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PubMed2001

Adjustment and intelligence among children with phenylketonuria in Sweden.

UNLABELLED: In this investigation we present a recent survey of treatment effects among 8 to 19-y-old Swedish children and youths with phenylketonuria (PKU). The results from intelligence tests and a questionnaire comprising four scales, work capacity, social competence, and internalising and externalising problems, were used. Severity of disease, early treatment, and contemporary phenylalanine levels were assessed. The results showed that development of the patients' intelligence was normal. Adjustments were rated by the patients, their parents and their teachers, and the results were compared with those of a healthy reference group. The PKU patients did not differ from the reference group except for externalising problems judged by the children themselves. None of the patients with PKU showed signs of externalising problems in contrast to the reference group, where such behaviour was observed. Patients with severe PKU, however, showed less social competence compared with patients with a milder form of the disease, according to their own and their parents' ratings. Phenylalanine level in blood tests was in accordance with treatment norms, although the teenagers had higher levels of phenylalanine than the younger patients. CONCLUSION: Normal intelligence and adjustment is found among patients with PKU when plasma phenylalanine levels are within treatment norms.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Correlations between nonverbal intelligence and nerve conduction velocities in right-handed male and female subjects.

A neurological theory of intelligence suggesting a direct correlation between nerve conduction velocity and psychometric intelligence was tested. Cattell's Culture Fair Intelligence Test was used to asses the nonverbal intelligence (IQ) of subjects. The motor median nerve conduction velocity from right hand of males was positively correlated with IQ. In subjects with no familial sinistrality (FS-), the motor ulnar-nerve conduction velocity from the right and left hands of males negatively correlated with IQ; there were inverse correlations between IQ and nerve conduction velocity (motor median nerve from right, sensory median nerve from right and left) in females. In subjects with familial sinistrality (FS+), IQ directly correlated with nerve conduction velocity from motor median (right and left), sensory median (right), and motor ulnar (right) nerves, but only in males. The speed hypothesis and neurological theory of intelligence were not supported by these results, which, in contrast, emphasized the importance of sex and familial sinistrality in any theory of intelligence.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Males with neonatal hyperbilirubinemia examined at 18 years of age.

An 18 years follow-up study of 55 males with neonatal hyperbilirubinemia born in 1962/63 was done at the military draft board examinations in 1981. The medical and psychological tests were compared to the tests of the total cohort of Norwegian conscripts. Of those examined at 18 years of age 7.3% was unfit for military service, compared to 6.2% in the total cohort. Ten organ systems were clinically examined with no significantly increased frequency of unfitness among the index cases. Intelligence testing was done on 39 of the studied subjects, the mean score being the same as in the total cohort of Norwegian conscripts. However, the seven infants with a positive Coombs' test and hyperbilirubinemia for 5 days or more had a significantly lower mean intelligence score than the national average.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

[Follow-up of a sample of children with reading-spelling disorders in adulthood].

OBJECTIVE: Only a few studies--especially in Germany--deal with the long-term outcome for dyslexic children. The aim of our study was to assess a group of former students of a boarding school for dyslexic children (Chrisophorus School Oberurff). METHODS: 29 adults with spelling disorder were examined 20 years after they had left school. Their spelling ability was measured with the Mannheimer Spelling Test (MRT), psychiatric symptoms with the Symptom Checklist by Derogatis (SCL-90), occupational status with the Wegener "Magnitude-Prestigeskala" (Magnitude of Prestige Scale), and intelligence with the Culture Fair Intelligence Test (CFT 20). A self-constructed questionnaire was used to assess subjects' self-perception of their reading and spelling abilities, the role of reading and spelling in their work, and the influence of reading and spelling on their choice of employment. RESULTS: Spelling skills at follow-up were more than 0.5 standard deviations above the spelling skills measured at school. The occupational status is rather high at 75% above average. There is no evidence of a significant load of psychiatric symptoms among the dyslexic adults. CONCLUSIONS: The general finding is a favorable development of children with spelling disorder 20 years after attendance at a special boarding school for dyslexic children. High IQ, the high socioeconomic status of the probands and their parents, and the long-lasting remedial work at school are most likely the relevant factors for this development.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Adaptive noise suppression for a dual-microphone hearing aid.

