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An objective scaling of facial nerve function based on area analysis (OSCAR) was developed using the variations of luminance produced by changes of facial expression. The presented method of scaling facial motions has the advantage of being continuous, objective, and reproducible. It is fast and simple to use.
PURPOSE: To determine the effect of two comfort interventions during unanesthesized circumcision on neonatal pain. METHODOLOGY: Fifty-eight neonates were randomly assigned to one of three intervention groups. Eighteen control infants received routine care, 15 infants had music played, and 15 infants had a tape of intrauterine sounds played. During circumcision, monitors measured cardiac rate, rhythm, blood pressure, and transcutaneous oxygen. Pain was measured by analysis of videotaped facial expressions using Izard's Maximally Discriminative Facial Movement Coding System (1983). RESULTS: Mean heart rate was above normal limits during all steps of the circumcision for the control group and during some of the steps for the other two groups. Facial expressions analyzed showed all three groups had pain much more than any other emotion during the procedure. CONCLUSIONS: The two interventions were unable to offset the effects of circumcision pain.
We proposed that a negative bias in the perception of facial expressions would affect the way in which deficient coping and interpersonal functioning influenced the risk of persistent depression. Furthermore, we hypothesised that cognitions, coping strategies, and interpersonal functioning would be more likely to contribute to the prediction of outcome of depression among women than among men. At admission, 60 in-patients with major depression judged 12 schematic faces with respect to the emotions that they expressed (fear, happiness, anger, sadness, disgust, surprise, rejection and invitation). In addition, difficulty in assertiveness and social distress, and coping strategies for dealing with stressful events were measured with self-report questionnaires. At admission and 6 weeks later, the severity of depression was evaluated with the Beck Depression Inventory. Women who were inclined to perceive high levels of negative emotions from facial expressions and who reported high levels of social distress at admission were less likely to be improved after 6 weeks. Among women, these high levels of perception of negative emotions and high levels of social distress tended to predict the persistence of depression independently. A propensity to perceive negative facial expressions may underlie the unfavourable course of depression, especially among women.
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Experience of emotions changes with age: older adults report fewer intense negative emotional experiences, and are less accurate in labelling facial expressions of some negative emotions. However, there is little empirical evidence as to the effect of age on perception of intensity of emotions. This study aims to investigate whether younger and older adults differ in their ratings of the intensity of others' emotions as presented in photographs of faces and descriptions in text. METHODS: Age effects on intensity ratings of emotions (happiness, fear, anger, sadness) from photographs of facial expressions and verbal descriptions of emotions in text were investigated in 91 healthy adult participants. Relationships of these intensity ratings with measures of cognitive ability and current mood were also examined. RESULTS: Older participants perceived lower levels of emotional intensity in sad and happy faces. Compared with the older group, younger adults perceived neutral faces as showing high anger levels. Younger adults also rated protagonists in stories as experiencing high levels of fear. Most of the age differences could be statistically explained in terms of anxiety, depression, and intelligence test scores. CONCLUSIONS: Older adults rate some aspects of emotions portrayed in facial expressions and written text as less intense. This may partly reflect better emotional adjustment with age, as reflected in lower levels of anxiety and depression.
When neurofibroma involves the face, it can lead to a most disfiguring, destructive, and debilitating condition. Because of the unique aesthetic and functional properties of the face, the surgeon might hesitate to remove all of the involved soft tissues and facial nerves in a radical procedure. Involvement of the craniofacial skeleton makes the treatment more difficult and complex. The treatment usually consists of excising the symptomatic lesion, and often these lesions are incompletely corrected. Regrowth after partial excision is frequent and leads to recurrence of deformity. The force of gravity plays a major role in the appearance of deformity, leading to facial tissue drooping and bulging as the mass grows and gains weight. The aim of this operation was to contain the residual mass after excision within a tight net against the force of gravity, thus limiting and preventing drooping or bulging of the facial soft tissue while preserving muscles and nerves associated with facial expression. Polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon) mesh, used as a net, was evaluated as a replacement material for subcutaneous tissue and a substitute for superficial fascia destroyed by tumor infiltration. The mesh was suspended in the superior-posterior direction, capturing the residual mass like a net capturing fish. From 1989 to 1999, a total of eight patients underwent the netting procedure after partial excision of neurofibroma of the face. The follow-up period was 3 to 10 years. The use of Teflon mesh proved to be compatible with the surrounding tissue, endurable at follow-up, and consistent with expectations. Follow-up computed tomographic scans revealed no further visible tumor growth, and the area was contained under the mesh net with satisfactory postoperative facial contour. The advantages of this procedure are the avoidance of radical excision of facial soft tissue, preservation of remnant facial expression, and prevention of progression of facial dysmorphism.
