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At least 955 records · Page 53Linked to original sources
PubMed1988

Percutaneous absorption of cis- and trans-permethrin in rhesus monkeys and rats: anatomic site and interspecies variation.

Dermal absorption of cis- and trans-permethrin isomers was determined in rhesus monkeys and Sprague-Dawley rats. Four 14C radiolabels were used (cis alcohol, cis cyclopropyl, trans alcohol, and trans cyclopropyl). One microcurie of each radiolabel was applied to either the forehead or forearm of rhesus monkeys or to the midlumbosacral region of the rat. Urine was collected for 7 or 14 d. Correction factors for incomplete urine excretion were derived from measurements of radiolabel in the urine following im injection of an equivalent dose. It was noted that the total im dose recovered in the urine of both species was lower for the cis isomer than for the trans isomer. There was no significant difference between the dermal absorption of the cis isomer and that of the trans isomer in monkeys. The forehead, however, was more permeable for both isomers than the forearm (alcohol- and cyclopropyl-labeled cis and trans isomers, respectively, showed permeation in forehead, cis 28 +/- 6%, 24 +/- 6%, trans 21 +/- 3%, 14 +/- 4%, forearm, cis 9 +/- 3%, 9 +/- 3%, trans 12 +/- 3%, and 5 +/- 2%). There was no difference between absorption of the isomers (cis 46 +/- 4%, trans 43 +/- 5%) in rats, but absorption was significantly greater than in monkeys. The IM urinary t1/2 values in monkeys and rats were similar for both isomers (0.8-1.1 d).

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Deep body temperature during the warming phase of cardiopulmonary bypass.

We have compared deep body temperature (DBT) measured at the forehead with the core temperatures of the nasopharynx, oesophagus and rectum during the warming phase of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) (moderate hypothermia of 26.7-29.6 degrees C) in 12 patients. DBT was measured transcutaneously by an insulated thermistor probe that created an area of zero thermal flow between skin and subcutaneous tissue. The core temperatures measured at different sites lagged behind the increase in arterial blood temperature during warming. The trend was most marked with rectal temperature and least with oesophageal temperature. Among all measurements, the closest linear relationship was found between forehead DBT and nasopharyngeal core temperature (0.99 x nasopharyngeal temperature (degrees C) -0.07; SEE = 0.53; r = 0.99; P < 0.0001). Forehead DBT measurement may be useful as a reliable non-invasive method of monitoring cerebral temperature during CPB.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Pathological sweating and flushing accompanying the trigeminal lacrimal reflex in patients with cluster headache and in patients with a confirmed site of cervical sympathetic deficit. Evidence for parasympathetic cross-innervation.

Electrodermal responses (as a measure of sweating) and vascular responses to irritation of the eye were investigated in 11 cluster headache patients and, for comparison, in another 24 patients with a confirmed site of lesion in the cervical sympathetic pathway. Seven of the cluster headache patients had ocular and thermoregulatory signs of a postganglionic sympathetic lesion. In these patients, and in six of seven patients with a postganglionic sympathetic lesion from some other cause, the electrodermal response to ocular stimulation was far greater on the denervated side of the forehead than on the sympathetically intact side. This pathological response can be explained by lacrimotor fibres branching into vacant sympathetic sudomotor pathways. The response could account for excessive forehead sweating during attacks of cluster headache, in spite of the presence of Horner's syndrome, because parasympathetic outflow to the lacrimal glands increases during attacks. In patients with diminished sympathetic vasomotor outflow, the vascular response to ocular irritation was also greater on the denervated side of the forehead than on the sympathetically intact side, irrespective of the site of the lesion. The excessive vascular response in sympathetically denervated skin could be caused by adaptive supersensitivity to peptides such as vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, which is known to be released from parasympathetic terminals. The same mechanism might augment vasodilatation during attacks of cluster headache.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Total scalp excision and auricular resurfacing for dermal cylindroma (turban tumor).

Dermal cylindroma is a benign neoplasm of the eccrine sweat glands, which presents in the head and neck area in 91% of cases. In its most florid presentation, the entire scalp can be involved, leading to the descriptive label turban tumor. We present the case of a 30-year-old woman with dermal cylindroma extensively involving her forehead and scalp and whose family was affected in three consecutive generations. She underwent total scalp and forehead excision with coverage by split-thickness skin grafts from the thigh. Seven years later, because of progressive external ear involvement, auricular resurfacing was performed. Her scalp and forehead have remained tumor free in the eight-year follow-up period and the auricles at one year. Total excision has led to a cosmetic and functional improvement, and the possibility of malignant degeneration is theoretically decreased.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Continuous monitoring of skin temperature using a liquid-crystal thermometer during anesthesia.

