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PubMed2005

An evaluation of the Motion Picture Association of America's treatment of violence in PG-, PG-13-, and R-rated films.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine whether the Motion Picture Association of America's ratings system distinguishes among the 3 primary rating categories (PG, PG-13, and R) with respect to violence based on a study of the 100 top-grossing films of 1994. METHODS: The Motion Picture Association of America assigns age-based ratings for every film that is released in the United States accompanied by the reasons for the rating. A data abstraction instrument was designed to code each act of violence within the sample of 100 films. A series of Poisson regression models were used to examine the association among rating, seriousness of violence, and primary reason for the rating assignment. RESULTS: The total average number of violent acts within each film by rating category increased from PG (14) to PG-13 (20) to R (32). However, using results from the Poisson models, it is clear that the rating does not predict the frequency of violence in films. For all 3 rating categories, the predicted number of violent acts is almost identical for films with violence as a primary descriptor and films with the highest level of seriousness (R = 62.4 acts, PG-13 = 55.2 acts, and PG = 56.1 acts). The regression analysis shows that the rating does not predict the frequency of violence that occurs in films. CONCLUSIONS: Frequency of violence alone is not the most important criterion for the assignment of rating. The content descriptors and average seriousness of films are better measures of the violence than rating assignment.

Language↗
PubMed2003

Use of a new adhesive film for the preparation of multi-purpose fresh-frozen sections from hard tissues, whole-animals, insects and plants.

A method for preparing thin fresh-frozen sections from large samples and hard tissues is described and the applications are shown. A new adhesive film is introduced to produce the frozen sections. The sample is frozen in a cooled hexane or liquid nitrogen, and then freeze-embedded with 4-5% carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) in the coolant. A specially prepared adhesive film is fastened to the cut surface of the sample in order to support the section and cut slowly with a disposable tungsten carbide blade. The adhesive film is made of a thin plastic film and an adhesive before use. This method produces 2-microm thick fresh-frozen sections from a large sample, bone or tooth. The "film-section" i.e. the section attached to the adhesive film, can be used for many types of studies such as histology, general histochemistry, enzyme histochemistry, immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridization, elemental analysis, and autoradiography for water-soluble materials. Immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization can be carried out with nonfixed and undecalcified sections. The section on the adhesive film can be transferred to a glass slide and mounted under a cover slip, and stained sections can be examined with an optical microscope at high magnification. This method is also useful for preparing frozen sections from samples of fish, insects, and plants. Furthermore, samples of particular areas can be collected from the film-section by means of a laser microdissection technique. The multiple possible applications of the adhesive film render it highly useful for studies in biological and medico-dental fields.

Adhesives↗
PubMed1996

Acute fracture of the distal tibial physis: role of gradient-echo MR imaging versus plain film examination.

OBJECTIVE: Recent reports indicate that, compared with MR imaging, plain film radiography often underestimates the extent of injury in children with physeal fracture-separation. Such underestimation may have significant therapeutic and prognostic outcomes. We performed this study to assess the benefit of MR imaging compared with plain film radiography in the diagnosis and immediate treatment of acute fractures of the distal tibial physis. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Twenty-nine patients with acute fractures, including 15 Salter-Harris II, four Salter-Harris III, four Salter-Harris IV, and six triplane fractures, were prospectively examined by MR imaging with gradient-echo sequences. The MR images were compared with plain film radiographs. All cases were reviewed in a blind fashion by two experienced radiologists to determine the Salter-Harris classification on the basis of first plain film radiographs and then MR images. Two experienced pediatric surgeons were asked to propose treatment on the basis of first plain film radiographs and then MR images. Both the radiologists and the surgeons were asked to rate the two techniques in terms of degree of confidence and overall diagnostic effectiveness. RESULTS: Only 1 or 29 fractures (3%) was misclassified by plain film radiography. MR imaging never caused the treatment plan to be modified. However, the position of fracture fragments in Salter-Harris IV and triplane fractures was always better appreciated on MR images, facilitating more accurate surgical treatment. Except for those in the misclassified fracture, all other fracture lines were seen on both plain film radiographs and MR images but were more easily seen on MR images. CONCLUSION: Gradient-echo MR imaging allowed easier assessment of fracture lines than did plain film radiography, but the latter technique remains the primary means of evaluating epiphyseal injuries. For acute fractures of the lower extremity of the tibia, gradient-echo MR imaging should be limited to complex fractures and to cases in which the classification of a fracture on the basis of plain film evaluation is uncertain.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1997

Studies on diffusion in alginate gels. II. Effect of acid and subsequent re-exposure to calcium on the diffusion of caffeine and theophylline in alginate gel films.

