Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Library Schools”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 955 records · Page 53Linked to original sources
PubMed1990

Microcephaly: general considerations and aids to nosology.

Microcephaly is defined as an occipito-frontal head circumference (OFC) 2 or more standard deviations below the mean for age and sex using the new Roche et al. [Pediatrics 1987;79:706-712] charts, and corrected for parental OFC by the method of Weaver and Christian [J Pediatr 1980;96:990-994]. "Relative" microcephaly, i.e., a small head on a small child, may be associated with a much better intellectual prognosis than absolute microcephaly, although the average IQ of children with absolute microcephaly ascertained in a normal school system is normal when compared with that of appropriate control children. "Primary" microcephaly means an abnormal OFC at birth (corrected for gestational age and length), and "secondary" microcephaly a normal birth OFC with later, acquired microcephaly due to deceleration of brain growth reflecting infection, trauma, intoxication, metabolic disease, the Rett syndrome, or a true CNS degenerative disease. Some cases of syndromal microcephaly may be associated with normal intelligence including some "primordial dwarfs," children with Dubowitz syndrome, FAS, mild SC-Roberts syndrome, and an occasional Brachmann-de Lange individual. The nosology of (syndromal) microcephaly is extraordinarily complex and requires the assistance of special library resources and information retrieval expertise. At a minimum, it requires McKusick's Catalog of Mendelian Inheritance in Man (MIM); however, we find that our work is greatly enhanced by recently developed electronic databases such as MIM-online (OMIM), POSSUM, SYNDROME, and MEDLINE, as well. Three groups of syndromal and non-syndromal microcephaly are discussed selectively in order to illustrate the marvels of pleiotropy in human development and its abnormalities and the difficulties encountered in splitting and lumping entities with overlapping manifestations.

Abnormalities, Multiple↗
PubMed2007

An academic genealogy on the history of American field primatologists.

In this paper, we present the academic genealogy of American field primatologists. The genealogy has been compiled to formally document the historical record of this young field. Data have been collected from three main sources: 1) e-mail surveys, 2) library and Internet research, and 3) verbal communication through forums such as American Association of Physical Anthropology meetings. Lineages of primatologists have been graphically displayed using Microsoft Visio. As of September 2005, 672 names and 239 affiliated universities, organizations and institutions have been recorded in 19 lineages. Five hundred and thirty-eight of the 672 names, 80.1%, are field primatologists. The Hooton/Washburn lineage is the largest; 60.6% of the recorded field primatologists are linked to this lineage. In addition, four of the five professors who have mentored a comparable number of field primatologists at American universities since Washburn are linked to the Hooton/Washburn lineage; and the school where Washburn mentored a majority of his students, UC-Berkeley, continues to have the highest overall graduation record for this subdiscipline. However, the field of primatology has been diversifying since the 1960s, and different universities are now responsible for graduating a substantial number of primatologists. We conclude that while the Hooton/Washburn lineage has remained remarkably homogenous in its anthropological focus, the field is also becoming increasingly enriched by primatologists who have had training in fields such as zoology, psychology, and ecology both in the United States and abroad.

Anthropology, Physical↗
PubMed2001

James Wardrop (1782-1869): from Whitburn to Windsor Castle.

The medical career of a Scottish doctor, James Wardrop, in the 19th century is described. An early interest in the developing science of Pathology in the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh was expanded further when he moved to London, due to financial needs. Despite being outside the London teaching hospital scene, he continued to publish and teach in the private schools of the time. His interest in ophthalmology led him to describe what we now know as retinoblastoma, with recommendation for treatment. He also described sympathetic ophthalmitis and performed paracentesis in acute angle-closure glaucoma. He became surgeon to the Prince of Wales, later King George IV, but his criticism of other medical men at court led to his exclusion from the King at the scene of his death. He owned a notable collection of pictures and presented two of them to the National Gallery of Scotland on its foundation in 1850. In recent years, his work has been recognised by leading ophthalmologists, particularly in the USA. The Library of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh contains several of his works, and his portrait hangs in the College.

Famous Persons↗
PubMed1994

[Manuscript G. 108 inf. in the Ambrosiana library in Milan].

