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PubMedDate not supplied

A weekend camp for bereaved siblings.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this article is to describe a weekend bereavement camp for children age 6 to 18 years who have lost a brother or sister to cancer. A description of the planning for the camp and the weekend program is included. OVERVIEW: Camp New Horizons is a weekend camp for children age 6 to 18 years who have lost a sibling to cancer. At the camp, the children are divided into age-appropriate groups and spend time, through various activities, learning about the grief process to reduce their feelings of isolation, to express grief appropriately, and to move forward in the grief process. Similar programs, as well as the uniqueness of this program, are discussed. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Camp New Horizons has met many of the educational and support needs of bereaved siblings. Networks of support and friendship have formed that allow the children to reach out to one another when needed. Parents and children have increased their communication about the death in their family, thus accepting their feelings and increasing support in the family system. Continued collaboration between centers will create ongoing support for the healthcare professionals and the programs they provide.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2000

Problems in recruiting community-based physicians for health services research.

OBJECTIVE: To qualitatively determine factors that are associated with higher participation rates in community-based health services research requiring significant physician participation burden. MEASUREMENTS: A review of the literature was undertaken using MEDLINE and the Social Science Research Index to identify health services research studies that recruited large community-based samples of individual physicians and in which the participation burden exceeded that of merely completing a survey. Two reviewers abstracted data on the recruitment methods, and first authors were contacted to supplement published information. MAIN RESULTS: Sixteen studies were identified with participation rates from 2.5% to 91%. Almost all studies used physician recruiters to personally contact potential participants. Recruiters often knew some of the physicians to be recruited, and personal contact with these "known" physicians resulted in greater participation rates. Incentives were generally absent or modest, and at modest levels, did not appear to affect participation rates. Investigators were almost always affiliated with academic institutions, but were divided as to whether this helped or hindered recruitment. HMO-based and minority physicians were more difficult to recruit. Potential participants most often cited time pressures on staff and themselves as the study burden that caused them to decline. CONCLUSIONS: Physician personal contact and friendship networks are powerful tools for recruitment. Participation rates might improve by including HMO and minority physicians in the recruitment process. Investigators should transfer as much of the study burden from participating physicians to project staff as possible.

Community Health Services↗
PubMed2003

The embryogenesis of the specialty of Hand Surgery: a story of three great Americans--a politician, a general, and a duck hunter: The 2002 Richard J. Smith memorial lecture.

Although the origins of surgery of the hand come from many different countries over several decades, the specialty of Hand Surgery is uniquely American and came out of the experience of the US Army Medical Corps Hand Centers during and immediately after World War II. The circumstances and opportunities that allowed for the development of the specialty, however, were set in motion years before the war. It is a story of friendship, opportunity, ingenuity, and commitment. That embryogenesis of hand surgery was the result of the intersection of the lives of 3 great Americans--President Franklin Delano Roosevelt, Surgeon General of the Army Norman T. Kirk, and Dr. Asa Sterling Bunnell. These men led fascinating lives and each had personal motivations that made it possible for the specialty to flourish.

Famous Persons↗
PubMed2000

Tell me a story: a walk down ASPAN's memory lane.

Happy Birthday ASPAN! Our Society celebrates its 20th birthday this year. This anniversary issue of the Journal of PeriAnesthesia Nursing, and the 20th National Conference in Boston, 2001, will culminate a year of celebration for ASPAN. In the Breathline (November/December 1999), an article was printed requesting narratives or stories from perianesthesia nurses who are ASPAN members. The invitation was extended to share in the celebration of our success. Over 70 stories were sent in, some quite lengthy and detailed, and others with bulleted information of selected memorabilia. All share the heart and soul of ASPAN and of perianesthesia nursing. The heart of ASPAN is its membership-the memories we share about thefounding of our Society and its meaning in our lives are poignant. The excerpts included in this article are taken from perianesthesia nurses' stories. The member voices are heard, the passion is stirred, and the pride is evident. The stories were displayed at the ASPAN National Conference in Kansas City, MO, in April 2000, during ASPAN's kickoff birthday celebration, Walk Down Memory Lane, sponsored by the ASPAN Foundation through a grant from Stryker, Inc. The Conference was a perfect opportunity to stir the passion of perianesthesia nurses, to remember how we got started, and celebrate what we have become. Milestones, such as this anniversary, are significant events as we consider the past, the roots worth nourishing, and the years ahead. The stories are placed in 1 of 4 themes: Historical Perspective, Regional Pride, Personal Meaning and Passion, and National Conference. Expect to see several other themes emerge as well. Professionalism, mentoring, nursing friendships, focus on patient advocacy, and certification are frequently repeated. As individuals, ASPAN members share their own accomplishments with humility, surprise, and delight. The power and dignity of volunteer efforts and of our specialty Society are palpable. ASPAN thanks each author who took the time and effort to relate theirpersonal memories. Individual credentials for each writer are listed at the end of the article.