It has been suggested that the observation of a model consuming a food (CS) and facially expressing either to like or to dislike (US') the food, may be a sufficient condition to bring about a change in the valence of the food for the observer. Unfortunately, up to now this hypothesis has not been investigated in a straightforward manner. In this study, during acquisition, children consumed a series of evaluatively neutral colored and flavored drinks, while simultaneously they watched a videotaped model synchronically drinking identical drinks and facially expressing his evaluation (neutral or dislike) of the liquids. In one condition, the presence of a particular flavor in the drinks was designated to function as the CS+ or the CS-, whereas in the other condition it was the color of the drinks which was the critical CS+ or CS-. Next, the children evaluated a series of drinks containing the critical CSs. A clear evaluative learning effect was obtained when the flavor but not when the color of the drinks was systematically paired with the model's facial expression of dislike. Moreover, the flavor conditioning effect was dependent on the presence in the test drinks of the local context cues (c.q. the colors of the drinks) which were used during acquisition. Finally a double dissociation was observed between explicit beliefs and the "evaluative knowledge" expressed in the ratings of the drinks, in that none of the children in the CS = Flavor groups evidenced any explicit knowledge about the crucial CS-US' contingency but showed evaluative conditioning, whereas the majority of the children in CS = Color groups were aware of the CS-US' relation but failed to demonstrate an evaluative CS-/CS-differentiation.
Face recognition has been assumed to be independent of facial expression. We used familiar and unfamiliar faces that were morphed from a happy to an angry expression within a given identity. Participants performed speeded two-choice decisions according to whether or not a face was familiar. Consistent with earlier findings, reaction times for classifications of unfamiliar faces were independent of facial expressions. In contrast, expression clearly influenced the recognition of familiar faces. with fastest recognition for moderately happy expressions. This suggests that representations of familiar faces for recognition preserve some information about typical emotional expressions.
Face processing and facial expression recognition were investigated in the earliest stages of Huntington's disease, by studying 40 people who presented for genetic testing. Twenty-three of these 'at risk' individuals turned out not to carry the gene for Huntington's disease (the AR- group). Seventeen were found to be gene carriers (the AR+ group); 15 from genetic testing, and two who showed signs of early stages of Huntington's disease. A number of standard tasks were used to provide background information, including recognition memory for words, picture naming, verbal fluency, and figure copying; none revealed significant differences between the AR+ and AR- groups. Face processing abilities were investigated using tests of identification of familiar (famous) faces, unfamiliar face matching, recognition memory for faces, and recognition of facial expressions of emotion. No statistically significant differences between the AR+ and AR- groups were found for any of these tests, but the AR+ group showed a borderline overall impairment in recognizing facial expressions of emotion (0.05 < P < 0.1). When recognition of each of the six basic emotions used was examined separately, only disgust was found to be significantly impaired. This highly selective deficit in the recognition of disgust was confirmed in the subgroup of 15 individuals shown by genetic testing to be Huntington's gene carriers; it was therefore found in people who were free from clinical symptoms and did not perform significantly more poorly than non-carriers on any of the background tests, on any of the other face processing tasks, and even for recognition of any other basic emotion. This points strongly to the importance of the basal ganglia in the emotion of disgust.
The primary neuropsychological theories of schizophrenia have emphasized disturbed dominant hemisphere functioning, although schizophrenics (SZs), particularly those with flat affect, may have deficits resembling those of patients with damage to their right hemisphere. SZs, right-brain-damaged patients (RBDs), and normal controls (NCs) were videotaped while talking about a pleasant and an unpleasant experience. Raters viewed the video recordings of facial activity with the audio portion turned off and assessed the intensity of emotion, the amount of positive emotion, and the amount of negative emotion. Compared to controls, both patient groups were judged as less expressive and as displaying more negative than positive emotion. In particular, the patients seemed to have difficulty with the expression of positive feelings. For the SZ group, these findings may be related to anhedonia or to poor social functioning, which are often features of the illness. The findings for the RBD group are contrary to previous studies which have suggested that the right hemisphere is specialized for negative emotion.