The manuscript G.180 inf. preserved in the Biblioteca Ambrosiana of Milan contains the Latin translations of three Hippocratic treatises (Prògnosticon, De aere, De septimanis) that were studied and published between the end of the XIXth and the beginning of the XXth century. But the second part of the manuscript is far more interesting and important. It contains four commentaries to Galen's four treatises: De sectis ad introducendos, Ars medica, De pulsibus ad tirones, Ad Glauconem de medendi methodo. The commentaries were composed in Ravenna between the 6th and the 7th century by "Agnellus iatrosophista" and were written by the physician Simplicius, surely one of Agnellus' pupils. But they aren't an original works by Agnellus: they are translations and combinations of original Greek commentaries compilated by Alexandrian scholars perhaps about the 6th century with Ammonius' and Olympiodorus' teaching method. At any rate, these commentaries testify the occurrence in Ravenna of a most active School of Medicine at the beginning of the Middle Ages. This school was a linear descendant of the School of Alexandria and transmitted classic medical culture first to the Beneventan medicine, and then, through the Beneventan medicine, to the early Schola Salenitana.

Greek World↗
PubMed2002

Lay workers for improving the uptake of childhood immunization.

The aim of this review was to identify whether non-professional volunteer support might be effective in improving the uptake of child immunization. The Cochrane Library, Medline, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature and Embase databases were searched for randomized controlled trials comparing groups of parents supported by lay volunteers with those supported by conventional child health services. Two such trials met the review criteria. These studies suggested that using non-professional volunteers to support parents can be an effective strategy for improving the uptake of immunization in children younger than 2 years, but there is limited evidence to suggest that this effect is sustained for older children, Equally, intervention effects could, because of differing cultural and sociodemographical factors, be less marked when applied to British populations, in which the parents of pre-school-aged children have access to immunization support from a generic health visiting service.

Child↗
PubMed1982

The use of learning resource centers in the teaching of pulmonary medicine.

Learning resource centers (LRC) are areas designed for individual study which contain a variety of self-instructional materials. To evaluate the use of LRC in teaching pulmonary medicine, a survey was conducted of medical school pulmonary sections; responses were obtained from 30 sections with an NHLBI pulmonary Academic Award (PAA groups), and 21 sections without PAA (non-PAA group). LRC were established in 77 percent of the PAA group but only 14 percent of the non-PAA group. A higher percentage of pulmonary fellows than students used the resource center and student use was higher when the LRC was formally integrated into the curriculum. Textbooks and journals were more heavily used than materials utilizing audiovisual educational techniques. The results of this study suggest that pulmonary LRC use is modest, LRC cost is high, and LRC educational value may not be superior to general medical libraries.

Academic Medical Centers↗
PubMed2001

Technology evaluation: SAGE, Genzyme molecular oncology.

Genzyme Molecular Oncology (GMO) is using its SAGE (Serial Analysis of Gene Expression) combinatorial chemistry technology to screen compound libraries. SAGE is a high-throughput, high-efficiency method to simultaneously detect and measure the expression levels of genes expressed in a cell at a given time, including rare genes. SAGE can be used in a wide variety of applications to identify disease-related genes, to analyze the effect of drugs on tissues and to provide insights into disease pathways. It works by isolating short fragments of genetic information from the expressed genes that are present in the cell being studied. These short sequences, called SAGE tags, are linked together for efficient sequencing. The sequence data are then analyzed to identify each gene expressed in the cell and the levels at which each gene is expressed. This information forms a library that can be used to analyze the differences in gene expression between cells [293437]. By December 1999, GMO had identified a set of 40 genes from 3.5 million transcripts that were expressed at elevated levels in all cancer tissue but not seen in normal tissue. The company hope these may provide diagnostic markers or therapeutic targets. The studies also provided data furthering the understanding of the way cells use their genome [349968]. GMO has signed a collaborative agreement with the National Cancer Institute (NCI) to search for new drug candidates in the field of cancer chemotherapy. The collaboration combines GMO's SAGE technology with the NCI's extensive array of 60 cell-based cancer screens. Under the agreement, the NCI will evaluate Genzyme's library consisting of one million compounds against selected cancer screens to identify compounds with anticancer properties [255082]. Xenometrix granted a license agreement for gene expression profiling to GMO in February 1999, giving company access to claims covered in issued US and European patents. The license is non-exclusive and covers the collection of gene expression profiles utilizing all methods including high-density microarrays [315329]. Ontogeny (now Curis Inc) and GMO have entered into a collaboration to study genes for the potential discovery of therapeutic products. GMO will use its SAGE technology to produce libraries of RNA supplied by Ontogeny. The libraries will be put through Ontogeny's screening program [279417]. Under an agreement made in August 1998, Bayer will use SAGE technology to identify genes and thus potential therapeutics [317452]. GMO and Hexagen signed an agreement in March 1998 on the use of SAGE technology in Hexagen's disease gene discovery programs. The first phase of the collaboration will focus on the use of SAGE in studies within Hexagen's type II diabetes gene discovery program. Hexagen has designed these studies to discover susceptibility genes for diabetes and to provide gene expression information for genes associated with type II diabetes [280012]. GMO signed a five-year agreement with Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (JHU) in July 1997 for research leading to the identification of cancer-related genes. Under the terms of the agreement, JHU researchers will use the SAGE technology to identify and analyze gene expression in cancer. The power of SAGE in finding rare genes was confirmed in a study of gastrointestinal cancer by JHU researchers published in the May 27, 1997 issue of Science. The study showed that of almost 50,000 genes expressed in normal gastrointestinal cells and gastrointestinal tumor cells, 86% of the genes were present at five or fewer copies per cell. Only 51% of those low-abundancy genes were recorded in the GenBank database of known genes in the human genome [257128].

