Gathered information consists of lake surface temperature, related meteorological data and INPP operating capacity data. This information enables not only to state that the relationship between hydrological and meteorological/INPP capacity data exists (that is already known) but also to analyze its character. The aim of this study was to build computer database for data analysis and management as well as to create digital maps for further modelling and forecasting. ArcView software package was used for data set management and visualization.

Databases, Factual↗
PubMed2004

New type of Sesiidae sex pheromone identified from the hornet moth Sesia apiformis.

Two components of the female-produced sex pheromone of the hornet moth, Sesia apiformis, were identified as (3Z,13Z)-octadeca-3,13-dien-1-ol (3Z,13Z-18:OH) and (2E,13Z)-octadeca-2,13-dienal (2E,13Z-18:Al), a pheromone structure new in Sesiidae. Pooled gland extracts showed the two major compounds in a proportion of ca. 2:3, while SPME-investigations on single calling females revealed a ratio of ca. 1:7. Although the single compounds were not attractive, a 2:3 mixture proved to be highly active towards males in field tests. Small amounts of (2E,13Z)-octadecadienol (2E,13Z-18:OH) were found in the sex pheromone gland of females, however, the biological significance of the compound remains unclear. Methyl sulfide was found to readily react with 2-alkenals, providing an effective new method for the characterization of this type of compound upon GC/MS. The derivatives, 1,1,3-tris(methylthio)alkanes, are the products of the addition of methyl sulfide to the double bond and the transformation of the carbonyl group into the corresponding bis(methylthio)acetal. The mass spectra of these compounds are characterized by diagnostic signals at m/z 107 and/or m/z 121. These fragments represent the first carbon unit or the first two carbon units of the derivative, respectively. The parent signal in the spectra of thiomethyl derivatives of 2-alkenals showing no other double bonds is represented by m/z M+ - 121, formed upon loss of the first two carbon units. By employing a solution of methyl sulfide in dimethyl sulfide, the double bond positions in 2E,13Z-18:Al could be fully characterized by GC/MS.

Aldehydes↗
PubMed2000

Variation in caries and treatment experience in 35-44-year-old Lithuanians.

Data summarising caries levels differ between countries and often conceal large variations. These differences may reflect variations at individual, group, social and other levels. Caries and treatment experience differences are found to be significantly related to a variety of clinical and non-clinical factors. Variation in caries within Lithuanian children has been reported and related to background-, behavior-, dental care- and other factors. Variation in general or related to any factors in adult Lithuanian population has not been studied. The aim of the present study was to estimate variation in caries and treatment experience and relate them to biological-, psychosocial-, health-related, behavioral- and dental care related aspects. The existing knowledge from other oral health studies was used to select the factors found of importance in relation to variations in caries scores. The study consisted of clinical and self-reported data collected from a stratified random sample of 382 individuals (attendance rate 50%). Two statistical approaches, a bivariate and a multivariate, were applied. The two dependent variables DMFT and DS were tested with a set of independent variables. The bivariate analysis revealed significant associations for approximately one half of all variables studied. For multivariate testing, a backward linear multiple regression was used. Forty-one percent of the variation in DS was explained and 48% in DMFT scores. Differences in scores were related to various factors in the two analyses. The strength and significance of a few relationships differed in both of the analyses. The multivariate testing revealed some strong and significant associations with independent variables which were found to be weak and non-significant (P>0.05) when tested bivariately and vice versa. Less than half of the variation could be explained in dental caries scores in 35-44-year-olds and not only dental care related factors were important. In both of the analyses, the varying degrees of strength (significance levels) give rise to a hypothesis that this incomplete explanation of the variation can be due to interrelated effects of different estimates.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Application of survival analysis to carious lesion transitions in intervention trials.

OBJECTIVE: To demonstrate the usefulness of a survival-time regression model for the analysis of data from two 3-year trials of the caries-preventive effect of sugar-substituted chewing gums and fluoride toothpaste, carried out among 892 Lithuanian children. METHODS: A caries onset was defined as a transition from sound to carious and a caries recovery was defined as a transition from carious to sound. The time at risk for each type of transition was calculated. Using an exponential survival-time regression model, the hazard ratios for the covariates experimental group (control, sugar substitute, fluoride), age, gender, surface type and posteruptive surface age was estimated. This analysis was repeated using two alternative definitions of the caries transitions. RESULTS: The analyses confirmed that caries rates are higher in occlusal surfaces, and that posteruptive surface age influences caries rates. Moreover, it also confirmed that fluoride affects the outcome of ongoing caries activity more than the initiation of caries. CONCLUSIONS: Survival-time analysis of caries transitions allows for the extraction of much more information from caries trials than does the traditional DMF-based analysis, and traditional DMF incremental values may easily be derived from the models.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1998

Headache after whiplash: a historical cohort study outside the medico-legal context.

Headache is frequently reported as a chronic complaint after whiplash traumas. Criteria have been presented, but it has not been validated whether any specific headache type emerges after a trauma with whiplash mechanism. In a questionnaire-based historical cohort design, 202 adult Lithuanian individuals were interviewed 1-3 years after experiencing a rear-end car collision. The questionnaire was designed so that a diagnosis of migraine and tension-type headache in accordance with the International Headache Society criteria could be made. "Possible cervicogenic headache" was diagnosed according to Sjaastad et al.'s minimal criteria. The diagnostic panorama in those with traumas was compared with that of an age- and sex-matched control group. The introductory questions did not reveal differences in headache frequencies between the traumatized and control groups (p = 0.60). The prevalence of migraine and tension-type headache (both episodic and chronic) was also similar. A higher frequency of possible cervicogenic headache was observed in the traumatized group (10 vs 5), but the difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.28). Sixteen patients in the accident group had headache > 15 days per month, 11 of the 16 had similar complaints before the trauma, while 5 had worsened headache as compared to (the recollected headache) before the trauma. None of the patients with possible cervicogenic headache reported increased headache after the accident. Accordingly, the present results obtained outside the medico-legal context do not confirm that a specific headache pattern emerges 1-3 years after a rear-end car collision.

Accidents, Traffic↗