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PubMed1985

Effect of modality-specific experience on visual and haptic judgment of orientation.

Although the 'oblique effect' (poorer performance on oblique orientations as compared to performance on vertical and horizontal orientations) is generally understood as a strictly visual phenomenon, a haptic oblique effect occurs for blindfolded subjects required to set a stimulus rod by hand. Because oblique effects are often attributed to the observer's experience with a predominantly horizontal and vertical environment, we assessed the effect of visual and haptic experience by providing subjects with modality-specific inspection periods to familiarize them with the more poorly judged obliques. Oblique error was significantly reduced in magnitude for judgments made by the modality of experience, and for judgments made across modalities. Rate of improvement, consistency of transfer, and the subjective reports of subjects indicate that this haptic oblique effect is more strongly influenced by visual experience and imagery than by haptic experience. It need not be interpreted as an effect based on factors intrinsic to the haptic modality.

Humans↗
PubMed1993

Auditory looming perception: influences on anticipatory judgments.

Several studies in the auditory-perception literature hint that listeners may be able to anticipate the time of arrival of an approaching sound source. Two experiments are reported in which listeners judged the time of arrival of an approaching car on the basis of various portions of its auditory signal. Subjects pressed a computer key to indicate when the car would have just passed them, assuming that the car maintained a constant approach velocity. A number of variables were tested including (a) the time between the offset of the signal and the virtual time of passage, (b) duration of the signal, and (c) feedback concerning judgment accuracy. Results indicate that increasing the time between signal offset and virtual time of passage decreases judgment accuracy whereas the actual duration of the signal had no significant effect. Feedback significantly improved performance overall.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Depth judgments of triangular surfaces during moving monocular viewing.

When an observer judges the orientation in depth of a trapezoidal surface, the pictorial information of the surface is often more influential than motion information. Motion information might be more effective if pictorial information is simplified: this prompts the present study. Surfaces were triangular and pictorial information resided only in the visual lengths of the surfaces. In experiment 1, monocular observers viewed during head motions of 0 to 30 cm extent. Static judgments were somewhat dependent on visual length and tended to be frontal. Contrary to predictions, moving judgments were similarly affected: only 30 cm motion elicited near-veridical perception, as in previous studies with trapezoidal surfaces, although visual length had a residual effect. Experiment 2 involved investigation of whether visual length requires prior exposure to triangular surfaces to be effective; this was found not to be the case, which argues that observers rely on internal models of triangular surfaces. Depth perception appears to balance rapidity of processing against accuracy, in a way suggesting that 'direct' approaches are incomplete. Finally, it is argued that depth-from-motion simulations-influential in assertions that motion information is fully effective-depend on pictorial information.

Depth Perception↗
PubMed2005

The trajectory effect in intermodal temporal order judgments.

Subjects judged which one of two patterns, a visual or a tactile pattern, had been presented first. The visual and tactile displays were placed in close spatial proximity. The patterns appeared to move across their respective displays. Although irrelevant to the temporal order judgment (TOJ), the direction of motion of the patterns--the trajectory--affected the judgments. When the leading pattern was moving towards the trailing pattern (consistent movement), subjects tended to judge it, correctly, as leading. When the leading pattern was moving away from the trailing pattern (inconsistent movement), subjects tended to judge it, incorrectly, as trailing. Changing the spatial position of the arrays such that the pattern trajectories were no longer towards one another eliminated the effect of movement on TOJs. Although there was a substantial difference in performance on consistent and inconsistent trials, there were no differences in subjects' ratings of their performances. The results demonstrate that the trajectory effect can be obtained multimodally. The issues whether the effect of motion alters the perceived temporal separation between the visual and tactile patterns, and whether the visual and tactile patterns are represented by a common framework, are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Evaluating evidence for automaticity in frequency of occurrence judgments: a bias for bias?

Frequency of occurrence judgments were evaluated in young adults recovering from closed-head injuries, normal elderly, and young adult controls. Impaired performance was observed in both head-injured and elderly subjects, a result contrary to Hasher and Zacks' 1979 hypothesis that this information accumulates in memory via automatic processes which are unaffected by age, but supporting their conjecture that damage to the central nervous system would be sufficient to interfere with this function. The head-injured subject's performance on the frequency judgment task was correlated with effortful memory capacity as measured by several widely used memory tests. Whether the obtained group differences reflect differences in memory capacity or response criteria effects is discussed, and several methods of analyzing the data are compared.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Line orientation judgment in normal elderly and subjects with dementia of Alzheimer's type.

