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PubMed2001

[The Goldmann Memorial Lecture--historical and current aspects of stereopsis].

According to Goldmann stereopsis is the highest performance of binocular recognition. A historical review shows that binocular stereopsis was explained only in 1838 by Wheatstone, whereas the monocular clues for stereopsis e.g. size, position and covering of the objects, light and shadow, perspective of the air, parallax and linear perspective were known long ago. The denomination depth perception is ambiguous: "depth" is the opposite of "height". Stereopsis means natural recognition of distance and objects in space, stereoscopy means recognition by the aide of an instrument. Natural and dichoptic stereopsis and the influences of vertical structures, of pupillary distance and of astigmatism are discussed. Examination of stereopsis is discussed, among others the two pencil test, the stereo-modification Bagolini-glasses, the combination of the plano-cylinders of W. R. Hess with random dots without glasses, the disk stereopsis etc. Goldmann's theory of binocular vision helps to understand different forms of strabismus, e.g. the statistical interplay of fixation and fusion for microtropia, the fixation mechanism for the congenital strabismus syndrome, the use of binocular stereopsis only for near explains intermittent divergence.

Depth Perception↗
PubMed2002

[Good clinical practice guideline--guidelines of the health care chain cancer of the breast: stage 3 guideline "Early Recognition of Cancer of the Breast in Germany" Lecture: International Cancer of the Breast Symposium on the occasion of the retirement of Professor Dr. med K.-D. Schultz, 27.-29. September 2002 in Marburg].

Breast cancer is the leading death of women with cancer worldwide and the focus of today major concern of gender specific, health care in Germany. Diagnosis of breast cancer at an early stage has a better prognosis and better chance to be cured combined with improved quality of life. Thus quality of health care in early detection of breast cancer should not be focussed on screening-mammography of women at a certain age-group alone anymore. The efficacy and effectiveness of an early detection of breast cancer programme depends on the concomitant quality assuring arrangements of the interdisciplinary diagnostic chain including risk evaluation, clinical examination, technical diagnostic procedures including interventional techniques and histo-pathological analysis in combination with excellent surgical and oncological treatment and follow-up. To establish a national effective, quality assured, interdisciplinary breast cancer early detection programme in Germany a multidisciplinary good clinical practice (GCP) guideline has been developed.

Breast Neoplasms↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Prof. Carl Wilhelm von Zehender (1819-1916)--first professor of ophthalmology and co-founder of the ophthalmological clinic at the University of Rostock--commemorative lecture at the 100th DOG meeting in Berlin from 26.9 to 29.9.2002].

The Grand-ducal University Eye Department in Rostock was solemnly inaugurated 16 May 1892. According to many years of studies in Europe and on efforts to build this clinic, construction was outlined by Professor Carl Wilhelm v. Zehender, but the drafts were executed by the "Grossherzoglich-Mecklenburgisch-Schwerinschen Medicinalcommission" and Landbaumeister Schlosser in winter 1888/89. Professor v. Zehender, who originated from a very ancient Swiss family, was born in Bremen, 21 May 1819. He studied medicine in Goettingen, Jena, Prague, Paris and Vienna. During this time he developed a lifelong friendship with Albrecht v. Graefe. 1856 he took over the medical care for the hereditary duke Georg von Mecklenburg-Strelitz and published the "Correspondenzblatt für Aerzte im Grossherzoglichen Mecklenburg-Strelitz". 1857, during a conference in Heidelberg, his initiative led in the long run to the establishment of the "Heidelberger Ophthalmologische Gesellschaft", the forerunner of the "Deutsche Ophthalmologische Gesellschaft", which was founded in 1920. In 1863 the first edition of "Klinische Monatsblaetter für Augenheilkunde" was published as a periodical; the cover page bore its name as the founder of the magazine. In 1866, after the death of the hereditary duke and a professorship in his hometown Berne, he became honorary professor of the Rostock University, and from 1869 onwards he chaired the clinic as a regular professor. After all his efforts to build his own hospital had failed, he demonstratively and finally resigned from his professorship in 1889. He went to Munich and became editor of the " Klinische Monatsblaetter für Augenheilkunde". In 1907 he moved with his wife via Eutin to Warnemuende. There the nestor of world ophthalmologists died at the age of 98. His burial place without gravestone is situated in today's landscape park "Stephan Jantzen". So far all efforts of the author and of the Rostock University Eye Department taken after 1980 to create a worthy note to this exceptional ophthalmologist in the Baltic Sea resort Warnemuende were unsuccessful, also for financial reasons. But on 2.9.2002 with the help of the Lighthouse Club of Warnemuende a memorial plaque to Prof. C. W. v. Zehender was mounted on the guest house "Margarete". This plaque commemorates Professor Zehender's merits in establishing the DOG, planning and building the eye clinic of the university of Rostock.

Germany↗
PubMed1999

The Peter Emil Becker Award lecture 1998. The saga of congenital muscular dystrophy.

The first credible descriptions of congenital muscular dystrophy (CMD) were made at the beginning of this century but the individuality of this condition had difficulty to be accepted because its distinction from other types of childhood neuromuscular disorders was far from clear. The reports of different clinico-pathological phenotypes of CMD and recently of immunocytochemical and molecular genetic studies allowed the precise definition of specific entities within the group of CMD. Here we present the historical background of CMD, its vicissitudes and the main steps leading to the individualisation of the merosin-deficient CMD to which the author has contributed. Mention is also made to major achievements in the characterisation of other types of CMD, namely the Fukuyama CMD, the muscle-eye-brain disease and a peculiar form of CMD with the rigidity of the spine. Animal models of merosin-deficient congenital muscular dystrophy were identified and their current study may lead to a better understanding of the pathogenesis of the human disease and to therapeutic strategies.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Ernst-Friedrich-Pfeiffer Memorial Lecture. New aspects of C-peptide physiology.

C-peptide is co-secreted with insulin and has generally been considered not to possess biological activity. However, several recent studies during the last five years have demonstrated that administration of C-peptide in physiological amounts to type 1 diabetes (IDDM) patients on a short term basis (1-3h) results in decreased glomerular hyperfiltration, augmented glucose utilization and improved autonomic nerve function. More prolonged administration (1-3 months) of C-peptide to IDDM patients is accompanied by improvements in both renal function (diminished microalbuminuria) and autonomic and sensory nerve function. Both in vitro and in vivo data indicate that C-peptide may have a role in the regulation of insulin secretion. C-peptide's mechanism of action is not known but it may be related to its ability to stimulate Na+, K(+)-ATPase, activity, probably by activating a receptor coupled to a pertussis toxin-sensitive G-protein with subsequent activation of Ca2(+)-dependent intracellular signaling pathways. In conclusion, the combined findings indicate that C-peptide is a biologically active hormone. The possibility that C-peptide therapy in IDDM patients may be beneficial should be considered.

Albuminuria↗
PubMed1999

The Casey Holter lecture. Non-selective intervention in newborn babies with open spina bifida: the outcome 30 years on for the complete cohort.

The disability in neural tube defect is determined by the neurological deficit. The sensory level is a reliable measure of this deficit and predicts the disability. Achievement at the age of 30 related as well as to IQ and disability events in the history of CSF shunt. Episodes of raised intracranial pressure may damage the brain and visual pathways. They may also reduce achievement and enterprise. Blockage of the CSF shunt, when symptomatic, should be treated urgently, especially when it occurs after infancy. Blockage of the CSF shunt when asymptomatic was not usually associated with a low IQ or poor achievement.

Cerebrospinal Fluid Shunts↗