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PubMed1992

Possible effect of pigment on the pharmacokinetics of ofloxacin and its excretion in hair.

The mechanism of excretion of the antimicrobial ofloxacin in human scalp hair was investigated. When black and white hairs were taken from a patient with grizzled hair, who had been treated with ofloxacin, a much larger quantity of the drug was detected in the black hair. To study this difference and to elucidate the cause, ofloxacin (6, 20, and 60 mg/kg/day, b.i.d.) was administered ip for 5 weeks to albino and pigmented rats, whose backs had been depilated beforehand. In the last week of administration, the time-plasma concentration profile of ofloxacin was determined. One week after the last dosing, the newly grown hair on the depilated area was collected, and the drug concentration in hair was measured. The concentration in hair of the pigmented rats correlated significantly with the daily dose, area under the plasma concentration curve (AUC), and maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) at steady state, whereas that in the albino rats correlated with the dose and Cmax only, because AUC did not increase linearly with the dose in the albino rats. Moreover, the drug concentration in the hair of the pigmented rats was always much larger than that in the hair of the albino ones, although AUC and Cmax did not differ greatly between both rat groups. The findings suggest that ofloxacin is excreted in the hair in relation to the dose administered, and that the mechanism of the excretion is closely linked with the presence of melanin.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

The p53 codon 72 polymorphism, sunburns, and risk of skin cancer in US Caucasian women.

The p53 gene is involved in the control of cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis. The germline Arg72Pro polymorphism alters the protein's biochemical functions, and may confer individual susceptibility to skin cancer. We evaluated the association of the Arg72Pro polymorphism with skin cancer risk among Caucasians in a nested case-control study within the Nurses' Health Study (NHS) (219 melanoma, 286 squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), and 300 basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and 874 controls). Compared to the Arg/Arg genotype, the Pro/Pro genotype had an OR of 1.57 (95%CI, 0.81-3.06) for melanoma risk, and an OR of 1.79 (95%CI, 1.01-3.17) for BCC risk. The positive association of the Pro allele with BCC risk was only limited to women with two or fewer lifetime sunburns (P, trend, 0.002; P, interaction, 0.02). No association was observed between the polymorphism and SCC risk. We also observed that the Pro allele was inversely associated with the risk of childhood sunburn among Caucasian participants pooled from four nested case-control studies within the NHS. This study suggests that the Arg72Pro polymorphism may play a role in skin carcinogenesis.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Case-control study of prostatic cancer in Kyoto, Japan: demographic and some lifestyle risk factors.

Demographic risk factors for prostatic cancer were examined in a case-control study of 100 triplets of prostatic cancer patients and age-, hospital-, and admission date-matched control series of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) patients and general hospital patients. A higher risk of prostatic cancer was associated with the following factors: 1) long-term occupation in transport or communication (relative risk [RR] = 4.92, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.18-20.5) as compared with hospital controls; 2) the wife having a lower educational level (RR = 1.88, 95%CI: 1.02-3.45) as compared with hospital controls; 3) no past episode of hypertension as compared with BPH controls (RR = 2.30, 95%CI: 1.27-4.15); 4) having several sisters (more than four) as compared with both BPH and hospital controls (RR = 3.82, 95%CI: 1.35-10.8 and RR = 2.94, 95%CI: 1.08-8.03 respectively); 5) dense body hair as compared with hospital controls (RR = 4.28, 95%CI: 1.19-15.4). No significant links were found with blood type, daily drug use, head hair, skin color, body type, smoking habits, religion, body weight, and mental characteristics.

Aged↗
PubMed1997

Molecular cloning and analysis of novel cDNAs specifically expressed in adult mouse testes.

In an effort to examine the molecular basis of spermatogenesis, we isolated two types of novel cDNA clones specifically expressed in mouse testes. Type A cDNA (2,071 nucleotides) is predicted to encode 347 amino acid residues, whereas type B cDNA (1,536 nucleotides) has a deletion of 535 bp from nucleotides 1,206 to 1,740 of type A cDNA, probably due to alternative splicing. This deletion causes a frame shift of the putative open reading frame at the C-terminal portion of type A cDNA to encode 366 amino acid residues. Northern blot analysis using adult ICR organs demonstrated that both types of mRNAs were specifically expressed in testis, although type B mRNA was more abundant than type A mRNA. RT-PCR analysis revealed that these two mRNAs were also expressed in immature testes at 1, 5, 11, 16 and 24 days after birth. In situ hybridization analysis of adult ICR testes demonstrated that these two mRNAs were expressed in spermatogonia, Sertoli cells and Leydig cells. In the W/ WV mouse testis which lacks c-kit activity and spermatogonia, but contains Sertoli and Leydig cells, both mRNAs were found to be expressed in the latter two types of cells. We therefore termed these novel clones tsec-1, testis-specifically expressed cDNAs-1. The protein products of tsec-1 may play an important role in mammalian spermatogenesis.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1999

Loss of function mutations of the human melanocortin 1 receptor are common and are associated with red hair.

