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PubMed1991

Species variation in the atherogenic profile of monkeys: relationship between dietary fats, lipoproteins, and platelet aggregation.

Because lipoproteins and platelet aggregation have been implicated in atherogenesis, relative differences in the response of these variables to dietary fat saturation were compared in three species of monkeys differing in their susceptibility to atherosclerosis (cebus, rhesus, and squirrel monkeys). Both long-term (8-12 years) and short-term (8 weeks) responses to diets containing 31% fat calories were examined in the same monkeys. As expected, long-term feeding of coconut oil by comparison to corn oil produced significantly higher plasma concentrations of total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, apoB, and triglycerides, as well as higher ratios of LDL/HDL cholesterol and apo B/apo A-I. These responses were characteristic of all species with cebus being most responsive and rhesus the least. The short-term plasma cholesterol response to animal fats (butter, lard, beef tallow) was significantly less than that to coconut oil. When fish oil was substituted for two-thirds of either corn oil or coconut oil, exceptional decreases occurred in plasma cholesterol and triglycerides, as well as in HDL cholesterol and apo A-I concentrations despite the fact that the fish oil diets contained more saturated fat and less polyenes than the corn oil diet. Platelet aggregation tended to increase with saturated fat consumption and greatly decreased with fish oil intake in all monkeys, although cebus monkeys were ten-fold more resistant to platelet aggregation than the other two species. The molecular species of platelet phosphatidylcholine (PC) varied with both the dietary fat fed and species of monkey. An inverse correlation (r = -0.60; p less than 0.001) was found between changes in one such PC molecular species (18:0-20:4) induced by diet and the platelet aggregation threshold. These results demonstrate that the lipemic and platelet responses to dietary saturated fat depend upon both the type of fat (i.e., the specific combination of dietary fatty acids, including the chain length of saturated fatty acids and the degree of polyunsaturation) and the species of monkey (genetic component) in which the response is elicited.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Effects of corn grain conservation method on feeding behavior and productivity of lactating dairy cows at two dietary starch concentrations.

Effects of conservation method of corn grain and dietary starch concentration on dry matter intake (DMI) and productivity of lactating dairy cows were evaluated. Eight ruminally and duodenally cannulated Holstein cows (55 +/- 15.9 d in milk; mean +/- SD) were used in a duplicated 4 x 4 Latin square design with a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. Experimental diets contained either ground high-moisture corn (HM) or dry ground corn (DG) at two dietary starch concentrations (32 vs 21%). Mean particle size and dry matter (DM) concentration of corn grain were 1863 pm and 63.2%, and 885 microm and 89.7%, for HM and DG, respectively. DMI was lower for HM compared to DG treatment in high-starch diets (20.8 vs 22.5 kg/d), but similar for the HM and DG treatments in low-starch diets (19.7 vs 19.6 kg/d). This reduction in DMI is attributed to smaller meal size for HM compared to DG in high-starch diets (1.9 vs 2.3 kg of DM for high-starch diets; 2.1 vs 2.0 kg of DM for low-starch diets). Faster starch fermentation for HM in high-starch diets might result in satiety with smaller meal size. Milk yield was greater when cows were fed high-starch diets compared to low-starch diets (38.6 vs 33.9 kg/d) regardless of corn grain treatment. High-starch diets increased solids-corrected milk yield by 3.3 kg (35.2 vs 31.9 kg/d) compared to low-starch diets for cows fed DG, but did not increase for cows fed HM. This was because of a lower milk fat concentration for cows fed HM in high-starch diets. Reducing ruminal starch fermentation by substituting DG for HM can increase the productivity of lactating cows fed high-starch diets.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1996

Different effects of palmitic and stearic acid-enriched diets on serum lipids and lipoproteins and plasma cholesteryl ester transfer protein activity in healthy young women.