History, 20th Century↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Prof. Carl Wilhelm von Zehender (1819-1916)--first professor of ophthalmology and co-founder of the ophthalmological clinic at the University of Rostock--commemorative lecture at the 100th DOG meeting in Berlin from 26.9 to 29.9.2002].

The Grand-ducal University Eye Department in Rostock was solemnly inaugurated 16 May 1892. According to many years of studies in Europe and on efforts to build this clinic, construction was outlined by Professor Carl Wilhelm v. Zehender, but the drafts were executed by the "Grossherzoglich-Mecklenburgisch-Schwerinschen Medicinalcommission" and Landbaumeister Schlosser in winter 1888/89. Professor v. Zehender, who originated from a very ancient Swiss family, was born in Bremen, 21 May 1819. He studied medicine in Goettingen, Jena, Prague, Paris and Vienna. During this time he developed a lifelong friendship with Albrecht v. Graefe. 1856 he took over the medical care for the hereditary duke Georg von Mecklenburg-Strelitz and published the "Correspondenzblatt für Aerzte im Grossherzoglichen Mecklenburg-Strelitz". 1857, during a conference in Heidelberg, his initiative led in the long run to the establishment of the "Heidelberger Ophthalmologische Gesellschaft", the forerunner of the "Deutsche Ophthalmologische Gesellschaft", which was founded in 1920. In 1863 the first edition of "Klinische Monatsblaetter für Augenheilkunde" was published as a periodical; the cover page bore its name as the founder of the magazine. In 1866, after the death of the hereditary duke and a professorship in his hometown Berne, he became honorary professor of the Rostock University, and from 1869 onwards he chaired the clinic as a regular professor. After all his efforts to build his own hospital had failed, he demonstratively and finally resigned from his professorship in 1889. He went to Munich and became editor of the " Klinische Monatsblaetter für Augenheilkunde". In 1907 he moved with his wife via Eutin to Warnemuende. There the nestor of world ophthalmologists died at the age of 98. His burial place without gravestone is situated in today's landscape park "Stephan Jantzen". So far all efforts of the author and of the Rostock University Eye Department taken after 1980 to create a worthy note to this exceptional ophthalmologist in the Baltic Sea resort Warnemuende were unsuccessful, also for financial reasons. But on 2.9.2002 with the help of the Lighthouse Club of Warnemuende a memorial plaque to Prof. C. W. v. Zehender was mounted on the guest house "Margarete". This plaque commemorates Professor Zehender's merits in establishing the DOG, planning and building the eye clinic of the university of Rostock.

Germany↗
PubMed2005

Assessment of social-emotional status in children with language impairments.

Children with language impairments are at increased risk for social-emotional difficulties that affect their ability to participate effectively with peers and to establish quality friendships. Assessment of children with language impairments should include evaluation of their social-emotional status. A variety of methods are available for assessment of social-emotional status: rating scales, sociometrics, self-reports/interviews, and observations. Information gathered about social-emotional status should be incorporated into therapeutic goals for children with language impairments.

Affect↗
PubMed1999

[Frequency, comorbidity and psychosocial correlates of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Results of a Bremen adolescent study].

Using data from the first wave of the Bremen Adolescent Study, this article presents findings on the frequency, comorbidity and correlates of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). ADHD ist the least common disorder examined in our study, with only two out of 1009 adolescents (0.2%) meeting the full DSM-IV criteria for ADHD. On the symptom level, our data show that 159 adolescents (15.8%) report at least six symptoms of inattention and/or six symptoms of hyperactivity-impulsivity. When considering those with this ADHD syndrome, our data show that about half of them have problems in school and at home, and 69.8% of them have at least one comorbid disorder. Compared to adolescents without any disorder and to those with other disorders, adolescents with only ADHD syndrome score significantly lower on control orientation (behavior conduct), perceived competence (academic, behavior, friendship subscales), and show lower emotional attachment to parents and peers. The results are discussed in terms of their implication for classification and intervention.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

[Psychosocial development and problems in early adulthood: developmental psychological characterization of an important segment of the life cycle].

Young adulthood represents a genuine developmental phase in the life cycle. In its transitional position it shares many traits with the developmental process in youth and adulthood. Among its central developmental problems are: establishing a secure personal identity, forming mature friendships and mature intimate relationships, reorientation of family ties, building up a core of ideological values, selecting a long-term vocation, finding one's bearings, looking to the future. The perspective of "normative crisis" vs "continuous transformation" is discussed. Ths significance of the patterns of adaptation found in young adulthood for further psychosocial development is emphasized.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

The feasibility and effectiveness of pram walking groups for postpartum women in western Sydney.

