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At least 955 records · Page 53Linked to original sources
PubMed1990

Investigation of the vertical hoof force distribution in the equine forelimb with an instrumented horseboot.

A greater knowledge of the biomechanics is necessary in equine orthopaedics, therapeutics, farriery and for the selection of athletic horses. The purpose of this study was to determine the normal distribution of the vertical component of the hoof force using a measuring boot. The measurements were carried out using 20 sound horses walking and trotting on a straight hard track. A force measuring horseshoe, attached to the foot with a boot, provided continuous recording of vertical forces at four locations on the hoof. For each measuring location, a computer program produced curves and calculated gait and force parameters. The position of the resultant force moved cranially during the stance phase. The vertical component was not distributed uniformly over the whole hoof surface. Thus the mechanical loading was greater in the caudal area than in the cranial area, especially after the foot impact on the ground. It was concluded that the heels and the quarters seemed to take a prominent part in dampening concussion and supporting bodyweight. More investigations are necessary to establish the relationships between the two functions and the frequent pathology of the caudal region of the foot.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Tendon strain in the forelimbs as a function of gait and ground characteristics and in vitro limb loading in ponies.

Strains in the tendons of the m. flexor digitalis superficialis (superficial digital flexor, SDFT) and m. flexor digitalis profundus (deep digital flexor, DDFT) tendons, the accessory ligament of the deep digital flexor muscle (inferior check ligament, ICL) and the m. interosseus medius (suspensory ligament, SL) of 5 ponies were recorded at the walk and trot using mercury-in-silastic strain gauges (MISS), on a hard surface (brick pavement) and on sand. The horses were shod with normal, flat shoes. On pavement, strain in the SDFT, DDFT and SL increased significantly from the walk (2.19%, 1.15% and 3.36%, respectively) to the trot (4.15%, 1.70% and 5.78%, respectively), but that in the ICL did not change significantly (5.36% at the walk, 4.88% at the trot). Strains in the ICL and SL were higher on pavement than on sand (P < 0.1) and strains in the SDFT and DDFT were not significantly different. Tendon strain in the SDFT and SL, but not in the ICL and DDFT, increased (P < 0.1) in a pony at the walk on pavement with a rider. Post mortem loading of the same instrumented limbs revealed that the metacarpophalangeal joint could be further extended when the elbow joint was extended. The in vitro tendon strain was different from that in vivo, implying that results from in vitro limb loading tests have only limited value for assessing tendon functioning in vivo.

Aging↗
PubMed1999

Nerve block and intra-articular anaesthesia of the forelimb in the sound horse.

Nerve blocks and intra-articular anaesthesia are used extensively as routine methods in lameness evaluation. The method is based on the assumption that the technique itself does not change the movement pattern. The aim of this study was to carry out a quantitative kinematic study to confirm or reject the hypothesis that high palmar digital nerve block (HPDN) and intra-articular fetlock joint anaesthesia (IAF) influence significantly the movement pattern of the horse. Seven Standardbred horses trotting at 4.5 m/s were recorded at 240 Hz on a treadmill before and after anaesthesia by use of a ProReflex video system. Time variables, segment and joint angles were calculated. The high palmar digital nerve block (HPDN) resulted in a longer stance time and caused a greater fetlock joint angle range and greater maximal pastern joint angle. No systematic differences in time and angle variables were observed after intra-articular fetlock joint anaesthesia (IAF). In conclusion, HPDN but not IAF affects locomotor pattern in sound horses. Distal limb proprioception is important in normal movement, while fetlock intra-articular proprioception is apparently not. Interpretation of the effect of HPDN in lame individuals should incorporate more variables than maximal overextension of the fetlock joint.

Anesthesia↗
PubMed1989

Pattern of monosynaptic Ia connections in the cat forelimb.