The effects of palmitic and stearic acid-enriched diets on serum lipids, lipoproteins, apolipoproteins (apo) A-I and B, and plasma cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) activity were examined in 12 healthy young women. Subjects followed the two experimental diets for 4 weeks according to a randomized crossover design. Both experimental diet periods were preceded by consumption of a baseline diet for 2 weeks. The diets provided 37% of total energy intake (E%) as fat, and differed only with respect to fatty acid composition. There was a substitution of 5E% of palmitic acid or stearic acid in the experimental diets for 5E% of monounsaturated fatty acids in the baseline diet. After the palmitic acid diet, serum total and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and apo A-I concentrations were higher (8%, P = .015, 9%, P = .040, and 11%,P = .011, respectively) and mean serum low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol concentration tended to be higher (8%, P = .077) as compared with values after the stearic acid diet. Plasma CETP activity increased in the palmitic acid diet as compared with the stearic acid diet (12%, P = .006). In conclusion, palmitic acid and stearic acid-enriched diets had different effects on serum lipids and lipoproteins and also on plasma CETP activity in young healthy women.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Modification of alkenyl chain profile in plasmalogens of rat heart mitochondria by dietary trielaidin.

Effects of dietary trielaidin upon the alkenyl chain profile of plasmalogens were studied using heart mitochondria of rats fed a semi-purified diet containing 10% of fat supplement in which elaidic acid accounted for 69% of total fatty acids. Alkyl substituted dioxane (ASD) derivatives of the alkenyl groups of plasmalogens were prepared and analyzed by silver nitrate TLC and by GLC on different phases (BDS and OV-275). After two months of feeding the experimental diet, 40% of the ASD contained a trans-octadecenyl chain, suggesting that dietary elaidic acid was reduced in vivo to the corresponding alcohol and incorporated into plasmalogens. There was a simultaneous decrease in the percentage of ASD containing saturated chains, but the percentage of ASD substituted with cis-octadecenyl chains was not significantly affected. These observations suggested that elaidic acid may compete with saturated fatty acids, but not with cis-octadecenoic acids during the plasmalogen biosynthesis. Feeding trielaidin did not seem to have any significant influence on the relative proportions of plasmalogens, which accounted for 11-12%, on a phosphorus basis, of total heart mitochondria phospholipids.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

[Morphological changes in the lungs in the early recovery period after clinical death from acute blood loss depending on the method of its compensation].

Pathomorphological changes in the lungs in the period of clinical death due to acute blood loss and within 1 1/2--2 hours of resuscitation using intraarterial, intravenous, and intraosteal routes for blood loss substitution were studied in dogs. In the period of clinical death significant changes in the lung morphology were observed (capillary plethora, sludge, leukostasis, hemorrhages, fat embolism, irregular aeration of pneumonic tissue), in the early postresuscitation period the intensity of the changes varied in relation to the method of blood loss substitution. The above-mentioned methods are compared.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Eucaloric substitution of medium chain triglycerides for dietary long chain fatty acids in acquired total lipodystrophy: effects on hyperlipoproteinemia and endogenous insulin resistance.

Previous studies have suggested that reduction of dietary fat intake, with or without caloric restriction, may lead to improvement in certain of the characteristic abnormalities that accompany total lipodystrophy (TLD). We have studied the effects of eucaloric medium chain triglyceride (MCT) substitution for dietary long chain fatty acids in a patient with acquired total lipodystrophy and unusual somatic and visceral anomalies. The patient exhibited insulin resistance, carbohydrate intolerance, striking fasting- and glucose-stimulated hyperinsulinemia, hyperglucagonemia, type V hyperlipoproteinemia, and lipoprotein lipase deficiency on a normal diet. Improvement in chylomicronemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and xanthomatosis occurred during eucaloric MCT substitution. Carbohydrate intolerance decreased and fasting immunoreactive glucagon and insulin concentrations fell 37% and 83%, respectively. Plasma triglyceride polyunsaturated fatty acid concentrations decreased to very low levels. With long term MCT feeding supplemented by polyunsaturated fatty acids, hepatomegaly has gradually decreased, while body weight has remained stable. The patient has not yet required insulin therapy. These observations suggest that the abnormalities in carbohydrate metabolism are closely linked to, and perhaps dependent on, the abnormalities in lipoprotein transport in TLD. Long chain triglyceride restriction and MCT supplementation should be attempted in additional patients with the features of TLD to determine whether this is a generally effective therapeutic approach.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Influence of the SstI polymorphism at the apolipoprotein C-III gene locus on the plasma low-density-lipoprotein-cholesterol response to dietary monounsaturated fat.

