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PubMed2000

The effect of statherin and its shortened analogues on anaerobic bacteria isolated from the oral cavity.

The susceptibility (MIC) of 44 strains of anaerobic bacteria isolated from the oral cavity and 3 standard strains to statherin and its C-terminal fragments with sequences QYQQYTF, YQQYTF, QQYTF, QYTF and YTF was determined by means of plate dilution technique in Brucella agar with 5% content of defibrinated sheep's blood, menadione and hemin. The culture was anaerobic. As shown, at concentrations from 12.5 to 100 microg/ml statherin and its C-terminal fragments inhibited the growth of anaerobic bacteria isolated from the oral cavity. Peptostreptococcus strains were the most susceptible to statherin and YTF (MIC < or = 12.5 mg/ml), whereas the most susceptible to the peptides investigated were Fusobacterium necrogenes and Fusobacterium necrophorum strains: QYQQYTF, YQQYTF, QQYTF, QYTF (MIC < or = 12.5 microg/ml). Prevotella oralis, Bacteroides forsythus and Bacteroides ureolyticus strains exhibited the lowest susceptibility (MIC > 100 microg/ml). When analysing the bacteriostatic activity of statherin it should be pointed out that the concentrations of this peptide used in microbiological investigations are within the range of physiological concentrations determined for whole saliva when at rest and stimulated in healthy donors of 19-25 years of age. Since the anaerobes investigated may be involved in the diseases of periodontum, the results presented seem to have also a practical aspect, i.e. a possibility to apply the C-terminal fragments of statherin as a novel therapeutic agent, affecting favourably the oral cavity.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed1992

The relative lethality of intestinal bacteria for gnotobiotic rats with experimental intestinal strangulation.

In eight experiments utilizing 28 animals each, germfree rats with and without ischemically or hemorrhagically strangulated closed loop intestinal segments were contaminated with either one of four common intestinal anaerobic bacteria, or a combination of two or three bacteria previously found to be innocuous in pure culture. The results showed that: a) in pure culture, Bacteroides fragilis, Bacteroides melaninogenicus, and Peptostreptococcus anaerobius were innocuous; b) Fusobacterium necrophorum alone was a very lethal organism that produced intense, confluent, intraperitoneal, fibrous adhesions after four to six days; and c) mixed inoculum of Klebsiella pneumoniae, Bacteroides fragilis, and/or Streptococcus faecalis was found to be lethal for gnotobiotic rats with intestinal strangulation. It is concluded that Fusobacterium necrophorum is so patent that it should be specifically treated with antibiotics when suspected or known to be present in clinical specimens. This gnotobiotic animal model will be useful to delineate the lethality of known combinations of intestinal bacteria.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

["In vitro" activity of ten antimicrobial agents against anaerobic bacteria. A collaborative study, 1999-2002].

The antimicrobial activity of ampicillin, ampicillin-sulbactam, cefoxitin, ceftriaxone, imipenem, piperacillin, piperacillin-tazobactam, clindamycin, metronidazole, and azitromycin was assesed against 166 strains of anaerobic bacteria recovered from eight hospitals in Buenos Aires. The strains studied were Bacteroides fragilis group (65), Fusobacterium spp. (26), Prevotella spp. (21), Porphyromonas spp. (10), Clostridium difficile (10), other clostridia (12), and gram-positive cocci (22). The MICs were determined by the agar dilution method according to NCCLS document M11-A5. Metronidazole and piperacillin-tazobactam were the most active antimicrobial agents tested and exhibited MIC90 values of < or = 2 microg/ml and < or = 4 microg/ml against gram-negative organisms, and < or = 2 microg/ml, and < or = 8 microg/ml against gram-positive organisms, respectively. Among beta-lactams the activity against gram-negative rods was in the following order: imipenem > piperacillin > cefoxitin > ceftriaxone > ampicillin. Among the gram-positive bacteria the decreased activity was: piperacillin > imipenem > cefoxitin > ceftriaxone > ampicillin. The majority of the species studied showed different degrees of resistance to clindamycin and azitromycin. Nevertheless, 90% of Fusobacterium nucleatum and Porphyromonas spp. isolates were inhibited by 0.125 mg/ml of clindamycin and azitromycin, respectively.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗

PubMed1989

[Common pathogens of surgical infections and their drug sensitivities].