Biotechnology↗
PubMed2001

Engineered antibodies take center stage.

The start of the post-genomic era provides a useful juncture for reflection on the state of antibody engineering, which will be a critical technology for relating function and pathology to genomic sequence in biology and medicine. The phenomenal progress in deciphering the human genome has given significant impetus to the application of engineered antibodies in proteomics. Thus, advances in phage display antibody libraries can now help to define novel gene function and the measurement of abnormal protein expression in pathological states. Furthermore, intrabody and antibody engineering provide vehicles for the development of molecular medicines of the future. In addition to these new directions, antibody engineering has begun to show concrete success in its long-term efforts to develop targeted immunotherapies for cancer and other diseases. The cornerstones of clinical development are the detailed academic clinical trials that continue to push the boundaries of engineered antibodies into the real world. The field displays a healthy impatience for practical results, as research accelerates with concerted efforts to transfer preclinical insights into clinical trials. Growing private and governmental expenditures will lead to the rapid expansion of life-saving immunotherapeutic agents. The present review developed from our effort to report on the 11th Annual International Conference on Antibody Engineering (3-6 December 2000). This annual meeting is a forum for discussions on the latest advances in antibody engineering groups from around the world, and now includes the broader agenda of engineering in molecular immunology. In bringing scientists together to exchange ideas at this open forum, new collaborations and the threads of new discoveries are woven. For example, Professors Gerhard Wagner (Harvard Medical School), Dennis Burton (Scripps Research Institute), and Peter Hudson (CSIRO, Melbourne, Australia) gave exciting insights on structural immunobiology that had implications across many disciplines. The growth in antibody engineering was highlighted by the attendance of some 600 participants at the meeting, doubling that of the 1999 meeting. Dramatic clinical acceptance of monoclonal antibodies during the past two years has fostered this growth, with sales in 2000 of 1.8 billion dollars and projections for 2001 of 3 billion dollars. However, economic measures cannot begin to convey the medical revolution that is being effected by these first humanized and chimerized monoclonal antibodies. At this juncture, the 10 monoclonal antibody therapeutics in clinical use are of murine origin, of which 3 are entirely murine (OKT3, Mylotarg, 90Y-labeled Bexxar), 4 have been chimerized (human constant domains replacing murine) (ReoPro, Rituxan and its 131I-labeled analogue (Zevalin), Simulect, Remicade) and 3 were chimerized and humanized (human residues being substituted for at least some mouse-specific framework residues in VH and VL) (Zenapax, Herceptin, Synagis). Fully humanized anti-CD52 (CAMPATH-1H) has also been approved by the FDA for the treatment of B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia and should become available in late 2001. Humanization was initially developed by Dr. Greg Winter at the MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology (Cambridge, UK), who presented the meeting's keynote address, "Antibodies as a Paradigm for Molecular Evolution". His pioneering work in antibody phage display libraries has been reformulated into a daring approach to develop truly novel proteins with genetically paired structural elements. He described studies in combinatorial protein engineering with enormous implications for both industrial and therapeutic applications of macromolecules.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

A virtual-reality-based telerehabilitation system with force feedback.