1. In anaesthetized cats intracellular records were obtained from antidromically identified motoneurones. The motor nuclei to the elbow extensor and flexor muscles and to the muscles innervated by the deep radial, ulnar and median nerves were investigated. The maximum Ia EPSPs from electrical stimulation of various peripheral nerves were measured. The characteristic convergence and projection patterns to each motor nucleus were established from pooled data. 2. The total aggregates of the Ia EPSPs between the different motor nuclei ranged from 3.5 to 11.7 mV. The smallest aggregates were found in the nuclei to the digit muscles. The ratio of the heteronymous versus homonymous EPSP amplitudes varied between 3.9 and 0.5. A general rule which would govern the distribution of the EPSP aggregates, such as a proximo-distal gradient, was not observed. 3. The Ia connections followed a complex but highly organized pattern. Bidirectional and unidirectional pathways were present. In many cases the convergence pattern of a motor nucleus included muscles acting at different joints. The connections of one nucleus were not necessarily restricted to one side of the limb, but could cross the radio-ulnar plane. 4. Muscles with similar actions onto the same joint were interconnected with bidirectional, rather balanced Ia pathways. Such relations were also present between close functional synergists and then often extended across several joints. The relations between the anatomical extensors of wrist and digits were graded according to the neighbourhood of these muscles. It is suggested that this reflects the graded mechanical synergism in the wrist action of these muscles. 5. A large number of unidirectional or strongly skewed bidirectional Ia pathways project from proximal to distal muscles. It is suggested that they may serve a readjustment of distal joints during changes in the position of proximal ones (e.g. stabilization of the position of the radio-ulnar plane during elbow extension in case of the undirectional projections onto supinator and abductor pollicis longus motoneurones). 6. The motor nuclei to some multifunctional muscles display a negative correlation between different heteronymous Ia inputs: motoneurones with a large input from one muscle show a significant tendency to receive a smaller input from another muscle and vice versa. This organization leads to subpopulations of neurones with different convergence patterns within the same motor nucleus. 7. Motor nuclei with bidirectional Ia relations between each other displayed similar convergence and projection patterns. They were combined into 'Ia synergistic groups.' One motor nucleus may belong to several groups.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Evaluation of the analgesic effect of lidocaine and bupivacaine used to provide a brachial plexus block for forelimb surgery in 10 dogs.

Twenty adult dogs weighing between 1.4 and 53.5 kg and aged between six months and nine years were anaesthetised and the brachial plexus was localised with the aid of a nerve stimulator. In 10 of the dogs a brachial plexus block was induced with a mixture of lidocaine and bupivacaine and the other 10 each received 0.25 ml/kg saline as a control. The end-tidal isoflurane concentration was maintained between 1.3 and 1.4 per cent during surgery for carpal arthrodesis or a fracture of the radius or ulna. Acute heart rate or blood pressure increases of 20 per cent or more were treated with 1 microg/kg fentanyl intravenously. Postoperatively, signs of pain were scored by a single blinded observer at hourly intervals until eight hours after the block had been induced, on a scale from 0 to 18. Dogs with pain scores above 5 received 0.1 to 0.2 mg/kg methadone intravenously, repeated as necessary. During surgery the control dogs received significantly more fentanyl (median 0.05 microg/kg/minute, range 0.02 to 0.20 microg/kg/minute) than the group given local anaesthetic (median 0 microg/kg/minute, range 0 to 0.02 microg/kg/minute). Postoperatively, the control group required significantly more methadone (median 0.2 mg/kg, range 0.1 to 1 mg/kg) than the treated group (median 0 mg/kg, range 0 to 0.13 mg/kg).

Analgesia↗
PubMed1987

Cell cycle controls and the role of nerves and the regenerate epithelium in urodele forelimb regeneration: possible modifications of basic concepts.

Data from pulse and continuous labeling with [3H]thymidine and from studies with monoclonal antibody WE3 have led to the modification of existing models and established concepts pertinent to understanding limb regeneration. Not all cells of the adult newt blastema are randomly distributed and actively progressing through the cell cycle. Instead, many cells are in a position that we have designated transient quiescence (TQ) and are not actively cycling. We postulate that cells regularly leave the TQ population and enter the actively cycling population and vice versa. The size of the TQ population may be at least partly determined by the quantity of limb innervation. Larval Ambystoma may have only a small or nonexisting TQ, thus accounting for their rapid rate of regeneration. Examination of reactivity of monoclonal antibody WE3 suggests that the early wound epithelium, which is derived from skin epidermis, is later replaced by cells from skin glands concomitant with blastema formation. WE3 provides a useful tool to further investigate the regenerate epithelium.

Animals↗