328 bacterial strains were isolated from the surgical patients admitted to the Southwestern Hospital, and their drug sensitivities were tested. Among them, there were 158 strains of aerobic bacteria (47.9%), including 61 strains of E. coli, 21 strains of Proteus, 12 strains of P. aeruginosa, and 170 strains of anaerobic bacteria (52.1%), including 53 strains of B. melaninogenicus, 48 strains of B. fragilis, as well as 19 strains of bacteroides and 24 strains of Fusobacterium. Ceftazidime was highly effective against gram-negative bacteria, such as E. coli, P. aeruginosa, Serratia and Klebsiella. Metronidazole was effective against B. fragilis, Bacteroides and Fusobacterium. Combination of amikacin or gentamycin and metronidazole were more effective.

Aminoglycosides↗

PubMed1987

In vitro activity of vancomycin and teicoplanin against anaerobic bacteria.

The in vitro activity of vancomycin and teicoplanin, a new glycopeptide antimicrobial, was determined against a total of 286 anaerobic bacteria including Bacteroides fragilis group (100), B. melaninogenicus (21), B. bivius (16), Fusobacterium spp. (15), Peptococcus spp. (20), Peptostreptococcus spp. (21), Clostridium perfringens (23), C. difficile (41) and Propionibacterium acnes (29). Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were determined using an antimicrobial incorporation technique in Wilkins-Chalgren agar approximately 10(4) colony forming units (cfu) contained in 10 microliters Wilkins-Chalgren broth, which was applied to the surface of the agar plates using a multipoint inoculator. Following inoculation, plates were incubated for 48 h at 37 degrees C in an anaerobic atmosphere. Both vancomycin and teicoplanin were highly active against all the Gram-positive anaerobic bacteria examined, 90% of all isolates being inhibited by 0.5 micrograms/ml of either antimicrobial. Isolates of B. fragilis group and Fusobacterium spp. were resistant to vancomycin (MIC90 64 micrograms/ml) and teicoplanin (MIC90 128 micrograms/ml). Unexpectedly, isolates of B. melaninogenicus and B. bivius which were resistant to vancomycin (MIC90 64 and 128 micrograms/ml respectively) were sensitive to teicoplanin (MIC90 2 and 2 micrograms/ml respectively).

Bacteria, Anaerobic↗

PubMed1987

Synergistic aerobic and anaerobic infections.

Encapsulation affects the virulence and survival of anaerobic bacteria and their protection from phagocytosis. More encapsulated Bacteroides strains and anaerobic and facultative gram-positive cocci are isolated from patients with clinical infections than from healthy people. The pathogenicity of Bacteroides, Fusobacterium, Clostridium, and cocci isolates was demonstrated by their ability to induce subcutaneous abscesses in mice. Encapsulated Bacteroides, Fusobacterium, and cocci isolates generally induced abscesses, whereas nonencapsulated organisms did not. When strains that had fewer than 1% encapsulated organisms were inoculated with other viable or nonviable encapsulated bacteria, many survived in the abscesses and became heavily encapsulated. These strains were then able to induce abscesses when injected alone. Encapsulated Bacteroides species and anaerobic cocci induced bacteremia and translocation and increased the mortality in infected animals more often than did nonencapsulated forms of the same strain. In studies of selective antimicrobial therapy and quantitative cultures of abscesses, it was determined that possession of a capsule generally made Bacteroides species more important in mixed infections than their aerobic counterparts. In vivo synergy was seen between encapsulated Bacteroides species and all tested aerobic bacteria and most anaerobic and facultative gram-positive cocci as well as between most of these cocci and Pseudomonas aeruginosa or Staphylococcus aureus. It is concluded that encapsulated anaerobic bacteria have an important pathogenic role in polymicrobial infections.

Animals↗

PubMed1985

The comparative activity of twelve 4-quinolone antimicrobials against gram-positive and gram-negative anaerobes.