The melanocortin 1 receptor is a G-protein-coupled receptor that acts as a control point for control of the eumelanin/phaeomelanin ratio in mouse hair. MC1 receptor loss of function mutations lead to an increase in the ratio of phaeomelanin/eumelanin in many mammals resulting in yellow or red coat colours. We have previously shown that several common point mutations in the human MC1 receptor are overrepresented in North European redheads and in individuals with pale skin. In order to determine the functional significance of these changes we have carried out transfection and binding studies. Expression of the Val60Leu, Arg142His, Arg151Cys, Arg160Trp, and Asp294His receptors in COS 1 cells revealed that these receptors were unable to stimulate cAMP production as strongly as the wild type receptor in response to alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone stimulation. None of the mutant receptors displayed complete loss of alphaMSH binding, with only the Arg142His and Asp294His displaying a slight reduction in binding affinity.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2001

Intracellular transport of MHC class II and associated invariant chain in antigen presenting cells from AP-3-deficient mocha mice.

MHC class II-restricted antigen presentation requires trafficking of newly synthesized class II-invariant chain complexes from the trans-Golgi network to endosomal, peptide-loading compartments. This transport is mediated by dileucine-like motifs within the cytosolic tail of the invariant chain. Although these signals have been well characterized, the cytosolic proteins that interact with these dileucine signals and mediate Golgi sorting and endosomal transport have not been identified. Recently, an adaptor complex, AP-3, has been identified that interacts with dileucine motifs and mediates endosomal/lysosomal transport in yeast, Drosophila, and mammals. In this report, we have assessed class II-invariant chain trafficking in a strain of mice (mocha) which lacks expression of AP-3. Our studies demonstrate that the lack of AP-3 does not affect the kinetics of invariant chain degradation, the route of class II-invariant chain transport, or the rate and extent of class II-peptide binding as assessed by the generation of SDS-stable dimers. The possible role of other known or unknown adaptor complexes in class II-invariant chain transport is discussed.

Adaptor Proteins, Vesicular Transport↗
PubMed1997

Comparative mapping in the beige-satin region of mouse chromosome 13.

The proximal end of mouse chromosome (Chr) 13 contains regions conserved on human chromosomes 1q42-q44, 6p23-p21, and 7p22-p13. This region also contains mutations that may be models for human disease, including beige (human Chediak-Higashi syndrome). An interspecific backcross of SB/Le and Mus spretus mice was used to generate a molecular genetic linkage map of mouse chromosome 13 with an emphasis on the proximal region including beige (bg) and satin (sa). This map provides the gene order of the two phenotypic markers bg and sa relative to restriction fragment length polymorphisms and simple sequence length polymorphisms in 131 backcross animals. In parallel, we have created a physical map of the region using Nidogen (Nid) as a molecular starting point for cloning a YAC contig that was used to identify the beige gene. The physical map provides the fine-structure order of genes and anonymous DNA fragments that was not resolved by the genetic linkage mapping. The results show that the bg region of mouse Chr 13 is highly conserved on human Chr 1q42-q44 and provide a starting point for a complete functional analysis of the entire bg-sa interval.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

The gene mutated in cocoa mice, carrying a defect of organelle biogenesis, is a homologue of the human Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome-3 gene.

Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome (HPS) is a group of human disorders of organelle biogenesis characterized by defective synthesis of melanosomes, lysosomes, and platelet dense granules. In the mouse, at least 15 loci are associated with mutant phenotypes similar to human HPS. We have identified the gene mutated in cocoa (coa) mice, which is associated with an HPS-like mutant phenotype and thus represents a strong candidate for human HPS. Analysis of coa-mutant mice and cultured coa-mutant mouse melanocytes indicates that the normal coa gene product is involved in early stages of melanosome biogenesis and maturation.

Alleles↗
PubMed2002

Effects of the "beauty is good" stereotype on children's information processing.