A PC-based orthopedic rehabilitation system was developed for use at home, while allowing remote monitoring from the clinic. The home rehabilitation station has a Pentium II PC with graphics accelerator, a Polhemus tracker, and a multipurpose haptic control interface. This novel interface is used to sample a patient's hand positions and to provide resistive forces using the Rutgers Master II (RMII) glove. A library of virtual rehabilitation routines was developed using WorldToolKit software. At the present time, it consists of three physical therapy exercises (DigiKey, ball, and power putty) and two functional rehabilitation exercises (peg board and ball game). These virtual reality exercises allow automatic and transparent patient data collection into an Oracle database. A remote Pentium II PC is connected with the home-based PC over the Internet and an additional video conferencing connection. The remote computer is running an Oracle server to maintain the patient database, monitor progress, and change the exercise level of difficulty. This allows for patient progress monitoring and repeat evaluations over time. The telerehabilitation system is in clinical trails at Stanford Medical School (CA), with progress being monitored from Rutgers University (NJ). Other haptic interfaces currently under development include devices for elbow and knee rehabilitation connected to the same system.

Computer Graphics↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The diet-induced proinflammatory state: a cause of chronic pain and other degenerative diseases?

BACKGROUND: It is the rare physician who includes diet therapy and nutritional supplements in patient care. Perhaps this is because chiropractic and medical schools devote very few classroom hours to nutrition. It is also possible that physicians are under the misconception that a detailed biochemical understanding of each individual disease is required before nutritional interventions can be used. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this article is two-fold: (1) to demonstrate that chronic pain and other degenerative conditions encountered in clinical practice have similar biochemical etiologies, such as a diet-induced proinflammatory state, and (2) to outline a basic nutritional program that can be used by all practitioners. DATA SOURCES: The data were accumulated over a period of years by reviewing contemporary articles and books and subsequently by retrieving relevant articles. Articles were also selected through MEDLINE and manual library searches. RESULTS: The typical American diet is deficient in fruits and vegetables and contains excessive amounts of meat, refined grain products, and dessert foods. Such a diet can have numerous adverse biochemical effects, all of which create a proinflammatory state and predispose the body to degenerative diseases. It appears that an inadequate intake of fruits and vegetables can result in a suboptimal intake of antioxidants and phytochemicals and an imbalanced intake of essential fatty acids. Through different mechanisms, each nutritional alteration can promote inflammation and disease. CONCLUSION: We can no longer view different diseases as distinct biochemical entities. Nearly all degenerative diseases have the same underlying biochemical etiology, that is, a diet-induced proinflammatory state. Although specific diseases may require specific treatments, such as adjustments for hypomobile joints, beta-blockers for hypertension, and chemotherapy for cancer, the treatment program must also include nutritional protocols to reduce the proinflammatory state.

Antioxidants↗
PubMed1999

PC-based telerehabilitation system with force feedback.

A PC-based orthopedic rehabilitation system was developed for use at home, while allowing for remote monitoring from the clinic. The home rehabilitation station has a Pentium II PC with graphics accelerator, Polhemus tracker, and a novel Multipurpose Haptic Control Interface with its own Pentium board. This interface is used to sample patient's hand positions and to provide resistive forces using the Rutgers Master II (RMII) glove. A library of virtual rehabilitation routines was developed using WorldToolKit software. At the present time, it consists of two physical therapy exercises (DigiKey and Ball) and two functional rehabilitation exercises (Peg Board test and Ball game). All VR exercises allow automatic and transparent patient data collection into an Oracle database. A remote Pentium II PC is connected with the home-based PC over the Internet and an additional video-conferencing connection. The remote computer running Oracle server is used to maintain the patient database, monitor progress and change exercise level of difficulty. This allows for timely patient progress monitoring and repeat evaluations over time from the Clinic. The system will soon start clinical trails at Stanford Medical School, with progress being monitored remotely from Rutgers University. Other rehabilitation haptic interfaces under development include devices for elbow, and knee rehabilitation connected to the Multipurpose Haptic Control Interface.

Computer Graphics↗
PubMed2003

[A brief overview of the history of the Institute of Human Studies in Medicine at the First Medical Faculty of Charles University in Prague].