The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of twelve 4-quinolone antimicrobials were determined for the Bacteroides fragilis group (50), Bacteroides melaninogenicus (20), Bacteroides bivius (10), Fusobacterium spp. (10), anaerobic Gram-positive cocci (50) and Clostridium spp. (20). MICs were determined using an agar dilution technique in Mueller-Hinton agar supplemented with 10% lysed horse blood. The inoculum used was approximately 10(4) colony-forming units, contained in 10 microliter of Mueller-Hinton broth, which was applied to the agar plates using a multipoint inoculator. Following inoculation, plates were incubated at 37 degrees C for 48 h in an anaerobic atmosphere. The MIC of each antimicrobial for each isolate examined was determined as the lowest concentration of the antimicrobial which completely inhibited growth of the inoculum. The minimum concentrations required to inhibit the growth of 50% (MIC50) and 90% (MIC90) of the organism examined were also determined. All of the more recently synthesised 4-quinolones showed increased activity against the anaerobic bacteria used in this study. Ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin were the most active compounds examined (Bacteroides fragilis group MIC90 ciprofloxacin 4 micrograms/ml; ofloxacin 4 microgram/ml; Bacteroides melaninogenicus MIC90 ciprofloxacin 2 micrograms/ml, ofloxacin 2 micrograms/ml; Bacteroides bivius MIC90 ciprofloxacin 16 micrograms/ml, ofloxacin 32 micrograms/ml; Fusobacterium spp. MIC90 ciprofloxacin 2 micrograms/ml, ofloxacin 4 micrograms/ml; Clostridium spp. MIC90 ciprofloxacin 1 microgram/ml, ofloxacin 1 microgram/ml and anaerobic Gram-positive cocci MIC90 ciprofloxacin 4 micrograms/ml, ofloxacin 4 micrograms/ml).

Anaerobiosis↗

PubMed1981

Premature labor. II. Bacterial sources of phospholipase.

Human term labor is thought to be initiated by amniotic and chorionic phospholipase A2, an enzyme that liberates arachidonic acid esters from the phospholipids of these membranes, leading to the synthesis of prostaglandins by the placental membranes. The striking association of premature labor with intrauterine infection or contamination, urinary tract infection, and early neonatal sepsis led us to study the microorganisms present in these infections for phospholipase A2 activity. Activity was found in Bacteroides fragilis, Peptostreptococcus, Fusobacterium necrophorum, Streptococcus viridans, Streptococcus fecalis, Streptococcus A and B, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Pneumococcus, Lactobacillus, and Mycoplasma hominis. Bacteroides fragilis, Peptostreptococcus, Fusobacterium, and S viridans had the highest activities. The specific activities of phospholipase A2 from these organisms were several times higher than that of the membrane phospholipase A2 of the amnion and chorion. We postulate that premature labor may be initiated by microorganisms with phospholipase A2 activity from endocervical and/or intrauterine contamination or infection, producing deacylation of arachidonic acid from amniotic phospholipids with increased concentrations of free arachidonic acid and increased prostaglandin synthesis, which triggers labor.

Animals↗

PubMed1994

In vitro activity of meropenem compared with imipenem, metronidazole, ampicillin, and ampicillin/sulbactam against anaerobes.

The aim of the present study was to compare the in vitro activity of meropenem (ICI 194660, CAS 96036-03-2) with imipenem, metronidazole, clindamycin, ampicillin and ampicillin/sulbactam against a variety of anaerobic bacteria using an agar dilution method. 423 clinical isolates were tested belonging to 70 species of 15 anaerobic genera. They included Bacteroides fragilis (n = 62), Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron (n = 45), Prevotella bivia (n = 11), Fusobacterium nucleatum (n = 12), Clostridium perfringens (n = 15) and several rarely isolated species and genera, e.g. Selenomonas sputigena and Clostridium symbiosum. Bacteroides species were inhibited by meropenem at < or = 2.0 micrograms/ml, Clostridium species, including C. difficile, at < or = 4.0 micrograms/ml and all the other anaerobes at < or = 0.5 microgram/ml. Meropenem and imipenem were the most active substances, but often equal to, or only slightly better than, metronidazole, clindamycin or ampicillin/sulbactam, dependent on species. Meropenem was especially active against Bacteroides gracilis (MIC90 0.015 microgram/ml), Prevotella disiens (MIC90 0.03 microgram/ml), Fusobacterium nucleatum (MIC90 0.015 microgram/ml), Clostridium perfringens (MIC90 0.015 microgram/ml) and Veillonella parvula (MIC90 0.03 microgram/ml). The results obtained indicate that meropenem might be a useful adjunct to chemotherapy of anaerobic and mixed aerobic and anaerobic infections.

Ampicillin↗

PubMed1993

[Study of obligate anaerobic bacterial sensitivity to tinidazole and metronidazole (determination of minimal inhibiting concentration--MIC)].