Training in esthetic surgery focuses on correcting crooked noses, wrinkled skin, bald scalps, and other unsightly facial structures. However, little importance is placed upon facial expressions--eg, "weak," "serious," "feminine," etc. Surgeons have discovered, through experience, that a recessed chin gives one a "dumb" expression, that a drooping nose denotes an "aging" expression, and that baggy eyelids confer a "tired" expression; yet few efforts have been made to study this area in more depth. This article explores the field of facial expression and its place in facial esthetic surgery.
The present study attempts to elucidate whether cerebral brain lesions differentially affect the crossmodal decoding of emotional intonations in semantically meaningless sentences. Forty patients with well-documented lesions and 12 matched hospital controls participated in the study. Twenty-one had left brain damage (LBD: 12 with anterorolandic (anterior) and 9 with retrorolandic-infrasylvian (posterior) lesions); 19 had right brain damage (RBD: 12 anterior, 7 posterior lesions). The decoding of emotion categories was measured using (a) multiple choice of verbal labels and (b) matching one emotional vocalization (joy, fear, sadness, or anger) with two choice facial expressions. Crossmodal dimensional decoding was assessed by matching vocalizations with two facial expressions with regard to emotional valence or arousal. Results indicate that labeling was reduced in all lesion groups as compared to that in controls. Crossmodal categorical recognition was impaired in RBD, whereas LBD performance was comparable to controls. However, in the dimensional decoding task, a reduced recognition of valence in LBD and arousal in RBD was observed. An analysis of localizational subgroups revealed that subjects with left ventral frontal lesions, which in part extended into the adjacent right hemisphere, were predominantly impaired in the crossmodal identification of valence, whereas right temporoparietal lesions affected arousal decoding. Our results suggest that lateralized lesions may differentially affect the crossmodal recognition of dimensional concepts such as valence and arousal.
The authors analyzed smokers' facial expressions using the Facial Action Coding System (P. Ekman & W. V. Friesen, 1978) under varyingsmoking opportunity conditions. In Experiment 1, smokers first were told that they either could (told-yes) or could not (told-no) smoke during the study. Told-yes smokers reported higher urges than did told-no smokers. Unexpectedly, told-yes smokers became increasingly likely to manifest expressions related to negative affect and less likely to evince expressions related to positive affect, compared with told-no smokers. In Experiment 2, smokers were more likely to show positive affect-related expressions if the delay was 15 s than if it was 60 s. Craving may be related to both a desire to use and an impatient desire to use immediately.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between emotional expression and experience in schizophrenia by manipulating expressive behaviors directly and then assessing subsequent emotional feelings. In Study 1, facial expressions and bodily postures were manipulated in a sample of normals, the results of which replicate findings from previous studies of peripheral feedback effects on emotions. In Study 2, the same procedures were used with matched groups of outpatient schizophrenic men, patients with depression, and nonpsychiatric controls. Schizophrenia patients showed the usual effects from their facial expressions of sadness, fear, happiness, and surprise, but only from their postures of anger, whereas patients with depression showed the same effects only from their expressions and postures of sadness, and normal controls only from their expressions and postures of anger. These patterns may reflect those aspects of the emotional response system that are functional and dysfunctional in schizophrenia and depression.
A strong posteriorly directed force applied to the mandible resulting in fracture, can also displace the mandibular condyle towards the external auditory canal or superiorly against the mandibular fossa, causing its penetration into the middle cranial fossa or even the fracture of the temporal bone. We report the case of a 30-year-old male patient victim of a bicycle accident that developed facial expression muscles paralysis on the left side soon after the trauma. On physical examination he presented left side postauricular ecchymosis, diminished muscular tonus of the left mouth angle and difficulty to close the left eye, he did not present clinical signs of facial fractures. The neurological and CT scan examination revealed fracture of the left temporal bone with total facial expression muscles paralysis. The patient was referred to the neurosurgical team for evaluation and they opted for a conservative treatment. After 3 months the patient showed a marked improvement with almost normal facial expression muscle movements. The trauma dynamics and treatment details are discussed.