Forehead skin temperature measured by a stip of liquid-crystal material was compared to esophageal, rectal, and axillary temperatures measured by thermistor probes in patients having general anesthesia for coronary artery bypass grafting. Before extracorporeal circulation, forehead skin temperature was lower than axillary, rectal, and esophageal temperatures by approximately 2.2 C (4.0 F). During rapid warming, forehead skin temperature rose concurrently with the other temperatures measured but remained significantly different. The liquid-crystal strip may be useful as a safe, convenient method for routine monitoring of temperature trends during general anesthesia in patients whose exact core temperature need not be continuously monitored. We believe that infants, patients undergoing extracorporeal circulation, major abdominal, vascular, or neurosurgical procedures, or patients with a history of temperature regulatory problem are probably best monitored by a method which more exactly reflects core temperature.

Anesthesia, General↗
PubMed1984

Suppression of sebum secretion with 13-cis-retinoic acid: effect on individual skin surface lipids and implications for their anatomic origin.

The contribution of the keratinizing epidermis to the human skin surface lipid film has been difficult to ascertain because, after its release from the epidermal cells, epidermally derived lipid inevitably becomes mixed with sebum. In the present study, the sustainable rates of production of the 5 neutral lipid classes found on the skin surface (triglycerides + free fatty acids, wax esters, cholesterol, cholesterol esters, and squalene) were measured on the foreheads of acne patients before, during, and following treatment with 13-cis-retinoic acid, a drug which suppresses sebum production profoundly. Since sebum production was high in the patients before treatment and was suppressed to a few percent of the pretreatment level in some of the patients during treatment, data covering a wide range of sebum production rates were obtained. By using squalene as a measure of sebum production and plotting the rates of production of the other lipid classes vs the rate of production of squalene, it was possible through extrapolation to estimate the residual (i.e., epidermal) rate of production of each lipid class at zero sebum production. The results indicated that epidermis releases triglycerides + free fatty acids and cholesterol to the skin surface. The cholesterol esters in freshly secreted skin surface lipids appeared to be almost entirely sebaceous in origin. Measurements were also made of the percentages of cholesterol esters in lipid collected from the scalp after several days' accumulation and were compared to corresponding values for the forehead lipid. The percentages of cholesterol esters in scalp lipid tended to rise when sebum production was suppressed by the drug, rather than remaining relatively constant as occurred in the freshly secreted forehead lipid. This result indicated that epidermis may contribute to skin surface cholesterol esters, probably through skin surface esterification of epidermal cholesterol.

Acne Vulgaris↗
PubMed1977

A study of the in vitro metabolism of androgens by human scalp and pubic skin.

The metabolism of dehydroepiandrosterone, androstenedione and testosterone was compared in vitro in human scalp, forehead, pubic and axillary skin biopsies. Conversion of testosterone to the metabolite 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone, believed to be the active form of androgen, occurred in all tissues; however 17-oxosteroids such as androstenedione, 5alpha-androstanedione and androsterone were also formed from testosterone and were the major metabolites of scalp and forehead skin. While 17beta-hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase activity was present in every skin sample, it was evident there were differences in the direction of operation of this enzyme in skin from different body sites. Axillary skin readily metabolised androstenedione and dehydroepiandrosterone to active 17beta-hydroxy steroids such as testosterone and 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone, but these compounds were minor metabolites of androstenedione and dehydroepiandrosterone in forehead and scalp skin despite their activity in 17beta-oxidation of testosterone. Pubic skin was intermediate between axillary and scalp skin in its ability to form 17beta-hydroxy products from androstenedione and dehydroepiandrosterone. It is suggested these patterns of metabolism may reflect differences in androgen sensitivity.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Follicular concentrations of azelaic acid after a single topical application.