The plasma lipid response to changes in dietary fat and cholesterol can vary between individuals. The SstI polymorphism, arising from a cytosine to guanosine substitution in the 3' untranslated region of the APOC3 gene distinguishes between two alleles--S1 and S2. The S2 allele has been associated with elevated plasma triacylglycerol, cholesterol, and apolipoprotein (apo) C-III concentrations. In 90 young men we examined the effect of the same mutation on the response of low-density-lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol to dietary monounsaturated fat. The frequency for the S2 allele was 0.14. Subjects were fed a low-fat diet for 25 d, followed by a diet rich in monounsaturated fatty acid (22% MUFA, 38% total fat) for 28 d; lipoproteins were measured at the end of each diet. There were no significant differences in initial total cholesterol between subjects with the APOC3*S1/APOC3*S1 (S1/S1) and APOC3*S1/APOC3*S2 (S1/S2) genotypes. After consumption of the diet high in MUFA, significant increases in LDL cholesterol (0.13 mmol/L, P < 0.027) were noted in the S1/S1 subjects whereas a significant decrease was observed in the S1/S2 subjects (-0.18 mmol/L, P < 0.046). Significant genotypic effects were seen for diet-induced changes in LDL cholesterol (P < 0.00034), total cholesterol (P < 0.009), and apo B (P < 0.0014). A study of the effect of the interaction between this mutation with that present in position -76 of the APOA1 gene promoter region (G/A) revealed that both mutations had an additive effect on changes in total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and apo B induced by diets. Plasma LDL-cholesterol responsiveness to the diet may be explained, at least in part, by variation at the APOC3 gene locus.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Exposure of workers to 2,3,7,8-substituted polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and dibenzofuran (PCDF) compounds in sawmills previously using chlorophenol-containing antistain agents.

The use of chlorophenol-containing antistain agents (e.g., Ky5, a wood preservative) ceased in Finland at the end of the 1980s, after 5 decades of use. Exposure of workers to the impurities in these agents (i.e., polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins [PCDDs] and dibenzofurans [PCDFs]) was assessed at three sawmills at which personnel used a sodium chlorophenate product as an antistain agent. Given that compounds accumulate in body fat and their half-lives in humans are long, we could determine 2,3,7,8-substituted PCDDs and PCDFs 5-9 y after the last exposure occurred. We used high-resolution gas chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry to determine PCDDs/PCDFs in plasma from 39 Ky5-exposed workers and 18 nonexposed workers. The average total plasma concentration of PCDD/PCDF of the Ky5-exposed workers at the three sawmills were 1018, 945, and 1165 pg/g fat, and corresponding concentrations in the nonexposed workers were 743, 1124, and 844 pg/g fat, respectively. We found no significant differences in total levels between Ky5-exposed workers and nonexposed workers. However, concentrations of the 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDF isomer were significantly higher (p < .01) among the Ky5-exposed workers at all three sawmills (averages of 224, 99, and 148 pg/g fat) than among their respective nonexposed workers (averages of 43, 48, and 44 pg/g fat). These results indicate that workers had handled Ky5. When we expressed concentration levels in international toxic equivalents (I-TEQs), the mean total I-TEQ PCDD/PCDF of Ky5-exposed workers was significantly lower at one of the sawmills (average = 42 pg I-TEQ/g) than at the other two sawmills (averages of 64 and 62 pg I-TEQ/g)(p < .05). Nevertheless, total concentrations at the sawmills studied were within the range of background levels in the general population.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Inhibition of lipid accumulation and enhancement of energy expenditure by the addition of pyruvate and dihydroxyacetone to a rat diet.