The authors tested schematic information processing as a function of attractiveness stereotyping in two studies. An adult experimenter read children (ages 3 to 7 years) eight different stories in which a child narrator encountered two characters who varied in level of attractiveness and displayed positive or negative traits that were either consistent or inconsistent with the "beauty is good" stereotype. Following the story, the experimenter showed each child a photograph of the two characters' faces and asked the child to point to the character who displayed the positive trait. In Experiment 1, children made more errors in identifying female characters with stereotype inconsistent traits but did just the opposite with male characters. Experiment 2 replicated the findings with female characters but found no difference in errors with male characters. The findings have implications for how attractiveness and gender stereotypes affect children's information processing, how attractiveness schemata may be organized, and why physical attractiveness stereotypes are maintained.

Beauty↗
PubMed1999

Correlation between tryptophan and hair pigmentation in human hair.

The concentration of tryptophan in human hair of various colours is determined in order to study their correlation with hair pigmentation. The mean levels of this amino acid in hair samples are higher in men than in women. Therefore, sex influences the content of tryptophan in human hair. In addition, age influences the distribution, the highest levels are observed in the 1-5 year age-group and in ageing subjects in the groups up to 61-80 years in both sexes. The hair samples subdivided, according the colour, into blond, dark blond, red, light brown, brown, black, grey, and white demonstrate that in both sexes the concentrations of tryptophan are higher in brown and black hair than in blond hair. However, the tryptophan levels are highest in grey and white hair, showing that tryptophan accumulates among hair fibres with age. Therefore, there is a correlation between tryptophan content and hair pigmentation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

An extreme allele of hooded spotting in the Norway rat.

A new allele (he) of hooded white spotting is described. The typical homozygous phenotype is an almost or completely white rat. The almost white animals have variable coloured spots on the sides of the head, usually around or above the eyes or covering the ears. Superficially, the eyes are dark but careful examination shows that pupil glows a dull red in bright illumination in all or the majority of individuals.

Alleles↗
PubMed1989

Inheritance of coat colour in the Anatolian shepherd dog.

The predominant colour of the Anatolian Shepherd dog varies from a dark fawn to light red, with a variable black muzzle and face (mask). Evidence is presented that the colour is due to the dominant yellow allele (Ay) of the agouti locus. Two other frequent colours are white spotting, due to the piebald allele (sp), and the chinchilla allele (ch). Two rarer colours are the agouti wolf-grey wild type (A+) and a light fawn with a blue facial mask, due to the dilution allele (d).

Alleles↗
PubMed1988

Inheritance of colour and coat in the Belgian Shepherd dog.

The several colours and coats of the Belgian Shepherd dog are shown to be due primary to combinations of the following genes: dominant black (As), dominant yellow (Ay), chinchilla (ch), long hair (l) and wire hair (Wh). The gene for black and tan (at) is or has been present in the breed. All of the dominant yellow dogs exhibit a black facial mask and extensive suffusion of black guard hairs on the body.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Synergistic action of white spotting genes in the Syrian hamster (Rodentia, Cricetidae).

The phenotypic interaction of three mutant genes Ba, Ds and Wh are quantitatively analysed for proportion of white areas in the coat. Each of the genes individually induces a characteristic amount of white spotting which is synergistically enhanced in combination. So much so, that the genotypes Ba+Ds+Wh+ has an almost or completely white coat.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1977

[Demonstration of air inclusions in human hair by light and UV microscopy (author's transl)].

Cranial hairs of 47 randomly selected probands were examined for the presence of air inclusions by conventional light microscopy and by short-wave ultraviolet-light microscopy. The air inclusions seen in UV light stand out as brightly luminous regions against the surrounding hair substance. Two sorts of air inclusions were observed-strips-like or cleft-like regions running parallel to the longitudinal axis localized inthe cortex of the hair and air containing pores on the hair surface. The presence and amount of the air inclusions is independent of the hair colour.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Uncrossed retinal projections to the accessory optic nuclei in rabbits and cats.

Retinal projections to the accessory optic nuclei of rabbits and cats were demonstrated with standard autoradiographic techniques following intraocular injections of [35S]methionine and [3H]proline. In the pigmented rabbit, albino rabbit, normally pigmented domestic cat and Siamese cat the medial, lateral and dorsal terminal nuclei (MTN, LTN, and DTN, respectively) of the accessory optic system were densely labelled on the side contralateral to the injected eye. An ipsilateral projection, while clearly present in all but the Siamese cat, varied in the number of nuclei involved. In the albino rabbit, the ipsilateral projection ended in the MTN, while in the pigmented rabbit, it ended in the MTN, LTN and DTN, and in the normally pigmented domestic cat it ended in the MTN and LTN. These results indicate that the accessory optic system in rabbits and cats is more extensive than previously reported and that differences exist in the accessory optic system which may be related to genetic differences in normally pigmented and hypopigmented animals.

Animals↗