An adaptive beamformer for behind-the-ear dual-microphone hearing aids has been optimized for speech intelligibility enhancement in the presence of disturbing sounds or noise. The noise reduction approach is based on the scheme presented by Vanden Berghe and Wouters (1998). A real-time implementation of the signal processing is realized in Audallion, a wearable, small digital signal processing (DSP) platform. After physical evaluation, speech-in-noise intelligibility tests have been carried out on three normally-hearing and two hearing-impaired subjects. A significant speech reception threshold improvement of 11.3 dB was obtained in a moderately reverberant environment for one jammer sound source (steady speech-weighted noise or multi-talker babble) in a direction of 90 degrees relative to the direction of the speech.

Auditory Threshold↗
PubMed2004

Consonant intelligibility and tongue motility in patients with partial glossectomy.

PURPOSE: The primary determinants for good speech outcome after glossectomy are not well established. This study evaluated the effect of tongue motility, type of reconstruction, and affected muscles on speech intelligibility. METHODS: Fourteen German glossectomy patients participated in an intelligibility test, which targeted lingual consonants. Tongue motility was rated on nine 3-point scales. Surgical mapping documented type of reconstruction and affected muscles. RESULTS: Mean consonant intelligibility was 71.25% and mean tongue motility was 34%. There was a moderate correlation between tongue motility and consonant intelligibility (r = 0.619). Patients with platysma flap reconstructions (n = 6) had a tendency for more correctly identified consonants. Patients with an intact genioglossus (n = 4) had significantly better tongue motility scores. CONCLUSIONS: The findings support the hypothesis that good tongue motility is a precursor of good postglossectomy speech. Although flap reconstructions led to better consonant intelligibility in this study, this should be interpreted with caution due to the small sample size.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Cognitive tempo in educable mentally retarded children.

The present study investigated the relationship of time and errors on the Matching Familiar Figures test to the mental age of 40 Caucasian male, educable mentally retarded (EMR) children. The children, who ranged in age from six to 18 years, had intelligence test scores of less than 80, were exhibiting problems in adaptive behavior, and were all receiving special education services. An ANOVA revealed that with increasing mental age, elapsed time to first response increased and errors decreased, thus indicating a mental age developmental decrease in impulsivity. For all subjects, time was inversely related to errors. The data suggest that the development of cognitive tempo in EMR children parallels that of nonhandicapped children.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Children's agency beliefs, cognitive performance, and conceptions of effort and ability: individual and developmental differences.

In order to understand how children's beliefs and cognitive performance vary according to development in their conceptions of effort and ability, 120 fourth and sixth graders were given the following assessments: (a) a measure of agency beliefs, defined as the extent to which persons believe they have access to certain classes of potential means, including effort, ability, powerful others, and luck; (b) a battery of intelligence test scales, including figural patterns, letter series, arithmetic, and spelling; (c) an interview designed to assess developmental levels in conceptions of effort and ability. Correlations between intelligence scores and agency beliefs for effort decreased with increasing levels of reasoning about effort and ability, but correlations between intelligence scores and agency beliefs for ability increased with increasing levels of reasoning. No such trends were found in correlations between performance and agency beliefs for luck or for unknown causes. The results are discussed in terms of the interaction between individual differences and developmental change.

Aptitude↗
PubMed1982

Phonetic disintegration in a five-year-old following sudden hearing loss.