Nursing involves deep human interpersonal relationships between nurses and patients. But in modern Korea, the nurse-patient relationship tends to be ritualistic and mechanestic. Patients usually express the hope that nurses be more tender and kind. Patients expect nurses to express their warmth especially through nonverbal behaviour. This study was conducted to identify patients' preferences for nurse's nonverbal expressions of warmth. Through the confirmation of these preferences, nurses may learn how to enhance their interpersonal relationships with patients. Subjects for the study were 73 patients who had been admitted to a university teaching hospital for at least three days and agreed to be interviewed by the investigator. The interactions were studied nonverbal expressions of warmth during nursing rounds and administration of oral medication. The interview schedule was especially designed by the investigator to measure the nurse's posture, the distance between the nurse and the patient, the nurse's eye contact, facial expression, hand motion and head nodding. Data analysis included frequencies, percentages and X2-test. The results of this study may be summerized as follows: 1. Patient's preferences for nurse's nonverbal expressions of warmth during nursing rounds. Preferred nurse's posture was sitting (50.7%) or standing (49.3%) opposite the patient. Preferred distance between the nurse and the patient was close to the bed (93.2%), less than 1m. Preferred eye contact was directed to the patient's eyes or their affected part (41.1%). Preferred facial expression was a smile (97.3%). Preferred hand motions were light gestures (41.1%). Patients preferred head nodding which approved their own opinions (69.9%). 2. Patient's preferences for nurse's nonverbal expressions of warmth during administration of oral medication. Preferred nurse's posture was standing and waiting to confirm that the medication had been taken (58.9%). Preferred distance from the patient was at arm's length, 0.5-1m (64.4%). Patients preferred direct eye contact (58.9%) and a smile (94.5%). Patients preferred that the nurse put the medicine directly the patient's hand (64.4%). Whether the nurse nodded her head or not was not considered important. 3. The relation of general characteristics and patient's preferences for nurse's nonverbal expressions of warmth during nursing rounds and administration of oral medication. During nursing rounds, the age of subjects (p = 0.010) and the standard of education (p = 0.026) related to the distance between the nurse and the patient. The sick hospital ward related to the eye contact (p = 0.017) and facial expression (p = 0.010).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Numerous options are available for rehabilitation of chronic facial nerve paralysis, ranging from simple slings to complex procedures such as microneurovascular tissue transfer. Microneurovascular muscle transfer is generally indicated: 1) if the patient desires dynamic facial reanimation, particularly restoration of involuntary emotional facial expressions; 2) in the absence of distal facial nerve fibers or motor endplate function; 3) with an associated large soft tissue defect in the cheek; and 4) when other dynamic reanimation procedures have not been successful. The most commonly used free flaps for facial reanimation are gracilis, latissimus dorsi and inferior rectus abdominus muscle. When successfully performed free flaps yield excellent functional and aesthetic results in facial reanimation.
A number of rating systems are available to evaluate emotional communication in a single modality. The main purpose of this study was to develop procedures to train human raters to evaluate posed expressions of emotion across three different channels of communication, i.e., facial, prosodic/intonational, and lexical/verbal. These procedures were used to evaluate posed emotional expressions produced by individuals with unilateral brain lesions from stroke. Posers in this preliminary report were two right brain-damaged, two left brain-damaged, and two normal control right-handed adults who were matched on demographic and neurological factors. Eight emotional expressions, both positive and negative, were produced in three channels and rated for intensity, pleasantness, and category accuracy. 15 normal adults served as raters, five per channel. The rating procedures were comparable across channels, with analogous properties, and yielded substantial interrater agreement. In this small sample of posers, it was observed that the expressions of the right brain-damaged group were rated as the least accurate and those of the left brain-damaged group as the most intense. When patterns of individual performance across the channels were examined, performance was quiet consistent for the normal controls yet variable for the right brain-damaged persons. These observations are in keeping with the notion that patients with right hemisphere pathology have difficulty in emotional communication. In summary, these findings suggest that comparison of emotional expressions across multiple channels is feasible.
Ten years ago, we reported that SM, a patient with rare bilateral amygdala damage, showed an intriguing impairment in her ability to recognize fear from facial expressions. Since then, the importance of the amygdala in processing information about facial emotions has been borne out by a number of lesion and functional imaging studies. Yet the mechanism by which amygdala damage compromises fear recognition has not been identified. Returning to patient SM, we now show that her impairment stems from an inability to make normal use of information from the eye region of faces when judging emotions, a defect we trace to a lack of spontaneous fixations on the eyes during free viewing of faces. Although SM fails to look normally at the eye region in all facial expressions, her selective impairment in recognizing fear is explained by the fact that the eyes are the most important feature for identifying this emotion. Notably, SM's recognition of fearful faces became entirely normal when she was instructed explicitly to look at the eyes. This finding provides a mechanism to explain the amygdala's role in fear recognition, and points to new approaches for the possible rehabilitation of patients with defective emotion perception.