The Institute of Human Studies in Medicine (UHSL) was initiated at the First Medical Faculty of Charles University (1. LF UK) in Prague in 1989. At the beginning, the Institute drew upon the ideas and work of a number of medical professionals who were dealing with the issues of their discipline in a wider context. Thus, they created a foundation for current disciplines such as medical ethics, the philosophy of medicine, psychology, psychotherapy and others. These scholars included, for example: prof. Mihajlo Rostohar, prof. MUDr. Vladimír Vondrácek, prof. MUDr. Zdenek Myslivecek, doc. MUDr. Jaroslav Dobrý, CSc., doc. Nikolaj Jevgrafovic Osipov, prof. MUDr. Bohuslav Boucek, and prof. MUDr. Ferdinand Knobloch, CSc. UHSL was first listed in the Curriculum of the 1. LF UK (Karolinka) in the school year 1991-1992. In the following years, the Institute underwent rapid changes such as personnel structure, areas of specification, and educational programs. The structure of UHSL was divided into the following departments: the Department of Medical Ethics and Anthropology, the Department of Psychology, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, the Department of Public Health and Social Medicine, since the school year 1996-1997 the Department of Psychotherapy and Psychology and Psychotherapy Counselling Office. In 1998, UHSL was assigned the project "Goals of Medicine: Quality of Life", which required the participation of doctors, philosophers, psychologists, theologians, historians, mathematicians and others. The decisive factor for UHSL was the appointiment of the dean of the 1. LF UK on January 24, 2002, and thus establishing UHSL as a separate institution with its own organizational structure and fields of study. Later, UHSL was divided into two independent institutions: UHSL, and the Institute for Social Medicine and Public Health (USMVZ). The history of UHSL is documented by the facts about its directors, professors and doctors, visits of foreign specialists, international cooperation, study guidelines and library information, available to UHSL scholars.

Academies and Institutes↗
PubMed1998

Medical informatics education by medical professors within their discipline.

A system for medical informatics education for medical students has been developed in the medical school. This paper describes the concept underlying the development of this system and its progressive outcomes over 8 years. In order to stimulate students to acquire computer-related knowledge and skills, this subject has been integrated into the course works of various medical subjects such as physiology. In addition, acquired knowledge and skills are evaluated within each subject by the production of reports for example, using computers. This provides a concrete example for students of the relevance of the information sciences to the solving of medical problems. A well equipped computer facility for the study of medicine also plays a significant role in inspiring student incentive. A computer room equipped with Macintosh computers was opened adjacent to the main medical library and is used in the same manner as the library, with books replaced by computers. In addition, all new students acquire their own Macintosh PowerBook. These various initiations have facilitated concept that the computer may be applied to medical problem solving at any time or place and may become as commonplace as a pen in daily medical practice.

Computers↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Lessons learned from a pilot implementation of the UMLS information sources map.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the software design issues involved in implementing an operational information sources map (ISM) knowledge base (KB) and system of navigational tools that can help medical users access network-based information sources relevant to a biomedical question. DESIGN: A pilot biomedical ISM KB and associated client-server software (ISM/Explorer) have been developed to help students, clinicians, researchers, and staff access network-based information sources, as part of the National Library of Medicine's (NLM) multi-institutional Unified Medical Language System (UMLS) project. The system allows the user to specify and constrain a search for a biomedical question of interest. The system then returns a list of sources matching the search. At this point the user may request 1) further information about a source, 2) that the list of sources be regrouped by different criteria to allow the user to get a better overall appreciation of the set of retrieved sources as a whole, or 3) automatic connection to a source. RESULTS: The pilot system operates in client-server mode and currently contains coded information for 121 sources. It is in routine use from approximately 40 workstations at the Yale School of Medicine. The lessons that have been learned are that: 1) it is important to make access to different versions of a source as seamless as possible, 2) achieving seamless, cross-platform access to heterogeneous sources is difficult, 3) significant differences exist between coding the subject content of an electronic information resource versus that of an article or a book, 4) customizing the ISM to multiple institutions entails significant complexities, and 5) there are many design trade-offs between specifying searches and viewing sets of retrieved sources that must be taken into consideration. CONCLUSION: An ISM KB and navigational tools have been constructed. In the process, much has been learned about the complexities of development and evaluation in this new environment, which are different from those for Gopher, wide area information servers (WAIS), World-Wide-Web (WWW), and MOSAIC resources.

Abstracting and Indexing↗
PubMed1998

[Syphilis at the end of the 16th century, on the course of professor Jean Riolan, of the Faculté de médecine de Paris].