To assess the effects of oral intake of pyruvate and dihydroxyacetone on body composition and metabolism, rats were divided into two groups and pair-fed one of the following isocaloric diets for 112 days. The control diet was a liquid diet with the following caloric composition: 14% protein, 28% fat, and 58% carbohydrate. The experimental diet was the same as the control diet except for the partial substitution of carbohydrate content with pyruvate and dihydroxyacetone. Rats receiving the experimental diet gained less weight than rats receiving the control diet. This reduction in body weight appeared to be largely the result of inhibition of lipid accumulation. The experimental diet reduced body fat content by 32% without any significant effect on either protein or water content. Rats receiving the experimental diet did not have increased loss of calories in the stool, but had greater rates of heat production and energy expenditure, which was accompanied by an elevated plasma level of thyroxine. Furthermore, rats receiving the experimental diet had a smaller rate of lipid synthesis in their adipose tissue, and a reduced plasma insulin level. The data suggest that inhibition of gain in weight with the addition of pyruvate and dihydroxyacetone to the diet is the result of an increased loss of calories as heat at the expense of storage as lipid.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1996

Energy density and its role in the control of food intake: evidence from metabolic and community studies.

This review discusses the role that dietary composition and energy density play in the control of eating behaviour. The effect of dietary manipulations of fat and carbohydrate on energy intake remains controversial. We suggest this to be largely a consequence of different study designs. When low-fat foods are included in the diet and thus only some items manipulated subsequent food choice commonly ensures compensation and energy intake remains constant. However, when all items are manipulated and macronutrient composition fixed, an alteration in the energy density results in a parallel change in energy intake and there is no energy compensation. In addition, we hypothesise that hyperphagia on high-fat diets is a consequence of a high energy density rather than fat content per se. Independent of fat content, low energy dense diets generate greater satiety than high energy dense diets, suggesting that an important regulatory signal may be the weight or volume of food consumed. Epidemiological studies confirm that energy intake increases with energy density and thus weight loss may be best achieved on a low energy dense diet. Although the use of low-fat items may not reduce intake during covert manipulation, it may be successful during periods of deliberate dieting, providing that food-substitutions are not counter-balanced by other high density items.

Dietary Carbohydrates↗
PubMed2000

Influence of dietary fat source and copper supplementation on broiler performance, fatty acid profile of meat and depot fat, and on cholesterol content in meat.

1. Three hundred and twenty d-old chickens were fed on a wheat/maize-soyabean meal diet supplemented with (i) 50 g/kg lard, (ii) 25 g/kg lard and 25 g/kg rapeseed oil, (iii) 50 g/kg rapeseed oil, and (iv) 50 g/kg rapeseed oil and 200 mg copper per kg as copper sulphate pentahydrate. 2. Final weights at 39 d of age in chickens receiving rapeseed oil were lower by 9% than in those fed on the diet containing only lard (P<0.05). The fatty acids profiles of lipids extracted from the tissues of 10 chickens per group reflected those of the diets. 3. The polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) content of breast muscles and abdominal fat (expressed as a percentage of total fatty acids) was increased and the ratio of n-6:n-3 fatty acids was decreased by the substitution of lard by rapeseed oil (P<0.001). These changes were more pronounced for the adipose tissue than for breast muscles. 4. Copper sulphate supplementation increased the final body weight of chickens by 4.3% (P<0.05), reduced the saturated fatty acid (SFA) proportion (P<0.05) in abdominal fat and increased the PUFA:SFA ratio (P<0.05). The magnitude of improvement, however, was small. 5. The substitution of rapeseed oil for lard decreased the concentration of cholesterol in breast muscles by 13%. Copper supplementation further reduced the cholesterol content by 25%. Both effects were significant (P<0.001).

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2003

A novel leptin receptor variant with a conservative amino acid substitution (I359 V) in body weight selected and unselected mouse lines.

Recently published results revealed linkage of obesity traits to a chromosomal region near the leptin receptor gene (Lepr) locus in high body weight selected big and fat DU6i mice. The purpose of this study was the search for variants of the Lepr gene in selected and unselected mouse lines as a candidate for different body composition traits. The complete Lepr cDNA sequence was analysed in DU6i mice. In addition, body weight, abdominal fat weight and serum leptin levels were measured in 42 day old, male mice of the strains DU6i, DUKs, Him : OF1 and DBA/2. Sequence comparison to the published wild type sequence revealed three silent mutations and an amino acid exchange (I359 V) in the C2 domain of the putative leptin binding site in the line DU6i. Compared to the high body weight selected mice also unselected lean control DUKs mice and Him : OF1 mice harbour the amino acid substitution, although they show significantly lower values for body weight, abdominal fat weight and serum leptin levels. Therefore, we assume that the mutation in the C2 domain of Lepr alone might not result in impaired leptin binding or signaling.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Comparative results between two groups of track-and-field athletes with or without the use of Master Amino acid Pattern as protein substitute.