The aim of this research was to investigate the effect of acid exposure and calcium re-exposure on the diffusion of caffeine and theophylline through calcium alginate gel films. Diffusion was measured using side-by-side glass cells, before and after the films were exposed to simulated gastric fluid (SGF) USP minus pepsin. The permeability increased by about 15-fold for theophylline and 48-fold for caffeine after 5 min SGF exposure. There was no significant further increase by prolonging the exposure time to 4 hr. The diffusion of both drugs was less than through alginate gel films that were not cross-linked with calcium but were gelled in SGF. Treatment of the calcium alginate gel films with SGF depleted the films of all of their calcium content. Calcium alginate gel films that were exposed to SGF for a constant period of 15 min, were re-exposed to 0.34 M calcium chloride solution for periods up to 24 hr. The calcium content returned to 80% of the level in the original calcium alginate films and diffusion was reduced, but not to the level that was observed in the original calcium alginate films. It was concluded that the effect of SGF on calcium alginate was very rapid and that the increase in drug diffusion observed was probably due to removal of calcium from the gel. It was also concluded that the original diffusion properties and calcium content could only be partially regenerated by re-exposing the acid-exposed films to calcium chloride.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2000

Do film cuts facilitate the perceptual and cognitive organization of activity sequences?

Film depictions of activities possess two kinds of structures--namely, the structural features of the depicted activities themselves and a formal structure defined by film cuts. The former structure is used by everyday observers for perceptually and cognitively unitizing the continuous flow of events into comprehensible entities. It seems conceivable that cuts can serve a similar unitizing purpose for film viewers. For each of two different activity sequences, two film versions were produced. Throughout each film version, cuts were placed either at breakpoints or at nonbreakpoints. In a 2 x 2 (activity sequence x film version) factorial design, 40 subjects segmented the film during viewing and recalled the film content after viewing in a detailed protocol. Segmentation behavior depended primarily on the occurrence of breakpoints and was largely unaffected by the occurrence of cuts. Cuts accompanying a breakpoint lead to more detailed recall protocols for these sections of the film.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Antimicrobial edible films and coatings.

Increasing consumer demand for microbiologically safer foods, greater convenience, smaller packages, and longer product shelf life is forcing the industry to develop new food-processing, cooking, handling, and packaging strategies. Nonfluid ready-to-eat foods are frequently exposed to postprocess surface contamination, leading to a reduction in shelf life. The food industry has at its disposal a wide range of nonedible polypropylene- and polyethylene-based packaging materials and various biodegradable protein- and polysaccharide-based edible films that can potentially serve as packaging materials. Research on the use of edible films as packaging materials continues because of the potential for these films to enhance food quality, food safety, and product shelf life. Besides acting as a barrier against mass diffusion (moisture, gases, and volatiles), edible films can serve as carriers for a wide range of food additives, including flavoring agents, antioxidants, vitamins, and colorants. When antimicrobial agents such as benzoic acid, sorbic acid, propionic acid, lactic acid, nisin, and lysozyme have been incorporated into edible films, such films retarded surface growth of bacteria, yeasts, and molds on a wide range of products, including meats and cheeses. Various antimicrobial edible films have been developed to minimize growth of spoilage and pathogenic microorganisms, including Listeria monocytogenes, which may contaminate the surface of cooked ready-to-eat foods after processing. Here, we review the various types of protein-based (wheat gluten, collagen, corn zein, soy, casein, and whey protein), polysaccharide-based (cellulose, chitosan, alginate, starch, pectin, and dextrin), and lipid-based (waxes, acylglycerols, and fatty acids) edible films and a wide range of antimicrobial agents that have been or could potentially be incorporated into such films during manufacture to enhance the safety and shelf life of ready-to-eat foods.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed2003

[Signal detectability of mammography depends on film-screen system and luminance of view box].

High-density film and the high-luminance view-box system are being recommended for mammograms owing to the improved detection of masses. However, this system causes an increase in radiation. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to assess whether the detection of masses would improve using the normal-luminance view box and normal-density film with different types of contrast systems. Low-contrast detection using ROC analysis and high-contrast detection using an ACR phantom were evaluated for the following systems: high-density film and high-luminance view box, normal-density film and normal-luminance view box, and normal-density film with wide latitude and normal-luminance view box. The results showed no significant variation in the detectability of the system with high-density film and high-luminance view box and the normal-density film with wide latitude and normal-luminance view box. However, in terms of low-contrast visibility, the system using normal-density film and normal-luminance view box was significantly reduced in comparison with the others. Therefore, the system with normal-density film with wide latitude and the normal-luminance view box is recommended because of reduced radiation dose.

