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PubMed2004

Projection from the facial nucleus to the auricular muscles of rabbits.

The auricular muscles correspond to the group of facial muscles that allows the auricle to move freely. The shape of the auricle and the location of the muscles on the head differs among species. The rabbit has eight auricular muscles that are innervated by motoneurons originating from the facial nucleus located on the ventral side of the medulla oblongata. However, the distribution within the facial nucleus of the motoneurons that innervate each auricular muscle has not been defined clearly. In the present study, retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase was used to identify groups of facial motoneurons in the rabbit. Our results show that the medial subnucleus of the facial nucleus projects primarily to the auricular muscles, and that each auricular muscle is innervated by a specific group of motoneurons distributed in a particular region of the medial subnucleus. This motoneuron patterning appears to be a species-specific characteristic of the innervation of the auricular muscles.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

The relationship of respiratory sinus arrhythmia to the co-activation of autonomic and facial responses during the Rorschach test.

We studied the relationship of respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) to the co-activation of autonomic and facial expressive responses in 37 adult men during Rorschach testing. Interbeat interval (IBI), electrodermal activity, and facial electromyography were recorded continuously during the experiment. Prevailing mood and variability in the experience of valence and arousal were also measured. Bivariate intraindividual time series analysis was used to quantify spontaneously coupled phasic physiological responses. The results suggested that (a) spontaneous autonomic and expressive responses tend to parallel in time; (b) baseline, task-level, and task-induced change of RSA were positively related to coupled autonomic-expressive responses, a change in mood toward a more energetic state, and a tendency to have more variability in the emotional experience during the task; and (c) especially cardiac-expressive response coupling was related to mood change. It is concluded that the vagal system is related to the control of facial muscle activity and may mediate both tonic and phasic emotion-related changes in IBI. The role of phasic intraindividual response patterns in emotional and social behavior is highlighted.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Emotion and autonomic nervous system activity in the Minangkabau of west Sumatra.

Physiology and emotional experience were studied in the Minangkabau of West Sumatra, a matrilineal, Moslem, agrarian culture with strong proscriptions against public displays of negative emotion. Forty-six Minangkabau men were instructed to contract facial muscles into prototypical configurations of 5 emotions. In comparison with a group of 62 Ss from the United States, cross-cultural consistencies were found in (a) autonomic nervous system (ANS) differences between emotions and (b) high configuration quality being associated with increased ANS differentiation and increased report of emotional experience. These findings provide the first evidence that these patterns of emotion-specific ANS activity and the capacity of voluntary facial action to generate this activity are not unique to American culture.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Familial hemifacial spasm.

Two brothers developed hemifacial spasm at 63 and 70 years of age. Spasms occurred on the left and right sides of the face, respectively. Computed tomography scan and magnetic resonance imaging failed to show any abnormality. In addition, a third sibling reported a history of a peripheral facial palsy, which remitted spontaneously without sequelae. This is the fourth description of familial hemifacial spasms. This family is unique in that hemifacial spasm presented on different sides in the two brothers, and involvement was limited to one generation. Age at onset was later than for other familial cases and similar to sporadic cases.

Aged↗
PubMed1985

Facial nerve injury during surgery of the temporomandibular joint: a comparison of two dissection techniques.

Changing the dissection technique for gaining access to the temporomandibular joint decreased the incidence of facial nerve injury from 25% to 1.7%. This decrease can be attributed to the elimination of both development of a skin flap and dissection of tissue overlying the lateral capsule. Normal anatomic variation in the distribution of facial nerve branches may relate to the incidence of clinically apparent injury.

Dermatologic Surgical Procedures↗
PubMed1984

The tri-plane face lift dissection.

This article reviews the author's series of 750 rhytidectomies done over an eight-year period, beginning with the earlier pure Skoog technique with no subcutaneous undermining and evolving into the present technique with widespread undermining except in the lower face. The current technique, which is a tri-plane dissection, is discussed in detail. The upper face dissection is in the subcutaneous plane. The lower face dissection is in the sub-SMAS plane and the neck dissection is in the preplatysmal plane. Ways to avoid post-operative neck deformities are discussed. The conclusion is that whether one undermines the skin of the lower face or not probably makes no difference in the aesthetic results, but this technique would appear to minimize complications, particularly hematoma formation.

Face↗
PubMed2005

Long-term outcome of facial palsy in neuroborreliosis.