Ninety-five normal controls divided into three subgroups (55-64 yrs, 65-74 yrs, and 75-84 yrs) and 11 subjects with early dementia of Alzheimer's type (DAT) were given a line orientation judgment task (Benton, Varney, & Hamsher, 1978). No difference appeared between the three control subgroups in global score but the difference between controls and DAT subjects was significant. However, some DAT subjects had a global score overlapping the scores of controls. Error types were also analyzed. Results of this analysis showed that some errors appeared in all subjects, normal and DAT, while others were specific to DAT subjects. It was speculated that these error types were a manifestation of a deeper visuospatial deficit, revealing a major problem of the DAT in spatial organization. Thus, this study suggests that an analysis of the error types observed in the line orientation judgment task may be helpful in differentiating normal elderly from early DAT.

Aged↗
PubMed1991

The biasing of weight judgments in Alzheimer's and Huntington's disease: a priming or programming phenomenon.

The performances of Huntington's disease (HD) patients and patients with dementia of the Alzheimer type (DAT) were compared on an adaptation-level task involving the judgment of weights. In this task, subjects were first exposed to either a relatively heavy (heavy bias) or a relatively light (light bias) set of weights, and were later asked to rate the heaviness of a standard set of 10 weights using a 9-point scale. Patients with DAT and intact control subjects both perceived the standard set of weights as heavier following the light bias trials and lighter following the heavy bias trials, despite the DAT patients' poor explicit memory for the initial biasing session. In contrast, the weight judgments of the HD group as a whole was not significantly influenced by prior exposure to relatively heavy or light weights, and the size of the bias effect for this group was significantly correlated with the severity of their dementia. It is suggested that the impaired biasing performance of the HD patients, like their previously demonstrated impairment in motor skill learning, is due to a motor programming deficit resulting from neostriatal dysfunction.

Alzheimer Disease↗
PubMed2003

Perceptual judgments for stair climbing as a function of pitch angle.

Two experiments explored perception and action for stair climbing, with manipulations to the stair dimensions. In Experiment 1, a custom-built apparatus manipulated the stair dimensions, while three groups of participants made perceptual judgments of climbability. The groups differed significantly for absolute leg length (p < .0001), but there was no significant difference between the groups when stair dimensions were calculated relative to leg length. The selected tread depths and riser heights reflected constant proportions of participants' leg length. Using the pitch angles formed as a composite metric, the results revealed that all groups selected 60 degrees as the limit for climbability. Experiment 2 scaled pitch angle systematically from 20 degrees to 80 degrees, and participants judged 65 degrees and beyond to be unclimbable. These results provided evidence that pitch angle might be used in perceptual judgments for stair climbability.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Speech-clarity judgments of hearing-aid-processed speech in noise: differing polar patterns and acoustic environments.

This investigation assessed the extent to which listeners' preferences for hearing aid microphone polar patterns vary across listening environments, and whether normal-hearing and inexperienced and experienced hearing-impaired listeners differ in such preferences. Paired-comparison judgments of speech clarity (i.e. subjective speech intelligibility) were made monaurally for recordings of speech in noise processed by a commercially available hearing aid programmed with an omnidirectional and two directional polar patterns (cardioid and hypercardioid). Testing environments included a sound-treated room, a living room, and a classroom. Polar-pattern preferences were highly reliable and agreed closely across all three groups of listeners. All groups preferred listening in the sound-treated room over listening in the living room, and preferred listening in the living room over listening in the classroom. Each group preferred the directional patterns to the omnidirectional pattern in all room conditions. We observed no differences in preference judgments between the two directional patterns or between hearing-impaired listeners' extent of amplification experience. Overall, findings indicate that listeners perceived qualitative benefits from microphones having directional polar patterns.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed2006

The neural mechanisms underlying the Müller-Lyer illusion and its interaction with visuospatial judgments.