Breast Neoplasms↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Preoperative stereotactic hookwire localization of nonpalpable breast lesions with and without the use of a further stereotactic check film.

A series of 394 women underwent 399 stereotactically guided preoperative hook-wire localization of non-palpable breast lesions. 250 lesions were localized without checking the position of the needle tip with a further stereo film. Later the position of the localization needle was checked by means of a further stereo film in 149 lesions. If the needle tip was beside the lesion (failed x- or y-coordinates), we took a new stereo film. Errors in needle depth (z-coordinate) produced particularly subtle signs. Therefore a polystyrene phantom and a metallic object was used to ascertain how to recognize needle depth error on the stereotactic film. In 51 lesions readjustment of the needle depth was necessary. Measured by our criteria, successful and acceptable localization procedures with or without a check stereo-image film showed no significant differences. Unsuccessful localizations without the check film were significantly higher (16.0%) than with the check film, without readjusting the needle depth (7.1%) or after readjusting the needle depth (9.8%). These unsuccessful localizations were mostly architectural distortions or microcalcifications. Our results suggest that success of the localization procedure is better by using the stereo check film as without it, even in lesions which are difficult to resolve and target on films. However, readjustment of the needle depth did not always lead to successful localization.

Biopsy, Needle↗
PubMed2002

Hexametaphosphate effects on tooth surface conditioning film chemistry--in vitro and in vivo studies.

These studies compared the effects of Crest Dual Action Whitening dentifrice with sodium hexametaphosphate and control commercial dentifrices on the surface chemistry of conditioning film-coated dental enamel in vitro and in vivo. Conditioning film chemistry was studied by measurements of film thickness, ability to wet the surface/surface energy, conditioning film chemical composition and zeta potential. Laboratory and in vivo studies demonstrated that brushing and chemical-only treatment of pellicle-coated enamel surfaces produced marked changes in surface chemistry. Brushing of surfaces with all commercial dentifrices significantly reduced pellicle film quantity. Effects on non-brushed areas, of significance in the clinical situation, were different for different dentifrices. For dentifrice chemical treatments, calcium phosphate surface active builders, such as pyrophosphate and hexametaphosphate, produced stronger effects than standard (non-tartar control) dentifrices, peroxide baking soda dentifrices and dentifrices formulated with carboxylate polymers, viz. Colgate Total with copolymer. Crest Dual Action Whitening hexametaphosphate dentifrice removed more pellicle conditioning film, produced a lower zeta potential, produced the largest changes in film composition and had the greatest impact on surface free energies of the tested dentifrices. Crest Dual Action Whitening dentifrice also produced lasting changes in the reacquisition of pellicle conditioning film, as established by in vitro cycling immersion studies. Crest Dual Action Whitening dentifrice produced stronger and more lasting effects on surface film chemistry than low molecular weight pyrophosphate (Crest Tartar Control) or other polymeric-based dentifrice systems (Colgate Total). These surface chemistries may contribute to the unique clinical actions of hexametaphosphate established in recently reported, randomized clinical studies of tartar control, stain prevention and stain removal effects.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Flow characteristics and film thickness of flowable resin composites.

Flowable resin composites have been recommended for many clinical uses and have been formulated in a variety of compositions and viscosities to meet various uses. This study compared the variation in viscosity of flowable resin composites using the ADA Flow Test and measured film thickness with a test to simulate flow during cementation. The film thickness test for the flowable resin composites was performed at three different seating pressures to simulate pressure variation during seating of porcelain veneers, one of the potential uses of flowable resin composites that may favor a lower viscosity. The following flowable resin composites were evaluated: Revolution, StarFlow, Aeliteflo LV, Aelite, Flow-It, FloRestore, Versaflo, Durafill Flow and Tetric Flow, with Nexus2, a composite luting resin used as a control. Flow characteristic measurements suggest that resin composites may be divided into high flow (StarFlow, Revolution, Aeliteflo LV), medium flow (FloRestore, Durafill Flow, Flow-It) and low flow (Tetric Flow, Versaflo, Nexus2, Aelite) groupings. The film thickness measurements agreed with the ADA flow test, except for two exceptions. Durafill Flow resin composite had a higher film thickness than expected based on the ADA flow test. Also, Aeliteflo unexpectedly had a lower film thickness. At the lowest seating pressure (.016MPa) tested, eight out of the nine resin composites tested as well as the control luting resin had a film thickness greater than the 25 microns used as the clinical standard for cement film thickness. However, at the highest seating pressure (.038 MPa) tested, only two and the control, Versaflo, Durafill Flow and Nexus2, had film thicknesses significantly greater than 25 microns. The highly filled Nexus2 luting resin had the highest film thickness at all seating pressures.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2005

The influence of different plasticizers on some physical and mechanical properties of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose free films.

