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PubMed2000

Hyperosmotic hemolysis and antihemolytic activity of the saponin fraction and triterpene glycosides from Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer.

A saponin fraction and triterpene glycosides Rb1, Rb2 and Rg1 from Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer (saponins) were shown to inhibit the hyperosmotic hemolysis of erythrocytes. Using scanning electron microscopy and light scattering, saponins were found to restore the shape of the cells by inhibiting their contraction and the formation of echinocytes and microspherocytes. Scanning microcalorimetry demonstrated that an increase in osmomolarity and ionic strength of the medium eliminated structural transitions of erythrocyte ghost membranes. The hyperosmotic conditions were shown to cause the destruction of the erythrocyte membrane skeleton, except for the cytoplasmic and membrane domains of band 3 proteins. Saponins changed the parameters of all membrane structural transitions, induced new reversible transitions in the membranes and eliminated the ripple phase of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine. The mechanism of the antihemolytic action is discussed based on the bilayer couple model hypothesis.

Erythrocytes↗
PubMed2001

[Immunotropic activity of panaxans--bioglycans isolated from ginseng].

Immunomodulating activity of panaxanes--polysaccharides isolated from the roots and culture of Panax ginseng was studied. Effects of both preparations were analogous. Profilaxy use of panaxanes provided increased resistance to coli-sepsis in mice, increased neutrophiles and macrophages phagocytosis, stimulated humoral and cell immune factors and induced important regulating cytokins--interferone gamma and tumor necrosis factor.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗
PubMed1999

[Potentiated effects of total saponins of Panax Ginseng on inhibition of leukemic cells by cytotoxic drugs].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the potentiated effects of total saponins of Panax Ginseng (TSPG) on inhibition of leukemic progenitor cells by cytotoxic drugs in acute myelocytic leukemia. METHODS: Using bone marrow culture of colony forming unite-acute myeloid leukemia (CFU-AML) method, the sensitivity of leukemic cells obtained from 18 patients to homoharringtonin (HHr), cytarabine (Ara), adriamycin (Adr) and etoposide (VP-16) were detected separately. RESULTS: TSPG alone (20 micrograms/ml) could stimulate proliferation of CFU-AML obviously, and increase the colony numbers by 37.98% over the non-TSPG control (P < 0.01). In the presence of TSPG, the inhibition rates of CFU-AML of HHr, Ara, Adr and VP-16 were 51.2%-62.0% respectively, which were significantly higher than 30.4%-47.4% of non-TSPG control (all P < 0.01). In the combination of TSPG with cytotoxic drugs, the leukemic progenitor cells became more sensitive to cytotoxic drugs, CFU-AML colony numbers at 1.84-2.23 fold as more as those of non-TSPG control were inhibited by HHr, Ara, Adr and VP-16. Sensitivity test of 17 among 72 drugs reversed from resistant (suppression rate less than 30%) to sensitive (suppression rate more than 30%) by TSPG. CONCLUSIONS: TSPG could drive non-cycling leukemic progenitors to enter cell cycle, and thereby enhance their susceptibility to cytotoxic drugs.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Comparative study of cytotoxic and hemolytic effects of triterpenoids isolated from Ginseng and Sea cucumber].

Specific features of cytotoxic (against tumor cells), hemolytic, and liposomal (effect on permeability) activities of triterpenoids isolated from sea cucumbers and ginseng roots were studied. It was shown that oleanolic acid, protopanaxatriol, and protopanaxadiol at 5 to 20 micrograms/ml inhibited the growth of tumor cells, while at doses up to 100 micrograms/ml, they did not induce hemolysis or changes in liposome permeability. Monoglucosides of protopanaxadiol, Rh2, Rg3, and substance K exerted moderate cytotoxic and membrane activities. The membrane sensitivity to these glucosides was inversely proportional to the membrane content of cholesterol. The cytotoxicity of the protopanaxadiol-active glycosides increased with a decrease of pH of the medium. All studied glycosides did not affect the cell and model lipid membranes. The activity of the oleanolic acid glycoside, ginsenoside Z-R1, depended to a great extent on the pH of the medium. The decrease of pH from 7.4 to 5.6 increased the membranolytic activities by more than one order of magnitude. Glycosides from sea cucumbers, echinosides A and B, holothurins A and B, holotoxin A1, and cucumarioside G1, had very high cytotoxic and liposomal activities. Addition of cholesterol to cell membranes enhanced the cytotoxic effects of these glycosides. The ginsenosides with two carbohydrate moieties (bisdesmosides), as well as all the panaxatriol glycosides we studied did not exhibit cytotoxic activities against tumor cells or alter the permeability of model lipid and lipid-sterol membranes. The triterpenoids studied were classified into four categories in accordance with their membranotropic activities. A possible protective role of these glycosides in the organism-producent is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

The Isolation and Structure Characterization of the Active Oligosaccharide DP-6 from Cultured Panax ginseng Cells.