Follicular concentrations of azelaic acid (AzA) were determined in vivo using a rapid, non-invasive method, after a single topical application of 20% (w/w) AzA cream, in order to establish whether the in vitro antimicrobial effects observed in previous studies are relevant in vivo. Preweighed amounts of 20% (w/w) AzA cream were applied over demarcated areas on the forehead and back of nine young adults, and samples were taken over a period of 5 h. AzA was removed from the skin surface by washing with acetone, and follicular casts were collected using cyanacrylate gel. The samples were centrifuged to remove particulate matter, and the supernatants derivatized for analysis by HPLC. Although the results showed wide-ranging variability, the follicular concentration increased as the amount present on the surface declined. The maximum follicular concentrations of AzA attained ranged from 7.5 to 52.5 ng (micrograms of follicular casts)-1 and 0.5 to 23.4 ng (micrograms of follicular casts)-1 in samples taken from the back and forehead, respectively. Assuming an average density of follicular material of 0.9 g ml-1, the mean maximum follicular concentration attained on the back was between 36 and 251 mmol/l, and on the forehead was between 2 and 112 mmol/l, and indicates that the concentration of AzA attained in follicular casts after a single topical application is comparable with the concentration required to inhibit the growth of Propionibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus epidermidis, in vitro.

Acne Vulgaris↗
PubMed1996

Regional variations in skin perfusion and skin thickness may contribute to varying efficacy of topical, local anaesthetics in neonates.

The national Swedish screening programme for inborn errors of metabolism includes blood sampling from all neonates. Heel lancing has hitherto been the method of choice for these screening tests. Studies have recently been done to find out whether the use of EMLA can alleviate pain caused by heel lancing. EMLA had little, if any effect when applied to the heel of full term babies. Similar results were reported concerning preterm infants. Other authors have found that differences in skin thickness or in skin blood perfusion may influence the effect of EMLA. The aim of this study was to establish whether differences in skin thickness or in skin blood perfusion were present in three regions: the forehead, the dorsum of the hand and the heel. Ten healthy full term neonates were included in the study on skin perfusion. Measurements were made with a laser Doppler flux meter. Twenty-seven healthy full term neonates were included for measurements of skin thickness using a high frequency B-mode ultrasonic meter. The heel skin perfusion was two to three times higher than the skin perfusion at the dorsum of the hand and at the forehead but there was no significant difference when comparing skin thickness of the heel with the dorsum of the hand and the forehead. A rapid clearance of a topically applied local anaesthetic, due to high cutaneous blood flow, may explain why EMLA seems to be of little value when it is applied to the neonatal heel.

Anesthesia, Local↗
PubMed2000

Noninvasive measurement of cerebral hemoglobin oxygen saturation using two near infrared spectroscopy approaches.

Spatially resolved spectroscopy (SRS) is a new near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) method that, using the multi-distance approach, measures local cerebral cortex hemoglobin oxygen saturation [J. Matcher, P. Kirkpatrick, K. Nahid, M. Cope, and D. T. Delpy, Proc. SPIE 2389, 486-495 (1995)]. Using a conventional continuous wave NIRS photometer, cerebral venous oxygen saturation (SvO2) can be calculated from oxyhemoglobin and total hemoglobin rise induced by partial occlusion of jugular vein [C. E. Elwell, S. J. Matcher, L. Tyszczuk, J. H. Meek, and D. T. Delpy, Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 411, 453-460 (1997)]. The aim of this study was to compare direct measurements of forehead tissue oxygenation index (TOI) with the calculated SvO2 during venous occlusion in 16 adult volunteers using a clinical two-channel SRS oximeter (NIRO-300). Measured TOI and calculated SvO2 values of either right or left forehead did not significantly differ. A good agreement between the two NIRS methods was also demonstrated. On 16 other subjects, no significant differences were found between the right and left forehead TOI values measured simultaneously, and between the TOI values measured by channel 1 or 2 on the same side. The results confirm that cerebral cortex hemoglobin oxygen saturation, measured directly by the SRS method, reflects predominantly the saturation of the intracranial venous compartment of circulation.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Can short-latency vestibulospinal reflexes in lower leg muscles be elicited by tapping the head?