Based on the study of a medical course taught at the Faculty of Medicine in Paris by Jean Riolan in 1584-1585 and kept at the Carnegie Library in Reims, this article presents syphilis, called "Indian disease", as an illness with a new clinical description. The professor studies its origin, its symptoms, its cure with a decoction of gaiac wood which is inefficient, and a cure with quicksilver under different forms (pills, unctions, fumigations) which is more reliable. It gives an example of the adaptation of a much-disparaged medicine to a disease with symptoms unknown from ancient authors.

Faculty, Medical↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Problems of postgraduate medical training in Nigeria.

BACKGROUND: Postgraduate medical training in Nigeria has been in dire straits for about two decades now. That it has continued to survive, is a tribute to the average resident doctor who has become immunized, and who has grown a thick skin of armour, as well the spirit of altruism of the medical teachers--consultants (young and old), who despite odds, have kept their focus clear, above the murky waters of national distraction and daunting socio economic challenges. METHOD: A review of relevant literature on medical education in Nigeria was undertaken by manual library search. RESULTS: This paper x-rays the strong points that have still prevailed to hold the rudiments and ideals of postgraduate medical training in a viable position up to date. It discusses the weaknesses and threats--potential and real--to the training programme. CONCLUSION: This paper attempts to search, and actually hopes, for silver lining in the Nigerian sky as possible solution lifelines that may yet re-engineer the programme.

Education, Medical, Graduate↗
PubMed1998

The Internet as a source for current patient information.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to assess the quality of information a lay person could obtain from Internet (Net) sources regarding the treatment of childhood diarrhea. It also afforded an opportunity to evaluate the awareness and compliance of the general medical community with the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) guidelines on the management of acute diarrhea. METHODS: This was a prospective, open, observational, literature review performed with a computer workstation and medical library. The AAP practice parameter on the management of acute gastroenteritis in young children was selected as the current standard by which to judge all other documents. The Net was searched, and all documents retrievable from the first 300 references were evaluated for compliance with current recommendations on the management of diarrhea in children. RESULTS: Of 60 articles published by traditional medical sources, only 12 (20%) conformed to current AAP recommendations for treatment of children. The source of the information, even if from a major academic medical center, did not improve the likelihood of compliance. CONCLUSIONS: As demonstrated by information supplied on World Wide Web sites by traditional medical sources, recommendations for the treatment of acute diarrhea show a low percentage of concurrence with the AAP guidelines. Major medical institutions, schools, and hospitals need to devise ways to carefully monitor and establish quality control of what is being distributed from their home pages. Patients must be warned about the voluminous misinformation available on medical subjects on the Net.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1998

[Not Available].

It is the aim of the present dissertation to analyze the cultural and pharmaceutical history of the medicinal plant Ruta graveolens L. (rue) beginning in antiquity until the invention of letter-press printing (see Kap. 1). In contrast to other historical works which emphasize descriptive aspects or the transmission of the sources, an analysis of the content of the sources within their contemporaneous context was attempted here. The sources come from different scientific fields and were collected in numerous European and American (USA) libraries (See Kap. 1.4.2.1). In order to evaluate the medicinal uses of the plant as mentioned in the sources, basic knowledge in pharmaceutical botany is necessary. This qualification makes it possible to correlate the traditional indications of ruta with the current knowledge on the constituents of the plant. 1. Dioskurides' Materia medica presents a chapter on rue. The properties of ruta mentioned there can in part be explained by pharmacologically tested constituents (see Kap. 2). 2. Knowledge on rue was passed on to the middle ages by "Rezeptarien", "Antidotarien", and a latinized Dioskurides. Monasteries become important in medicine (see Kap. 3). 3. Garden history demonstrates that rue was actually cultivated and used for healing, seasoning, coloring, and magic (see Kap. 4). 4. Rue became part of the practically oriented textbooks of the Medical School of Salerno (10th-13th century). Thus, the plant is mentioned (see Kap. 5) and illustrated (see Kap. 6.1-6.3) in mnuscripts of this time period. These manuscripts are the predecessors of the modern pharmacopoeia, drug monograph and popular literature on health. 5. Rue is rarely shown in arts. The interpretation of illustrations of rue depends on some of its uses as a medicinal plant (antidote, eye medication, protection from evil; see Kap. 6.4). These results expand our image of ruta. We have shown here, that questions that lie in the fields of both humanities and natural sciences can be well addressed with an interdisciplinary approach.

Botany↗