Comparative results of this study have shown that athletes, by taking the Master Amino acid Pattern (MAP) as a dietary protein substitute and performing physical activity, have had (1) increased body muscle mass, strength, and endurance; (2) decreased fat mass; (3) increased basal metabolism rate; (4) greater improvement in performance of the nonprevailing muscles compared to the prevailing ones; and (5) improved muscular and hematologic lactate clearance, which allows for better muscle performance and faster muscle recovery after physical activity. It was concluded that the use of MAP as a dietary protein substitute in conjunction with physical activity can provide a safe and unprecedented way to optimize the body's protein synthesis, thereby improving anthropometric characteristics and physical and physiologic performance.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

The benefit of pancreatic enzyme substitution after total gastrectomy.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of the pancreatic enzyme preparation Kreon on abdominal symptoms, bowel habits, faecal fat excretion and oro-caecal transit time in patients after total gastrectomy for carcinoma of the stomach with Roux-en-Y anastomosis. A hydrogen breath test was carried out in each patient to detect bacterial overgrowth. In a double-blind crossover trial, 15 patients were treated with either Kreon or placebo (3.6 g/day) in two test-periods each of seven days. During treatment with the active substance, the stool consistency became more solid (P less than 0.05). The number of bowel movements and the abdominal symptoms, however, remained statistically unchanged. Treatment with Kreon did not influence the oro-caecal transit time. Faecal fat excretion did not significantly decrease in the whole group of patients. However, in those patients with massive steatorrhoea (free and esterified fatty acids greater than 350 mmol/72 h; upper reference limit 60 mmol/72 h) a significant (P less than 0.05) reduction from a median excretion of 643 mmol/72 h to 501 mmol/72 h was seen. Such a decrease in faecal fat excretion did not occur in patients with steatorrhoea below this limit. Bacterial overgrowth or rapid upper intestinal transit were not over-represented in patients with a high-degree of steatorrhoea. We conclude that after total gastrectomy pancreatic enzyme substitution reduces massive steatorrhoea and improves stool consistency.

Aged↗
PubMed1987

Tumor-host wasting not explained by adrenal hyperfunction in tumor-bearing animals.

This study addressed the question of whether hypercorticism in tumor-bearing animals contributes to the wasting of body fat and lean body mass, particularly that of skeletal muscles. For this purpose, hydrocortisone-substituted nongrowing sarcoma-bearing and control C57BL/6J mice were used that were either adrenalectomized or sham-operated prior to experimentation. Adrenalectomy in itself did not alter food intake or body composition in normal animals. Tumor-bearing mice and pair-weighted control animals had elevated urinary excretion of corticosteroids compared with the urinary excretion in freely fed controls. The malignant tumor induced the well-recognized wasting in tumor-bearing animals, irrespective of the presence of the adrenal glands. Therefore, an elevated corticosteroid production did not account for the wasting of body fat, lean body mass, skeletal muscle proteins, or decreased RNA activity in quadriceps muscles from tumor-bearing animals, although such muscles were sensitive to physiologic doses of injected hydrocortisone (20 micrograms/day). Tyrosine aminotransferase (TAT) activity in liver tissue from tumor-bearing animals was higher than that induced by pharmacologic doses of hydrocortisone in normal animals. Physiologic doses of hydrocortisone induced hepatic TAT activity, but pair-weighed control animals with the same degree of hypercorticism as was found in tumor-bearing animals had normal TAT activity in liver tissue. Although hypercorticism is present in tumor-bearing animals, the results demonstrate that cancer cachexia can start and proceed independently of the adrenal glands. Therefore, adrenal hyperfunction is not the proximate cause for the development of experimental cancer cachexia induced by anorexia.

Adrenal Glands↗
PubMed1995

Transport of organic environmental contaminants to animal products.