The speech of a five-year-old boy who suffered a profound hearing loss following meningitis was sampled at two-week intervals for nine months. Speech samples were subjected to phonetic transcription, spectrographic analysis, and intelligibility testing. Immediately post-trauma, the child displayed slightly slower, F0 elevated, acoustically intense speech in which phonemic distortion and syllabification of consonants occurred occasionally; single word intelligibility was depressed below normal between 20-30%. By the 18th week, a sudden decline in intelligibility, increasing monotony of pitch, and a pattern of strongly emphatic, prolonged, aspirated, syllabified, and increasingly distorted consonants were manifest. At year's end, the child's speech bore some resemblance to the speech of the deaf in terms of suprasegmentals, intonation, and intelligibility, but differed because the child rarely, if ever deleted speech sounds or diphthongized vowels strongly. It is speculated that phonetic processes such as diphthongization, syllabification, and prolonged duration may be strategies for enhancing feedback during speech.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1990

Testosterone and nonverbal intelligence in right-handed men and women.

The relationship between serum testosterone level and nonverbal intelligence was studied in right-handed young adults. Hand preference was assessed by the Edinburgh Handedness Inventory. Serum testosterone level was determined using tritium-marked-radioimmunoassay. Only in men, nonverbal intelligence (Cattell's Culture Fair Intelligence Test) was found to be significantly and directly related to serum testosterone levels. It was concluded that the serum testosterone in young adults is associated with nonverbal intelligence exhibiting fundamental differences between men and women.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Speech perception in children using the advanced Speak speech-processing strategy.

The Speak speech-processing strategy, developed by the University of Melbourne and commercialized by Cochlear Pty Limited for use in the new Spectra 22 speech processor, has been shown to provide improved speech perception for adults in both quiet and noisy situations. The present study evaluated the ability of children experienced in the use of the Multipeak (Mpeak) speech-processing strategy (implemented in the Nucleus Minisystem-22 cochlear implant) to adapt to and benefit from the advanced Speak speech-processing strategy (implemented in the Nucleus Spectra 22 speech processor). Twelve children were assessed using Mpeak and Speak over a period of 8 months. All of the children had over 1 year's previous experience with Mpeak, and all were able to score significantly on open-set word and sentence tests using the cochlear implant alone. Children were assessed with both live-voice and recorded speech materials, including Consonant-Nucleus-Consonant monosyllabic words and Speech Intelligibility Test sentences. Assessments were made in both quiet and in noise. Assessments were made at 3-week intervals to investigate the ability of the children to adapt to the new speech-processing strategy. For most of the children, a significant advantage was evident when using the Speak strategy as compared with Mpeak. For 4 of the children, there was no decrement in speech perception scores immediately following fitting with Speak. Eight of the children showed a small (10% to 20%) decrement in speech perception scores for between 3 and 6 weeks following the changeover to Speak. After 24 weeks' experience with Speak, 11 of the children had shown a steady increase in speech perception scores, with final Speak scores higher than for Mpeak. Only 1 child showed a significant decrement in speech perception with Speak, which did not recover to original Mpeak levels.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Phenotypic vs. genotypic sex and cognitive abilities.

As a test of whether sex differences in cognitive functioning are determined by chromosomal constitution or hormonal events, eight subjects whose phenotypic sex differed from their genotypic sex were given a standard intelligence test. The results indicated that differences between verbal and nonverbal abilities corresponded to phenotypic rather than genotypic sex. The roles of environmental factors, sex steroid hormones and alternate genetic mechanisms in determining intellectual dimorphisms are examined.

Chromosomes, Human↗
PubMed2003

Enhancing accuracy in observational test scoring: the comprehensive system as a case example.

Inaccuracies in administration and scoring can potentially compromise the validity of any standardized psychosocial measure. The threat is particularly pertinent to methods involving behavioral observation, a category that includes many intelligence tests, neuropsychological measures, personality assessment instruments, and diagnostic procedures. Despite evidence and conjecture that errors in testing procedure are common for at least some of these measures and that these errors are often severe enough to influence interpretation, the topic has received relatively little attention. In particular, the absence of any safeguard against inaccurate test use in clinical situations can put the respondent at risk and violates ethical standards for the use of tests. In this article, I review some issues surrounding accuracy in testing procedures, including a discussion of what is known about the problem, an evaluation of several approaches to improving testing practices, and a review of recommendations for the statistical evaluation of rater accuracy. In this article, I use the Rorschach Comprehensive System (Exner, 1993) to demonstrate the concepts discussed.