A gentle tap on the forehead evoked short-latency motor responses in the sternocleidomastoid muscle, which may be vestibulocollic reflexes with characteristics similar to those elicited by clicks. We tested this paradigm in subjects standing upright, in order to determine the differential effects of taps on the forehead on the patterns and latencies of spinal stretch and vestibulospinal reflexes, which are important for postural control. Taps on the forehead elicited short-latency inhibitory electromyographic responses in both gastrocnemius muscles with a mean latency of 48.3 +/- 3.1 ms (onset) to 98.3 +/- 6.3 ms (end). Taps on the sternum elicited similar responses from the gastrocnemius muscles, indicating that vestibular stimulation is not essential for eliciting these responses. Both responses may play a role in predetermining the strategy for correcting body perturbations. The actual reflex is probably elicited by somatosensory input from the neck, which converges with vestibular input for the multisensory control of posture.

Acceleration↗
PubMed1995

Skin surface lipid and skin friction: relation to age, sex and anatomical region.

Differences in the skin surface lipid content (SSL) and the dynamic friction coefficient (mu) were investigated with respect to age, sex, and anatomical region in 29 volunteers. The group consisted of (a) 7 young adult females (24.9 +/- 1.1 years old, mean +/- SD), (b) 7 old females (75.3 +/- 2.4 years old), (c) 7 young adult males (28.7 +/- 0.5 years old), and (d) 8 old males (73.8 +/- 1.9 years old). Measurements were obtained on 11 anatomical regions, namely, the forehead, upper arm, volar and dorsal forearm, postauricular, palm, abdomen, upper and lower back, thigh, and ankle. Skin surface lipid content data were compared with mu measurements to determine the relative contribution of the former to frictional properties of skin. mu and SSL were not statistically different between age groups on all regions except for the ankle, where lipid content was lower in the elderly. Similarly, mu did not vary between sex groups. Skin surface lipid content was statistically lower on the forehead, dorsal forearm and postauricular area in females. Both parameters, however, showed considerable regional variability. A significant linear correlation was established between mu and SSL combining all regions from all volunteers. When mu was plotted against SSL among individual anatomic sites, only the forehead and postauricular area showed significant linear correlations between the two parameters. These data suggest that surface lipid content plays a limited role in frictional properties of skin.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Regional analysis of ceramides within the stratum corneum in relation to seasonal changes.

We studied the regional variations and seasonal changes of ceramide quantities in the stratum corneum of human skin. In summer, the total lipid amounts extracted from the stripped stratum corneum were highest in the forehead, followed by the chest and upper back, with the lowest level in the sole of the foot. In winter, while the total lipid distribution followed the same trend as that in summer, the absolute amounts slightly decreased, especially in the forehead and chest, as compared with those found in summer. Ceramide analysis showed that while a higher level was seen in the cubital fossa in summer, the level was highest in the forehead during winter. A seasonal comparison of ceramide mass revealed a slightly increased level in winter compared with summer, at almost all sites tested, except in the cubital fossa and dorsum pedis, reflecting seemingly enhanced keratinization in winter. These findings indicate that in young adults, the mass of ceramide remains steady at similar levels at various skin sites, providing maintenance of a pertinent water reservoir and the barrier function of the stratum corneum, even under different seasonal conditions.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

The effect of ice packs upon nasal mucosal blood flow.

The effect on nasal mucosal blood flow of ice packs on the forehead and ice packs within the mouth was investigated in 16 healthy subjects. The laser Doppler flowmeter was used to record changes in blood flow to the inferior turbinate, as measured by change in the flux. Ice packs within the mouth produced a significant decrease in nasal mucosal blood flow (p less than 0.05). The average fall was 23% (SEM 5.9) compared with the control measurements. No significant change was recorded following the application of ice packs to the forehead. The results of this study question the scientific rationale behind the use of forehead ice packs in clinical practice.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Unsuspected gastric granulocytic sarcoma in a patient with myelodysplastic syndrome.