Comparative susceptibility testing of 428 strains of obligate anaerobic bacteria belonging to genera Propionibacterium, Arachnia, Actinomyces, Bacteroides, Prevotella, Porphyromonas, Anaerorhabdus, Fibrobacter, Fusobacterium, Peptostreptococcus and Clostridium to metronidazole and tinidazole was performed. The study of the susceptibility of anaerobic bacteria was carried out by the method of serial dilution in Brucella agar according to Finegold and Sutter (1972). Strains of B. fragilis species, B. fragilis group, other Bacteroides spp.. Fusobacterium spp. and Clostridium spp. were susceptible to both chemotherapeutics in clinically attainable concentrations. Of particular significance is the greater susceptibility of these bacteria to tinidazole. Taking into account this activity, tinidazole is a superior agent in the treatment of anaerobic infections. Both chemotherapeutics were not active against, rarely isolated from severe infections. Gram-positive anaerobic rods from genera Propionibacterium. Actinomyces and Arachnia and were partially active against peptostreptococci.

Bacteria, Anaerobic↗

PubMed1995

Non-sporing anaerobes in certain surgical group of patients.

The magnitude of non-sparing anaerobic (NSA) infections has been defined in the postoperative wounds on colorectum in children (57.1%), general surgery (0%), abdominoperineal and uterocervical operations (11-45%) in gynaecologic and obstetrical cases and perforative peritonitis (25.8-32.3%). Children below the 6 months age group bear less risk of acquiring NSA infection. Under certain situations, metronidazole combats NSA infections in a better way than other antibacterials. The bacteriology of NSA infections has been probed at the species level in the gynaecologic and obstetrical patients. The species of normal cervix (44.6%) are represented in wounds involving abdominal wall (11%), perineum (22.8%) and uterocervix (45.6%) to suggest endogenous infection. Out of the 22 species of NSA isolated, Peptostreptococcus anaerobius, Acidaminococcus fermentans and Peptococcus prevotii are the commonest. Others were Peptococcus niger, Gaffkya anaerobia, Lactobacillus bulgaricus, Actinomyces bovis, Bacteroides oralis, Fusobacterium gonidiaformans and the different species of peptococcus, peptostreptococcus, eubacterium, propionibacterium and fusobacterium. The weight of evidence indicated a pathogenic role of Peptostreptococcus anaerobius and Ruminococcus flavefaciens, in view of their heavy growth. The umbrella of antibacterials reduced Gram-positive anaerobic cocci from 40% to 16%. The facultative anaerobes Staph aureus, Staph epidermidis, Kl pneumoniae and proteus appeared as the exogenous agents of nosocomial infections.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2000

Isolation of fusobacteria from the oral cavities of malnourished Nigerian children living in agricultural and herding villages.

A previous study demonstrated the presence and possible involvement of Fusobacterium necrophorum in the pathogenesis of noma lesions of children living in agricultural and herding villages in northwestern Nigeria. In order to determine if F. necrophorum was part of the oral flora of malnourished children with no noma lesions, a study of the fusobacteria present in the oral cavities of 30 children, 2-6 years of age in Sokoto State, was undertaken. Swabs taken of the oral cavity were cultured on selective fusobacteria medium using conventional anaerobic microbiological techniques. F. nucleatum was recovered from each child and F. necrophorum was isolated from the oral cavity of only one child. The presence of F. nucleatum and the lack of F. necrophorum, except in one case, suggests that the latter is not normal flora in the children at risk for noma. F. necrophorum, a putative trigger organism for noma may gain a foothold only when certain staging conditions (i.e., lowered host resistance and/or oral lesion) are present.

Anaerobiosis↗

PubMed1989

A pyrolysis mass spectrometry study of fusobacteria.

Strains of fusobacteria (143) were examined by pyrolysis mass spectrometry (Py-MS) with a Horizon Instruments PYMS 200X. Fusobacterium necrogenes, F. necrophorum, F. nucleatum, F. mortiferum, F. varium, F. gonidiaformans, F. naviforme, F. russii and Leptotrichia buccalis were discriminated. Strains of fusobacteria isolated from tropical ulcers, although similar to F. mortiferum in conventional tests, were discriminated from each of these species in Py-MS. Identification of 416 spectra to species level agreed with conventional bacteriological methods in 91.8% of cases, was equivocal in 3.4% and disagreed in 4.8%. Classification based on pyrolysis data resolved groups largely corresponding to the recognised species. However, F. nucleatum strains were divided between two distinct groups. The tropical ulcer strains were resolved as a distinct homogeneous group. Py-MS is a rapid, inexpensive and convenient procedure for characterisation of bacteria, with the capacity for a high throughput of samples, although the initial cost of the apparatus is high.