Ethics, Professional↗
PubMed1996

Adolescent mothers and their children: changes in maternal characteristics and child developmental and behavioral outcome at school age.

This study examines stability and change in characteristics of adolescent mothers from their child's infancy to school age, describes cognitive and behavioral characteristics of their children at school age, and reports on the relationship between maternal characteristics and child behavior and development at school age. Cognitive status and childrearing attitudes were assessed in 43 adolescent mothers (mean age 16.3 years) when their children were infants (Time 1) and again when children were school age (Time 2). At school age, mothers also completed the Louisville Behavior Checklist, and children were administered the Slosson Intelligence Test and the Wide Range Achievement Test. Significant correlations were obtained between maternal measures at Time 1 and Time 2, and no significant differences were observed between mean scores at Time 1 and Time 2 on any measures. Children demonstrated average intelligence, but mean achievement was almost 1 SD below average. Significantly more children had high scores than expected on scales for hyperactivity and academic disability. Except for maternal vocabulary, maternal measures obtained at Time 1 were not directly related to children's IQ or behavior problems. Maternal vocabulary and authoritarian and hostile childrearing attitudes assessed at Time 1 contributed independently to prediction of achievement test scores in a positive direction. Mothers' vocabulary at Time 2 and high or increased hostile childrearing attitudes contributed positively to prediction of child IQ. Mothers who still had high scores in authoritarian childrearing attitudes or whose scores increased had children with lower IQs. Changes in attitudes or contemporary measures of attitudes were also related to behavior problems at school age.

Achievement↗
PubMed1988

Effects of thallium poisoning on intellectual function.

A student of chemistry was treated for thallium poisoning. Seven months after his ingestion of thallium, intelligence tests were performed on the patient and his non-identical twin brother, who was of similar educational background. These indicated severe deterioration in intellectual function of the patient, particularly in memory and performance abilities. Tests 13 months after ingestion showed little general improvement.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Relation of hand skill to spatial reasoning in male and female left-handers with left- and right-hand writing.

The relation of mental ability for spatial reasoning (Cattell's Culture Fair Intelligence Test) to hand skill assessed by peg-moving task was studied in normal left-handers. Nonlinear, quadratic relationships were established between these two parameters exhibiting different characteristics according to sex and writing hand. It was concluded that the contributions of the right and left cerebral hemispheres to the cognitive-motor output of the brain depend on sex and writing hand as well as the degree of left-handedness in left-handers.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Auralization study of optimum reverberation times for speech intelligibility for normal and hearing-impaired listeners in classrooms with diffuse sound fields.

Speech-intelligibility tests auralized in a virtual classroom were used to investigate the optimal reverberation times for verbal communication for normal-hearing and hearing-impaired adults. The idealized classroom had simple geometry, uniform surface absorption, and an approximately diffuse sound field. It contained a speech source, a listener at a receiver position, and a noise source located at one of two positions. The relative output levels of the speech and noise sources were varied, along with the surface absorption and the corresponding reverberation time. The binaural impulse responses of the speech and noise sources in each classroom configuration were convolved with Modified Rhyme Test (MRT) and babble-noise signals. The resulting signals were presented to normal-hearing and hearing-impaired adult subjects to identify the configurations that gave the highest speech intelligibilities for the two groups. For both subject groups, when the speech source was closer to the listener than the noise source, the optimal reverberation time was zero. When the noise source was closer to the listener than the speech source, the optimal reverberation time included both zero and nonzero values. The results generally support previous theoretical results.

Acoustics↗