ISSUE ADDRESSED: Women with children under five are the least physically active population group. We provided postpartum women living in western Sydney with the opportunity to participate in weekly pram walking groups and evaluated the effect of the intervention on self-reported physical activity, mental health and social indicators. METHODS: Mothers living in the intervention area (Blacktown LGA) and control area (Holroyd and Parramatta LGAs) completed a baseline questionnaire. Women in the intervention community were invited to participate in a pram walking group starting in the next month. The control group (n = 60) were also invited to participate in a pram walking group starting six months later. A follow-up questionnaire was completed by all mothers. RESULTS: There was no significant increase in the proportion of mothers in the intervention or control groups engaging in adequate physical activity from baseline to follow-up. However, intervention mothers increased their sessions of vigorous exercise and control mothers increased the amount of time spent walking. There were no significant differences at baseline or follow-up between the intervention and control groups in frequency of social contact or size of social networks. Nor was there a significant difference in satisfaction with social contact at baseline between the two groups. However, at follow-up women in the intervention group were more satisfied with the quality of their social contacts than the controls. CONCLUSIONS: Providing organised, community-based pram walking was not sufficient to increase overall physical activity levels among this group of postpartum women. The results suggest that the friendships formed in the pram walking group boosted mothers' satisfaction with social contact and possibly their mental health.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Genetic ignorance, moral obligations and social duties.

In a contribution to The Journal of Medicine and Philosophy, Professor Rosamond Rhodes argues that individuals sometimes have an obligation to know about their genetic disorders, because this is required by their status as autonomous persons. Her analysis, which is based on Kant's concept of autonomy and Aristotle's notion of friendship, is extended here to consequentialist concerns. These are of paramount importance if, as we believe and Professor Rhodes herself implies, the Kantian and Aristotelian doctrines can be helpful only in the sphere of private morality, not in the public realm. Better tools for assessing the right to genetic ignorance as an issue of public policy can, we contend, be found in Mill's ideas concerning liberty and the prevention of harm. Our own conclusion, based on the Millian way of thinking, is that individuals probably do have the right to remain in ignorance in the cases Professor Rhodes presents as examples of a duty to know.

Ethics, Medical↗
PubMed2001

Understanding autonomy relationally: toward a reconfiguration of bioethical principles.

Principle-based formulations of bioethical theory have recently come under increasing scrutiny, particularly insofar as they give prominence to personal autonomy. This essay critiques the dominant conceptualization of autonomy and urges an alternative formulation freed from the individualistic assumptions that pervade the prevailing framework. Drawing on feminist perspectives, I discuss the need for a vision of patient autonomy that joins relational experiences to individuality and acknowledges the influence of patterns of power and authority on the exercise of patient agency. Deficiencies in the current models of science and social relations guiding medical practice are analyzed, particularly (1) the tendency to disregard the patient's self-knowledge and (2) failure to recognize limitations on the generalizability of medical knowledge. Models of social relations such as mothering and friendship are explored to advance a conception of autonomy better suited to the practical activities of medicine. In conclusion, I consider how acknowledgement of the specificity and complexity of social relations can contribute to reconfiguration of other principles comprising the standard framework of bioethics, particularly beneficence, justice, and equality.

Bioethics↗
PubMed2003

Social networks, travel and talk.

This paper considers the role that physical, corporeal travel plays in social life. There is a large and increasing scale of such travel. This increase has occurred simultaneously with the proliferation of communication devices that in some ways substitute for physical travel. I hypothesize that the bases of such travel are new ways in which social life is 'networked'. Such increasingly extensive networks, hugely extended through the informational revolution, depend for their functioning upon intermittent occasioned meetings. These moments of physical co-presence and face-to-face conversation, are crucial to patterns of social life that occur 'at-a-distance', whether for business, leisure, family life, politics, pleasure or friendship. So life is networked but it also involves specific co-present encounters within specific times and places. 'Meetingness', and thus different forms and modes of travel, are central to much social life, a life involving strange combinations of increasing distance and intermittent co-presence. The paper seeks to examine the place of travel within the emergent pattern of a 'networked sociality'. It seeks to contribute to the emerging 'mobility turn' within the social sciences.

Automobile Driving↗
PubMed2003

Social interaction distance and stratification.

There have been calls from several sources recently for a renewal of class analysis that would encompass social and cultural, as well as economic elements. This paper explores a tradition in stratification that is founded on this idea: relational or social distance approaches to mapping hierarchy and inequality which theorize stratification as a social space. The idea of 'social space' is not treated as a metaphor of hierarchy nor is the nature of the structure determined a priori. Rather, the space is identified by mapping social interactions. Exploring the nature of social space involves mapping the network of social interaction--patterns of friendship, partnership and cultural similarity--which gives rise to relations of social closeness and distance. Differential association has long been seen as the basis of hierarchy, but the usual approach is first to define a structure composed of a set of groups and then to investigate social interaction between them. Social distance approaches reverse this, using patterns of interaction to determine the nature of the structure. Differential association can be seen as a way of defining proximity within a social space, from the distances between social groups, or between social groups and social objects (such as lifestyle items). The paper demonstrates how the very different starting point of social distance approaches also leads to strikingly different theoretical conclusions about the nature of stratification and inequality.