Arrows terminating a line can distort the perceived line length. This so-called Müller-Lyer illusion can be used in healthy human subjects to mimic the performance of neglect patients in visuospatial judgments (e.g., in the landmark task). In this study, we investigated the neural mechanisms underlying the Müller-Lyer illusion, the landmark task, and their interaction. This was achieved by parametrically manipulating the magnitude of the Müller-Lyer illusion both in a landmark and in a luminance (control) task. As expected, the landmark task activated right posterior parietal cortex and right temporo-occipital cortex. In contrast, the neural processes associated with the strength of the Müller-Lyer illusion were located bilaterally in the lateral occipital cortex as well as the right superior parietal cortex. The data not only converge with but also extend neuropsychological data that indicate maintained line-length illusion in neglect patients. In addition, our results support the size-constancy scaling hypothesis as a putative mechanism underlying line-length illusions. Furthermore, activation that was driven by both the task and the strength of the Müller-Lyer illusion was observed in right intraparietal sulcus, thus arguing in favor of an interaction of illusory information with the top-down processes underlying visuospatial judgments in right parietal cortex.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

The effects of phonological and morphological training on speech perception scores and grammatical judgments in deaf and hard-of-hearing children.

Seventeen primary school deaf and hard-of-hearing children were given two types of training for 9 weeks each. Phonological training involved practice of /s, z, t, d/ in word final position in monomorphemic words. Morphological training involved learning and practicing the rules for forming third-person singular, present tense, past tense, and plurals. The words used in the two training types were different (monomorphemic or polymorphemic) but both involved word final /s, z, t, d/. Grammatical judgments were tested before and after training using short sentences that were read aloud by the child (or by the presenter if the child was unable to read them). Perception was tested with 150 key words in sentences using the trained morphemes and phonemes in word final position. Grammatical judgments for sentences involving the trained morphemes improved significantly after each type of training. Both types of training needed to be completed before a significant improvement was found for speech perception scores. The results suggest that both phonological and morphological training are beneficial in improving speech perception and grammatical performance of deaf and hard-of-hearing children and that both types of training were required to obtain the maximum benefit.

Child↗
PubMed1983

Interactive imagery and affective judgments improve face-name learning in the elderly.

Groups of elderly adults were taught to learn name-to-face associations using one of three different techniques. In a control group (no image) participants were taught for each face-name pair to select a prominent facial feature and to transform the surname into a concrete word. Persons in a second group (image) additionally were taught to employ interactive imagery to form an association between the prominent feature and the transformed name. The third group (image + judgment) was treated the same as the second except that these individuals were also taught to judge the pleasantness of the image association that was formed. As predicted, improvement following instruction was minimal when no image association was formed but strong when interactive imagery was used. Moreover, those persons in the image + judgment group remembered more names than those in the image group and showed less forgetting on a measure of delayed recall. In addition to replicating and extending the findings of previous research with a different sample, the present study demonstrates that semantic orienting tasks can be used to enhance the retention of visual image associations as well as the simpler stimuli used in prior research.

Aged↗
PubMed1981

Validating professional judgment in a home care agency.

In the absence of validate assessment techniques, health care practitioners often make professional judgments regarding their clients' needs for services. This article explores the validity and reliability of those judgments in a home care agency and discusses the implications for decision-making in long-term care.

Aged↗
PubMed2000

Neural mechanisms involved in odor pleasantness and intensity judgments.

Olfactory processing in the human brain was examined using positron emission tomography. Twelve normal volunteers were scanned while smelling pairs of odors: they were asked to judge which odor was more pleasant in one condition, and which was more intense in a second condition; they also were scanned while sniffing an odorless stimulus. As in prior studies, greater cerebral blood flow was found in the right orbitofrontal cortex during both pleasantness and intensity judgments as compared to baseline. Cerebellar activity was also seen, but contrary to expectations no activity was detected in the primary olfactory (piriform) cortex. Only the pleasantness judgment elicited additional activity within the hypothalamus, suggesting that this structure may be involved in affective processing that requires access to information about internal state.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Judgments of hearing aid processed music.