The oligosaccharins isolated from acid-hydrolyzed cultured cells of Panax ginseng are a mixture of DP-3 to 12. The samples were passed through an active carbon column, a Dowex (H(+)) column, and a Bio-Gel P-2 column to obtain oligosaccharides DP-6, 7 and 8. They were finally separated by HPLC and the DP-6 oligosaccharide was obtained. Experiments showed that it could increase the growth rate of many cultured plant cells. Its structure was characterized by GC, GC-MS, FAB(-)-MS and (13)C-NMR measurements.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2002

Effect of Korea red ginseng on cerebral blood flow and superoxide production.

AIM: To investigate the effects of Korea red ginseng (KRG) on the cerebral perfusion rate in the rats and the generation of superoxide anion in the endothelial cells. METHODS: The cerebral perfusion rate was measured using laser-doppler flowmetry before and after the administration of crude saponin (CS) and saponin-free fraction (SFF) of KRG in the anesthetized rats. The superoxide generation was measured by the method based on lucigenin-enhanced chemiluminescence in the cultured endothelial cells. RESULTS: The relative cerebral perfusion rate (rCBF) was significantly increased by the intraperitoneal injection of CS (100 mg/kg) in the rats, but SFF had no effect on the rCBF. Chronic treatment with CS for 7 d significantly inhibited the decrease of forebrain cerebral blood flow induced by clamping both carotid arteries in the rats. Furthermore, CS (0.1 g/L) significantly suppressed NADPH-induced superoxide generation in the human umbilical vein endothelial cells (P <0.01). CONCLUSION: The present study demonstrated that crude saponin fraction of KRG enhanced cerebral blood flow in rats. Furthermore, crude saponin fraction of KRG abrogated the NADPH-driven superoxide generation in endothelial cells.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Hypoglycemic activity of ginseng glycopeptide.

AIM: To study the hypoglycemic activity of ginseng glycopeptide (GGP). METHODS: Normal mice or rabbits and alloxan or streptozotocin-induced hyperglycemic rats or mice were used in the study. Blood glucose and liver glycogen levels of the experimental animals during the trial period were analyzed by spectrophotometry with O-toluidine and iodine reagents, respectively. RESULTS: Significant decreases in blood glucose and liver glycogen levels were induced in a dose-dependent manner after administration of GGP 50, 100, or 200 mg/kg injected ip or sc to normal mice and injected im 30 or 60 mg/kg to normal rabbits. The hypoglycemic activity of GGP lasted for about 16 h, and were examined in both normal animals and hyperglycemic animals. CONCLUSION: GGP injection induced the pronounced decreases in blood glucose and liver glycogen levels in both normal and hyperglycemic animals.

Alloxan↗
PubMed2003

Hypoglycemic mechanism of ginseng glycopeptide.