Hierarchy, Social↗
PubMed1998

Rating and recognition of peers' personal odors by 9-year-old children: an exploratory study.

Eighteen elementary school children assessed the pleasantness and perfumed aspect of familiar peers' odors, sampled through tee shirts worn without modification of hygienic habits. The participants were also requested to categorize the odors by sex and to recognize those of several target classmates varying in sex and socioemotional status (the participant's most preferred classmate vs. a mere acquaintance). The ratings of odors by familiar peers appeared consistent with those obtained from nonfamiliar peers and adults and varied according to the sex of wearer of the tee shirts. For the five categories of peers examined, as well as for the participants themselves, olfactory recognition was better than chance. Moreover, it was higher for the same-sex preferred peers than for the others only for the female perceivers. The results are discussed in terms of their behavioral relevance for peer relationships, focusing especially on (a) the relations between sex differences in odors and gender development and (b) the function of olfactory memory in the emotional regulation of friendships.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Relational scaffolding of school motivation: developmental continuities in students' and parents' ratings of the importance of school goals.

The authors investigated whether parents and students are consistent, over grade levels, in the importance they assign to school goals. Elementary and high school students (n = 178) and their parents (n = 130) completed a questionnaire addressing the personal importance of students' school goals, defined in terms of school success. Parent-child consistencies in the rating patterns of school goals over grade levels were more common than were inconsistencies. These developmental consistencies support the position that students' school goals are embedded within the parent-child relationship (J. Youniss, 1980; J. Youniss & J. Smollar, 1985) and are scaffolded within it (J. S. Bruner, 1975; L. S. Vygotsky, 1978). Potential sources of relational and phenotypic influences on school goals are discussed, as is the need for effective friendship management and school performance in high school.

Achievement↗
PubMed2002

The importance of social context in cross-cultural comparisons: first graders in Colombia and the United States.

The authors explored the cultural constructs of individualism and collectivism by investigating the prosocial behavior of 1st graders (N = 202; 110 girls, 92 boys) in countries typically classified as collectivist (Colombia, South America) and individualist (United States). Contrary to expectations, U.S. children shared more than Colombian children did. However, U.S. children were more likely to take candy from another child without permission (demonstrating individualism). Results indicated that in both countries sharing was greater with friends than with other fellow classmates, and children frequently reported friendship as the reason they shared. Findings support the importance of the social context, such as the relationship between participants, in cross-cultural research and suggest that simple dichotomies of culture often overlook complex associations between culture and behavioral differences.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2002

Verbal and nonverbal interactions of four- and five-year-old friends in potential conflict situations.

Dyads of 4- and 5-year-old friends and nonfriends attending preschools in central Italy were identified by friendship nominations. The 217 dyads of friends and non-friends participated in 2 closed-field tasks designed to simulate real-life situations of potential conflict. In the 4-year-old cohort, there were no significant differences in the behavior of the partners in either of the situations. However, at age 5 years, friends respected the rules of a fast-paced competitive game significantly more than did nonfriends. In discussing how to share a single object (a chocolate egg with a toy inside), 5-year-old friends were more likely to reach agreement than were nonfriends. The results suggest important developmental changes in the processes of negotiation and sharing within the preschool years.

Child Behavior↗
PubMed1993

Are individual differences in fantasy play related to peer acceptance levels?

Individual differences in fantasy play, as they relate to cognitive competence and peer acceptance, were examined in a sample of 66 children between the ages of 4 and 8 years. Each child's free-play behaviors were videotaped and then coded for frequency of fantasy play and nonfantasy play, as well as for the unreality level and unfamiliarity level of the fantasy play. Solitary play was rarely observed; therefore all play measures that were coded were social (i.e., play involving at least one partner). Cognitive competence measures included self-ratings and teacher ratings of academic skills. Peer acceptance measures included self-ratings and teacher ratings of friendships and social activities. Results showed that high-fantasy players had higher self-ratings of peer acceptance than did average-fantasy players. High-fantasy players, however, had lower teacher ratings of peer acceptance than did average-fantasy players. These differential relations could be related to an inability on the part of high-fantasy players to distinguish imagined popularity from actual peer acceptance levels. Future research is recommended to provide more detailed characterizations of individual differences in fantasy play and how they relate to outcomes in the social, cognitive, and affective domains.

Affect↗