A large number of chemical contaminants potentially may be present in agricultural environments, leading to exposure of animals and potential residues in animal products. The contamination may be either widespread, as a result of aerial transport of industrial emissions, or localized, as a result of accidental emissions and spills, improper waste disposal, contaminants in useful products, and areas of past use of products now banned. The halogenated hydrocarbons, including the polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and persistent organochlorine insecticides remaining from past use, are the contaminants of most concern. Depending on the degree and pattern of chlorine substitution, these compounds are resistant to degradation and tend to accumulate in the fat of animals and their products. Other classes of environmental contaminants as exemplified by the PAHs, phthalate esters, acid phenolics, and nitrosamines also may occur widely in the environment. These compounds are unlikely to be transported to animal products because the compounds are water-soluble or can be metabolized to water-soluble products, which are excreted in the urine and thus do not bioaccumulate in products such as milk and meat. The points of entry of environmental contaminants into agricultural environments usually are plants and soils. Lipophilic compounds such as the halogenated hydrocarbons are not taken up and translocated by plants. Contamination of plants is mainly a surface phenomenon resulting from aerial deposition of emissions or deposition of compounds volatilized from the surface of contaminated soil. Thus, fibrous roughages used primarily in feeding cattle and other ruminants will be the most important pathway of animal exposure and transport to human foods. The second pathway of animal exposure is by ingestion of contaminated soil while grazing or when confined to unpaved facilities. As in the case of feed sources, cattle is the species most vulnerable to exposure by the soil ingestion pathway under most commercial management systems, but poultry and swine are more vulnerable in those infrequent situations in which these species have access to contaminated soil.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1981

Elevated cholesterol and bile acid synthesis in an adult patient with homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia. Reduction by a high glucose diet.

Elevated levels of cholesterol synthesis are reported for several young children with homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (HFH) and are considered to contribute directly to their hypercholesterolemia. In contrast, increased cholesterol production has not previously been found in adult patients with HFH. Using the fecal steroid balance technique, we studied rates of cholesterol and bile acid synthesis in a 24-yr-old man who had severe hypercholesterolemia typical of HFH and who lacked skin fibroblast low density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor activity. On an average diet (45% carbohydrate, 40% fat, 15% protein) mean +/- SEM cholesterol (24.8 +/- 1.4 mg/kg per d) and bile acid (11.1 +/- 1.6 mg/kg per d) excretion were approximately threefold higher than normal. When an isocaloric high carbohydrate, low fat diet (90.5% glucose oligosaccharides, 1.3% safflower oil, 8.2% crystalline amino acids was substituted, mean cholesterol (13.0 +/- 0.5 mg/kg per d) and bile acid (8.6 +/- 0.4 mg/kg per d) fell markedly. The decline in fecal steroid excretion was accompanied by modest reductions in plasma total and LDL cholesterol concentrations and by a softening of cutaneous xanthomata. Although the patient phenotypically and biochemically resembled the HFH state, his family pedigree was not noteable for hypercholesterolemia. While the patient's father had premature cardiovascular disease, his mother had no evidence of heart disease, had normal plasma total and LDL cholesterol levels, and had normal fibroblast LDL receptor activity. Likewise, the plasma cholesterol levels of three other members of the patient's family were normal. Despite the unusual genotypic background of this individual, however, the fecal balance data shows that elevated cholesterol and bile acid synthesis may occur in adult, as well as juvenile, patients with HFH and may be responsive to dietary control.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

Beneficial physiologic action of beans.

The author reviews the literature indicating the beneficial effects of a diet high in fiber and the detrimental effects of highly refined carbohydrate intake, which characterizes the present Western diet. Reduction in serum cholesterol and stimulation of peristalsis can be demonstrated by incorporating beans in the diet. In studies with male volunteers, serum cholesterol has been lowered, despite a high-fat or sucrose diet, and an investigation with rats is cited in which substitution of beans for wheat starch decreased intestinal transit time. The author points out the difference between "crude fiber," figures for which are available in food composition tables, and "indigestible food residue"; he urges that the latter phrase replace the terms "fiber" and "rough-age."

Animals↗