AIM: To study the hypoglycemic mechanism of ginseng glycopeptide (GGP). METHODS: After administration of GGP, the levels of insulin, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), lactic acid (LC), and oxygen consumption, as well as blood glucose (BG) and liver glycogen (LG) were measured. Based on these measurement results, the effects of GGP on insulin secretion and anaerobic/aerobic glycolysis were evaluated. Adenylate cyclase (AC) activity and cAMP level were measured to study the effects of GGP on BG and LG metabolism and to determine whether the effects were through second transmitting message system. Propranolol (beta-receptor antagonist) and phentolamine (alpha-receptor antagonist) were used to investigate whether hypoglycemic activity of GGP was through beta- or alpha-adrenoceptor. [3H]DHA (antagonist of beta-adrenoceptor) was used to determine GGP binding affinity to beta-adrenoceptor. Citrate synthetase (CTS), succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), malate dehydrogenase (MDH), and cytochrome oxidase (CCO) activities were measured to explore GGP effects on aerobic glycolysis in liver mitochondria. Phosphorylase (PP) activity was measured to study GGP effects on liver glycogen metabolism. RESULTS: cAMP content and AC activity were increased when BG and LG contents in liver of mice decreased. The decrease in liver glycogen induced by GGP was inhibited by pretreatment with propranolol. Radioligand receptor assay showed that GGP was competing in vitro with [3H]DHA to bind to beta-adrenoceptor of duck erythrocyte membrane, and IC50 of GGP was 63 nmol/L. GGP inhibited LDH activity at an appropriate dosage, at which contents of BG and LG could be effectively lowered. GGP also stimulated activities of SDH, MDH, CCO, CTS, and PP. CONCLUSION: The hypoglycemic activity of GGP may be attributed to the enhancement of aerobic glycolysis through stimulation of beta-adrenoceptor and increase of various rate-limiting enzyme activities related to tricarboxylic acid cycle.

Adrenergic beta-Agonists↗
PubMed2003

Induction of hemopoiesis by saenghyuldan, a mixture of Ginseng radix, Paeoniae radix alba, and Hominis placenta extracts.

AIM: To examine the efficacy of saenghyuldan and its components, Ginseng Radix, Paeoniae Radix Alba, and Hominis Placenta extracts (SHD, GR, PRA, and HP, respectively) on the hemopoiesis in a myelosuppression model system. METHODS: Susceptibility to cyclophosphamide (CP) and S180 carcinoma was determined in SHD, GR, PRA, and HP-treated mice. Analysis of peripheral blood and bone marrow cells was demonstrated by changes in cell types and histopathologic examination. The expression of cytokine mRNAs involved in hemopoiesis was examined by RT-PCR. RESULTS: SHD and its separated components (GR, HP, and PRA, respectively) significantly increased the survival in CP- and S180-treated mice. The hematology data demonstrated that all the agents augmented monocyte and leucocyte counts in the peripheral blood and increased bone marrow density and the ratio of leukocyte to erythrocyte in the bone marrow. These findings were positively correlated with the up-regulation of cytokine mRNA expression such as granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), erythropoietin (EPO), thrombopoietin (TPO), stem cell factor (SCF), and c-Kit. CONCLUSION: SHD is an effective remedy for the bone marrow failure and myelosuppression occurring during chemotherapy.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

[Regulation of fungal elicitors on the cell growth and biosynthesis of saponin of Panax ginseng cell suspension culture].

Adding fungal elicitors to the Panax ginseng cell suspension cultures, the biosynthesis of saponin was obviously induced, the total productivity of saponin in cultures could increase more than 30% of the control. During elicitation, the accumulation patterns of saponin in suspension cultured cells were changed, the culture time for maximum biosynthesis of saponin was shortened 2-4 days comparing with that of the control, and about 80% of biosynthetic saponin in elicited cells was secreted into medium, meanwhile the uptake for sucrose in medium of cells was enhanced, and the disturbing of pH in medium was observed, which predicated that an ion exchange occurred between elicited cells and medium.

Cells, Cultured↗
PubMed2000

[Effect of raw radish on pharmacological action of ginseng].

Ginseng decoction can increase the memory-improvement, weary-resistance, antihypoxia, sedation in mice, and increase the weight of spleen and accessory sexual gland, but reduce the weight of thymus. Raw radish can decrease these pharmacological effects in varying degrees, except the sedation.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

[Clinical observation on nasopharyngeal carcinoma treated with combined therapy of radiotherapy and ginseng polysaccharide injection].