Coating has been widely used in pharmaceutical manufacture either as non-functional or a functional entity. The objectives of the present study were to investigate the effect of plasticizers such as PEG400, PEG1000 and triacetin on mechanical properties, glass transition temperature and water vapor transmission of free films prepared from HPMC and/or HPMC:PVA blends, to develop suitable coating system for tablets, and to determine the release profiles of the coated tablets. The tensile strength of plasticized HPMC films was generally lower than that of control HPMC film and could be attributed to increased crystallinity and segmental chain mobility of HPMC. This effect increased as the concentration of plasticizer increased. Generally the addition of both grades of polyethylene glycol (PEG400 & PEG1000) increased the moisture permeability of HPMC films but the films containing triacetin provided a more rigid barrier to moisture compared to unplasticized HPMC films. The dissolution profiles of paracetamol tablets coated with 7% w/v HPMC coating-solutions containing PEG400, PEG1000 and triacetin, and those containing PEG400 & PVA together showed that HPMC had weak water resistance. The presence of PEG400 and 1000 in HPMC films further weakened its resistance to solubility while the presence of triacetin caused a little increase in HPMC water resistance. From the results it was concluded that HPMC at 7%w/w concentration was suitable for film-coating intended for non-functional coating. Presence of the PEG 400, PEG1000 and triacetin as well as the presence of PVA and PEG400 together improved the coating properties of HPMC films and made it more suitable as a non-functional coating material.

Biomechanical Phenomena↗
PubMed1994

The erotic in film and in mass psychology.

The medium of film offers a vivid demonstration of the ongoing tension between conventional morality and mature, passionate love. While film activates mass psychology and therefore conventionality, the erotic in film threatens conventional boundaries. The dialectic thus involved in erotic art in film, the conventional film, and pornography sheds light on the unconscious motivations for accepting or rejecting the erotic. The author highlights relevant psychoanalytic theories to help formulate the nature of the erotic in film as well as the structures of the erotic film, the conventional film, and pornography. After discussing several examples, he concludes that both the conventional film and pornography are unconscious allies in opposing mature, passionate love.

Erotica↗
PubMed1995

The return of the projected: some thoughts on paranoia and a recent trend in horror films.

I have focused on two interrelated changes in horror films of the last twenty-five years: a tendency for the "horror" to become internalized; and the use of what I call "bubbling flesh" to signify the internalized horror. Taking two films--the 1958 Fly and its 1986 remake--and treating them as (paranoid) fantasies, I have explored what I take to be the unconscious meanings of these changes. Although both films present oedipal as well as pre-oedipal conflicts, and although both employ paranoid mechanisms of negation and projection of an unacceptable wish, the earlier film also makes greater use of repression to keep the preoedipal wishes farther from consciousness. The earlier film is also more successful in its projection: In the later film the projective mechanisms fail and the projected returns to its original locus. The particular unacceptable wish that I see as being fundamental to these two films (and perhaps to all horror films) is a radically passive wish for merger with the mother--a merger wish so radical that it can be seen in terms of Gun-trip's "return to the womb" wishes, and so passive that it can be seen as a nearly pure form o Freud's death drive--the drive toward total quiescence and dissolution. I have associated the differences between the two films with changes in society in the past decades, and especially with changes in traditionally conceived gender roles and their associated senses of gender identity. Finally, I have suggested that we view these historical changes not as signs of societal regression but as the beginnings of the failure of one set of defense mechanisms that can possibly allow an opening to try out new strategies.

Defense Mechanisms↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effects of titanium dioxide passive film crystal structure, thickness, and crystallinity on C3 adsorption.