Fusobacterium↗

PubMed1977

Therapeutic evaluation of minocycline and tetracycline for mixed anaerobic infection in mice.

Minocycline has demonstrated greater in vitro activity against anaerobic bacteria than its parent compound, tetracycline. In vivo therapeutic efficacy of the two drugs was tested against a mixed anaerobic infection in a mouse model. Fusobacterium necrophorum plus F. nucleatum injected intraperitoneally produced progressive intrahepatic and occasional extrahepatic abscesses, which were measured at autopsy. Three treatment regimens were tested, single daily doses of antibiotic being administered by oral gavage: four doses begun at 2 or 24 h after challenge and 14 doses begun 3 weeks after challenge when abscesses were well developed. Autopsy was not performed until several weeks after completion of treatment to assess long-term effects. Based on the number of mice without lesions, the median effective dose (ED(50)) in milligrams per kilogram per dose for minocycline was significantly lower than that for tetracycline with each regimen tested. With the 2-h (immediate therapy) regimen and the 24-h-delayed therapy regimen, minocycline was 30 and 6 times, respectively, more effective against hepatic abscesses than tetracycline on a weight basis. With each antibiotic, abscesses outside the liver were more resistant to therapy, although again minocycline was more effective. In the treatment of developed abscesses (3-week-delayed regimen), minocycline was effective (ED(50) <16 mg/kg), whereas tetracycline was ineffective (ED(50) >256 mg/kg). Minocycline has demonstrated greater therapeutic efficacy in vivo than tetracycline in this experimental infection, which is similar, in certain aspects, to human anaerobic infection. These data support further evaluation of the clinical usefulness of minocycline.

Animals↗

PubMed1982

Microorganisms isolated from peritonsillar abscess and indicated chemotherapy.

A bacteriologic study was made of 30 patients with peritonsillar abscesses with the use of both aerobic and anaerobic culture procedures. The abscess was punctured and the pus was aspirated by a syringe with an 18-gauge needle. Aerobes and anaerobes were detected in a frequency rate of approximately 1:2. Peptostreptococcus (30.2%), group a streptococci (27.9%), Peptococcus (16.3%), and Fusobacterium (9.3%) were preponderant pathogens. Anaerobic organisms were isolated in 75% of 30 cases. Aside from group A streptococci, anaerobes play a major etiologic role in peritonsillar abscess. Penicillins or cephalosporins will provide maximum chemotherapeutic benefit.

Abscess↗

PubMed1996

Jugular thrombophlebitis complicating bacterial pharyngitis (Lemierre's syndrome).

Lemierre s syndrome is a rare syndrome caused by Fusobacterium necrophorum, a gram-negative anaerobic organism that normally inhabits the oropharynx. The syndrome follows primary oropharyngeal infection and affects previously healthy adolescents in a characteristic manner with fatal results if left untreated. The authors present two cases seen at their institution and discuss the clinical and radiologic features of the syndrome, along with considerations for patient management.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1982

Histopathology of mixed anaerobic intraabdominal infection in mice.

This study characterized acute peritonitis and chronic abscess formation resulting from experimental mixed anaerobic infection with Bacteroides melaninogenicus and Fusobacterium necrophorum. At intervals after infection liver and spleen samples were obtained, fixed, and processed for histological examination. An acute to chronic infection progressed in mice infected with this mixture of anaerobic bacteria, whereas, no infection resulted when either organism was injected alone. Acute inflammatory cell infiltrates were noted in tissue samples at 12 h postinfection. Small, discrete areas of liver cell necrosis with neutrophilic infiltrates were observed as early as 24 h. By 48 h after infection the liver parenchyma was infiltrated with both acute and chronic inflammatory cells, with moderate to severe hepatocyte degeneration recognized at 72 h. Large intrahepatic abscesses were present in the subphrenic (upper lobe) area 2 to 6 weeks after experimental infection.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

Lemierre's syndrome with spondylitis and pulmonary and gluteal abscesses associated with Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia.

Lemierre's syndrome, a systemic anaerobic infection caused by Fusobacterium necrophorum, is characterized by an acute oropharyngeal infection, septic thrombophlebitis of the internal jugular veins, sepsis, and multiple metastatic infections. It commonly leads to pulmonary parenchymal abscesses and occasionally to septic arthritis, osteomyelitis, or liver or spleen abscesses. Reported here is a case of spondylitis and pulmonary and gluteal abscesses that occurred as part of a classic presentation of Lemierre's syndrome. Treatment with imipenem and clindamycin was successful.

Abscess↗