OBJECTIVE: To observe the effect of radiotherapy (RT) combined with Ginseng polysaccharide (GSP) injection in treating nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) and its influence on immune function. METHODS: One hundred and thirty-one NPC patients were randomly divided into two groups, 64 cases in the RT-GSP group treated with RT-GSP and 67 in the control group treated with conventional therapy, to observe the local cancer remission rate, 1-year total survival rate, no tumor survival rate and no remote metastasis survival rate. Moreover, the changes of T-lymphocyte subsets, natural killer (NK) cell activity and lymphocyte activated killer (LAK) cell activity before and after treatment were observed. RESULTS: Clinical examination conducted 3 months after treatment showed that the complete remission rete in the RT-GSP group was 96.6%, and in the control group 93.3%, the complete remission rate of cervical node metastatic tumor in the two groups was 85.7% and 78.0% respectively, and the NPC CT remission rate 60.3% and 51.7% respectively. Re-examination carried out 1 year after RT treatment showed that the total survival rate in the two groups was 100% and 96.5%, no tumor survival rate 84.4% and 74.6%, and no remote metastasis survival rate was 93.8% and 88.1% respectively. The activity of NK cell and LAK cell as well as T3, T4 value in peripheral blood increased significantly in the RT-GSP group (all P < 0.05) after treatment, while in the control group, activity of NK cell and LAK cell changed insignificantly after treatment, and T3, T4 value lowered significantly (P < 0.05). No toxic-adverse reaction of GSP was found. CONCLUSION: GSP has certain improving immune function effect in NPC patients during RT, it could also eliminate the occurred adverse reaction to RT and the general condition of patients.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

[Study on effect of air-adjustment storing ginseng].

The research of air-adjustment storing ginseng shows that when the concentration of CO2 is above 50% and the concentration of O2 is under 5%, all adults will die in four days; all eggs and larvas will die in fifteen days. During the year of using this method air-adjustment, no vermins and mould have been found.

Air↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Effect of extractive substances and total glycoside fraction from Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer on root growth of Cucumis sativus L. seedlings].

We studied the effect of extractive substances (ES) and total glycoside fraction (TGF) from Panax ginseng on plant cell growth. The seeds of cucumber Cucumis sativus L., KIT variety, were used for the biological assay. The tested substances inhibited the primary root growth in Cucumis sativus seedlings. Actively growing seedlings were most sensitive to this effect.

Cucumis sativus↗
PubMed2003

[Determination of Pb in import ginseng by microwave-digestion graphite-furnace atomic absorption spectrometry].

The determination of lead in import ginseng was studied, where microwave assimilation offers a quick, safe and accurate approach with little pollution compared to conventional methods. In the measurements graphite-furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS) was used with the advantages of high sensitivity, high speed and little wastage. The microwave assimilation was programed, the mixed acid was analyzed, the problem of the effect of final assimilating liquid on the inspection results was solved, and the inspection conditions of GFAAS were studied. Based on the many experimental results, the suitable incinerating temperature and atomizing temperature were chosen, and the final graphite-furnace temperature-rising program was determined. This method shows a linear range of 0-100 micrograms.L-1, a determination limit of 2.80 micrograms.L-1, a relative standard deviation of 0.91% and a recovery of 98.13%. The precision and accuracy are satisfying.

Drug Contamination↗
PubMed1992

[Thin layer chromatographic studies on radix Ginseng, fructus Schisandrae and radix Salviae miltiorrhizae in yixinfumai granules].

The main constituents of Radix Ginseng, Fructus Schisandrae and Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae in Yixinfumai Granules were studied by TLC. It was found that ginsenoside got hydrolyzed while the drugs were being boiled together. The main constituents of Fructus Schisandrae were schizandrol A and B; and those of Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae were tanshinone and protocatechuic aldehyde.

Chromatography, Thin Layer↗
PubMed2003

[Experimental study on expression of GM-CSF from human endothelial cells and monocytes induced by total saponins of panax ginseng].

OBJECTIVE: To study the effect of total saponins of Panax ginseng (TSPG) on the expression of granulocytemacrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) from human endothelial cells and monocytes and the relationship between TSPG and human granulocytopoiesis and monocytopoiesis modulation. METHODS: Adopting the hematopoietic progenitor cells culture in vitro, hematopoietic growth factor biological assay, immunocytochemistry and nucleic acid in situ hybridization, the GM-CSF expression in the endothelial cells and monocytes were detected. RESULTS: The conditioned cultural media of endothelial and monocytes induced and prepared by TSPG, could significantly promote the proliferation and differentiation of human colony forming unit-granulocyte macrophage (CFU-GM), and enhance the protein and mRNA expression of GM-CSF in endothelial cells and monocytes. CONCLUSION: TSPG could possibly through direct or indirect route, promote hematopoietic, induce endothelial cells and monocytes in the microenvironment to synthetize and secrete GM-CSF, so as to further promote the proliferation and differentiation of human CFU-GM.

Bone Marrow Cells↗