The effects of titanium dioxide passive film crystal structure, thickness, and crystallinity on C3 adsorption from diluted human plasma were measured. Titanium dioxide surfaces created include (1) 70-nm anatase and rutile films comprising a mixture of amorphous and microcrystalline titanium dioxide, (2) 140-nm anatase and rutile films with greater crystallinity than the 70-nm films, (3) 70-nm aged anatase films with approximately the same crystallinity as that of the 140-nm anatase films, (4) sintered anatase and sintered rutile with no underlying metal, representing completely crystalline oxide films of infinite thickness, and (5) electropolished titanium. All combinations of experimental variables of surface type, exposure time, and plasma dilution were replicated four times. Anatase and rutile C3 surface concentrations increased with increased oxide thickness and crystallinity. The 70-nm aged anatase film isotherm more closely matched that of the 140-nm than of the 70-nm film, indicating that some property associated with oxide crystallinity is more influential in C3 adsorption than properties associated with oxide thickness alone. Concentrations of C3 were equal for equivalent anatase and rutile surfaces, except at high plasma concentrations and long exposure times, in which more C3 was adsorbed to anatase, suggesting that crystal structure may not be a significant controlling factor.

Adsorption↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The effects of piezoelectric poly-L-lactic acid films in promoting ossification in vivo.

Uniaxially drawn poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA) films with piezoelectric properties were inserted onto the periosteum of rabbit tibiae, and the effect of the films in promoting ossification was investigated. We also evaluated the optimum method for PLLA film insertion to promote ossification, by comparing three different types of PLLA films which differed from each other in terms of the direction of their molecular orientation. Furthermore, the course of ossification following the film insertion was observed histologically. Drawn PLLA films promoted ossification to a greater extent than undrawn PLLA film. The effect of drawn PLLA films in promoting ossification was greatest when a shearing stress was applied at 45 degrees to the axis of orientation. The newly formed osteoid was observed at 1 week, and matured over 6 to 8 weeks following insertion. The insertion of piezoelectric PLLA films can promote ossification through their piezoelectric effect, and this seems to be clinically applicable.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

The validity of using radiographic film for radiotherapy dosimetry.

Radiographic film is routinely used to obtain dosimetric information about therapy treatment beams. One source of inaccuracy is the variability of the chemical processing of the radiographic film. Several processors, film types and two sources (light and x-rays) were used to investigate the reproducibility of film processing for valid film dosimetry. Particular attention is paid to films commonly used in radiation therapy. The results suggest that for this series of film, given the same exposure, the variability in processing may result in an error of +/- 3.3% in optical density, which would lead to an error of +/- 4.4% in indicated dose. This level of inaccuracy is typical for both point and relative dose estimates. These results indicate that film should not be used as a point or relative dosimeter, unless the combination of film type, exposure, processing and reading have been specifically validated.

Equipment Design↗
PubMed1995

Film dosimetry in water in a 23 MV therapeutic photon beam.

The field size and water depth dependence of the measured optical density of Kodak XV-2 film, irradiated in a 23 MV photon beam has been investigated. The films were positioned in a water tank in a vertical plane containing the beam axis with the upper film edge parallel to the water surface at a depth of 0.3 mm. The observed field size and water depth dependence of the film sensitivity cannot be fully attributed to the usual variation of the photon spectrum with field size and water depth: measured optical densities do significantly depend on the amount of film material above the point of measurement and on the film orientation. A method for application of film for relative water dose measurements in a plane containing the beam axis in a 23 MV therapeutic photon beam is presented; the observed agreement between film and ionisation chamber measurements is very good: typically within 1% or 2 mm.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMed2004

Development and initial evaluation of a spectral microdensitometer for analysing radiochromic films.

Radiation dose deposited on a radiochromic film is considered as a dose image. A precise image extraction system with commensurate capabilities is required to measure the transmittance of the image and translate it to radiation dose. This paper describes the development of a spectral microdensitometer which has been designed to achieve this goal under the conditions of (a) the linearity and sensitivity of the dose response curve of the radiochromic film being highly dependent on the wavelength of the analysing light, and (b) the inherent high spatial resolution of the film. The microdensitometer consists of a monochromator which provides an analysing light of variable wavelength, a film tray on a high-precision scanning stage, a transmission microscope coupled to a thermoelectrically cooled CCD camera, a microcomputer and corresponding interfaces. The measurement of the transmittance of the radiochromic film is made at the two absorption peaks with maximum sensitivities. The high spatial resolution of the instrument, of the order of micrometres, is achieved through the use of the microscope combined with a measure-and-step technique to cover the whole film. The performance of the instrument in regard to the positional accuracy, system reproducibility and dual-peak film calibration was evaluated. The results show that the instrument fulfils the design objective of providing a precise image extraction system for radiochromic films with micrometre spatial resolution and sensitive dose response.

Calibration↗