Granulocytic sarcoma (GS) is an uncommon and localized extramedullary tumor composed of immature granulocytic cells. Most GS reported in large series were not associated with overt acute myelogenous leukemia. Gastric perforation occurred during prednisolone therapy in a 72-year-old Japanese male with a four-month history of a myelofibrosis-like state. Subtotal gastrectomy was performed for a suspected gastric ulcer perforation. Gastric histologic, immunohistochemical and cytochemical examination revealed diffuse infiltration by sheets of myeloblasts and promyelocytes with scant or moderately abundant cytoplasm including a few eosinophilic myelocytes. Bone marrow study done in one month after the operation disclosed refractory anemia with excess of blasts (RAEB). Leukemic transformation occurred two months later, and a subcutaneous tumor appeared on the forehead. The forehead tumor predominantly consisted of myeloblasts without evidence of maturation. Both the stomach and forehead tumors were examined immunohistochemically with a panel of monoclonal antibodies (LCA, L26, MT1, UCHL1, OPD4, LN-1, LN-2, LN-3, MB1, Leu-M1, PM) and polyclonal antibodies (lysozyme, alpha 1-antitrypsin, alpha 1-antichymotrypsin, S-100 protein, lactoferrin), as well as naphthol-ASD-chloroacetate esterase staining to investigate and characterize the reliable marks for GS, and the patient was diagnosed as GS. We found that gastric GS may occur in a myelofibrosis-like state followed by RAEB of myelodysplastic syndrome and that naphthol-ASD-chloroacetate esterase staining and immunohistochemical detection of MT1, lysozyme, and alpha 1-antitrypsin were the most reliable markers for confirming the diagnosis of GS.

Aged↗
PubMed2006

Botulinum toxin to improve facial wound healing: A prospective, blinded, placebo-controlled study.

OBJECTIVE: To test whether botulinum toxin-induced immobillzation of facial lacerations enhances wound healing and results in less noticeable scars. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In this blinded, prospective, randomized clinical trial, patients were randomized from February 1, 2002, until January 1, 2004, to botullnum toxin vs placebo injection into the musculature adjacent to the wound within 24 hours after wound closure. Blinded assessment of standardized photographs by experienced facial plastic surgeons using a 10-cm visual analog scale served as the main outcome measure. RESULTS: Thirty-one patients presenting with traumatic forehead lacerations or undergoing elective excisions of forehead masses were included in the study. The overall median visual analog scale score for the botulinum toxin-treated group was 8.9 compared with 7.2 for the placebo group (P=.003), indicating enhanced healing and Improved cosmesis of the experimentally immobilized scars. CONCLUSIONS: Botullnum toxin-induced Immobilization of forehead wounds enhances healing and is suggested for use in selected patients to improve the eventual appearance of the scar.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Giant frontal sinus mucocoele with intracranial extension and orbital displacement in an elderly Nigerian.

Mucocoele of the frontal sinus presents with initial sign of forehead swelling in about 10% of cases, and cases with huge intracranial extension have been reported to be rare. We present a case of a giant frontal sinus mucocoele with intra-cranial and intra-orbital extensions exerting a mass effect on the anterior cranial fossa in a 78 year old Nigerian female with resultant forehead swelling, proptosis and total blindness of the left eye. Diagnosis was made on clinical and radiological basis, and enucleation using coronal flap approach was done. Immediate repair of the resultant frontal bone defect was effected through the use of a curved 0.5mm stainless steel wire fixed in 3 layers across the defective frontal bone over which the soft tissues of the forehead were undermined for primary closure on sound bone. This approach was considered more appropriate than a split rib graft in view of the patient's age. No evidence of recurrence was recorded during a one-year post-surgery follow-up, suggesting that mucocoele, regardless of size can be treated with conservative surgical approach provided all cystic lining and mucocoele are removed.

Aftercare↗
PubMed1999

[Utility of an infrared ear thermometer as an intraoperative core temperature monitor].

We investigated the utility of an infrared ear thermometer (M 10, Terumo) as an intraoperative core temperature monitor. Temperatures of the axilla and inner ear were measured before and after anesthesia. Bladder, rectal, and forehead deep temperatures were continuously measured using a core temperature monitor (CTM-205, Terumo) during anesthesia. At the same time, the temperature of the inner ear was measured 4 times every 15 minutes (twice from cephalad and twice from caudal directions). There were no significant differences in the measured inner ear temperatures, either between directions of measurement or between the 1st and 2nd measurements. The inner ear temperature showed a close correlation with rectal, bladder, forehead deep, and axillary temperatures (r = 0.72-0.79, P < 0.01). The smallest temperature difference in this study was found to be that between the inner ear and forehead deep temperatures (-0.10), and the limit of agreement between these temperatures was also the smallest (0.81). In conclusion, we recommended the use of an infrared ear thermometer as an intraoperative core temperature monitor, especially in lower abdominal surgery, in which neither rectal nor bladder temperature monitoring is reliable.

Anesthesia, General↗