Paired comparison perception and preference judgments of hearing aid processed music were examined under conditions of extended and reduced high and low-frequency ranges. The performance of 20 subjects with mild to moderate hearing impairment was compared with an equal number of normal hearing controls. Subjects with normal hearing indicated perception of and preference for extended ranges for both high and low frequencies. However the perception and preference judgments of hearing-impaired subjects were essentially random for the high-frequency ranges; but accurate perception and preference was found for extended low-frequency adjustments. Implications for hearing aid design and use are discussed.

Acoustics↗
PubMed1991

Loudness judgment procedures for evaluating hearing aid preselection decisions for severely and profoundly hearing-impaired listeners.

Hearing aid fitting involves a two-phase process of preselection and evaluation (Seewald RC and Ross M. Amplification for the Hearing Impaired 1988:213-271). The purpose of the present study was to examine alternative procedures that clinicians might use in the evaluation phase to verify the adequacy of hearing aid preselection decisions for severely and profoundly hearing-impaired listeners. Bekesy tracking, loudness rating, and conventional bracketing procedures were used to determine threshold, most comfortable listening level, and uncomfortable listening level for 10 hearing-impaired young adults. Stimuli were pulsed pure tones of 500, 1000, and 2000 Hz and filtered words. Means and standard deviations of most comfortable listening levels and uncomfortable listening levels derived from loudness judgments of the 10 subjects showed only nominal differences across procedures. However, correlation analysis (Pearson r) indicated that individuals responded to the three procedures in varying ways, producing different loudness judgments and overall dynamic ranges. Thus, test procedure may influence the clinician's final evaluation of a preselected hearing aid. Initial work suggests that closed-set response categories such as loudness rating can limit measurement variability and potentially guide the clinician's evaluation of hearing aid preselection decisions.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Paired comparison judgments for hearing aid selection in children.

Three experiments were conducted to investigate the feasibility of using a paired comparison technique to select hearing aids for children. The first two experiments determined the age at which normal-hearing children and hearing-impaired children with mild to moderately severe sensorineural hearing loss could be expected to meet criteria on a paired comparison task involving judgments of auditory clarity. Of 25 normal-hearing children between the ages of 4.0 and 6.4 yr, five out of five children between 6.0 and 6.4 yr of age passed the auditory paired comparison task. Of 10 hearing-impaired children between the ages of 5.5 and 7.4 yr, five out of five children between 6.5 and 7.4 yr of age passed the auditory paired comparison task. In Experiment 3, eight hearing-impaired children between the ages of 5.7 and 7.8 yr judged the clarity of seven hearing aids in two paired comparison, round robin tournaments. The results showed that correlations between the two tournaments were moderate to strong for six children and weak for two children. Of the six children with stronger correlations between tournaments, correlations between paired comparison judgments and phoneme identification scores were moderate to strong for four children and weak for two children. When compared with a hearing aid that approximated a standard prescription, the hearing aid selected by the paired comparison technique neither degraded nor enhanced speech intelligibility. Results from this study indicate that a paired comparison technique is feasible for use with hearing-impaired children 6.5 yr of age, and occasionally younger, who exhibit mild to moderately severe sensorineural hearing loss and are capable of performing the task reliably.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1992

A comparison of sound quality judgments for monaural and binaural hearing aid processed stimuli.

Fifteen adults with bilaterally symmetrical mild and/or moderate sensorineural hearing loss completed a paired-comparison task designed to elicit sound quality preference judgments for monaural/binaural hearing aid processed signals. Three stimuli (speech-in-quiet, speech-in-noise, and music) were recorded separately in three listening environments (audiometric test booth, living room, and a music/lecture hall) through hearing aids placed on a Knowles Electronics Manikin for Acoustics Research. Judgments were made on eight separate sound quality dimensions (brightness, clarity, fullness, loudness, nearness, overall impression, smoothness, and spaciousness) for each of the three stimuli in three listening environments. Results revealed a distinct binaural preference for all eight sound quality dimensions independent of listening environment. Binaural preferences were strongest for overall impression, fullness, and spaciousness. Stimulus type effect was significant only for fullness and spaciousness, where binaural preferences were strongest for speech-in-quiet. After binaural preference data were obtained, subjects ranked each sound quality dimension with respect to its importance for binaural listening relative to monaural. Clarity was ranked highest in importance and brightness was ranked least important. The key to demonstration of improved binaural hearing aid sound quality may be the use of a paired-comparison format.

Acoustics↗