OBJECTIVES: The objectives of this study were to examine children with previous manifest neuroborreliosis and concommitant facial palsy to see whether there were any persisting symptoms and/or signs of persistent residual facial palsy. STUDY DESIGN: Open, controlled prospective study. SETTING: Tertiary referral center (University Hospital). PATIENTS: The study was conducted on twenty-four patients with clinically manifest neuroborreliosis and facial palsy 3 to 5 years prior to the investigation. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Results of the clinical examination using the House-Brackmann scale were compared to results from two neuro-physiological examinations (qEMG and ENoG). RESULTS: Approximately one-half of the patients with reported subjective symptoms of residual facial palsy had signs of slight dysfunction in the clinical examination using the House-Brackmann scale. There was no correlation between the subjective feeling of facial dysfunction and presence of clinical signs. Likewise, about one-half of the subjective facial dysfunction group, as well as the control group, were found to demonstrate pathological values in their neurophysiological examinations using qEMG and ENoG. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that the assumption is not true that all children who had neuroborreliosis with facial palsy will heal 100%. A small proportion of the children claim that several years after the infection, they have subjective symptoms of slight facial weakness on the affected side. Our study shows that some of these children, as well as some children without subjective symptoms of facial palsy, demonstrate a slight facial weakness when examined clinically. Likewise, signs of slight-to-moderate facial motor dysfunction were revealed in about half of the children with the two neurophysiological methods utilized in this study. It is interesting to note that there was no clear correlation between the presence of subjective symptoms, objective signs, and neurophysiological results.

Child↗
PubMed2000

Magnetic resonance imaging findings in bilateral Bell's palsy.

Bell's palsy (idiopathic facial paralysis) is the most common cause of unilateral peripheral facial neuropathy. Bilateral involvement occurs in less than 10% of cases. The authors describe a 20-year-old man with bilateral idiopathic facial weakness. Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed abnormal bilateral enhancement of the proximal intracanalicular segments of VII/VIII nerve complexes. The enhancement was most prominent in the leptomeningeal regions. There was no facial nerve swelling. Three months later he had improving residual bifacial weakness. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of abnormal MRI findings in bilateral Bell's palsy.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Hypoglossal-facial nerve anastomosis after acoustic neuroma resection: influence of the time anastomosis on recovery of facial movement.

Facial movement following hypoglossal-facial nerve anastomosis was investigated in 29 acoustic neuroma patients. The amount of facial movement was assessed using both the grading system of House and Brackmann and the revised grading scale of Yanagihara. The data were analyzed to determine the influence of the time elapsed between tumor resection and anastomosis upon recovery of facial movement. A slightly larger number of patients with delayed anastomosis (7-23 months) showed minimally poorer results than those with early anastomosis (within 3 months). However, these differences were not statistically significant. Moreover, there was no apparent relationship between the duration of facial nerve paralysis and the recovery of facial movement within either of these two groups. These results showed that hypoglossal-facial nerve anastomosis can be delayed up to 2 years following tumor resection with only minimal effect on the recovery of facial movement.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Anatomical study of the temporal fasciae and fat pads.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Although a great number of studies have been published on the anatomy of the various fascial layers in the temporal region and the interposed fat pads, there is still uncertainty regarding the organization of the temporal fasciae, above all at the level of the zygomatic arch, and the relationships between the latter and the frontal branch of the facial nerve. This study aimed to describe the anatomy of the temporal fasciae and their relationships both with the interposed fat pads and with the frontal branch of the facial nerve. METHODS: The study was carried out in 10 heads from fresh cadavers which were used to dissect the different tissue layers at the level of the temporo-zygomatic arch. RESULTS: The results of the dissections made in this study confirm the existence of three over-lying fascial layers (superficial temporal fascia, intermediate temporal fascia and deep temporal fascia), interposed by the same number of fat pads (superficial, intermediate and deep). The frontal branch runs below the superficial fat pad in close contact with the periosteum of the zygomatic arch. CONCLUSIONS: The authors suggest adopting a single nomenclature to describe the fasciae and the fat pads in the temporal region.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1979

I. Hypoglossal facial anastomosis: its significance for modern facial surgery. II. Combined approach in extratemporal facial nerve reconstruction.

The difficulties encountered in extratemporial facial nerve reconstruction after extensive trauma or following resection of parotid tumors often lead to unsatisfactory functional and cosmetic results. So far it has been common practice to use as a "regenerative nerve," the original facial nerve. Using this procedure, however, frequently only a portion of the peripheral branches can be reanastomosed. Above all, the "autoparalytic syndrome" develops in this situation owing to undirected outgrowth of axons, and an aberration of the blinking-reflex motoneurons occurs. Experience has shown that the isolated use of a cross-face transplant is not suitable for satisfactory functional regeneration. Depending on the individual anatomic situation, a number of possibilities are therefore recommended for a combined approach using several "regenerative nerves." In this connection, the particular physiologic properties of these nerves have to be taken into account which can help to improve considerably the functional and cosmetic results.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

[A case of acute inflammatory demyelinating neuropathy associated with autoimmune-type chronic active hepatitis].

We presented a case of acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy associated with autoimmune chronic active hepatitis (AI-CAH). This is the third case report of neuropathy in AI-CAH. A 64-year-old male with chronic liver dysfunction was admitted to the hospital because of high fever, distal weakness and sensory disturbance of all extremities, bilateral facial weakness and dysphagia. On neurologic examination, there was bilateral weakness of the upper and lower facial muscles, bulbar palsy and severe distal weakness of all extremities. The deep tendon reflexes were absent and the sensation of touch, pinprick, temperature, and vibration was impaired bilaterally symmetrically in all extremities. Serum biochemistry revealed hyperproteinemia, hypergammaglobulinemia and elevated liver enzymes. Rheumatoid factor, antinuclear antibody anti-smooth muscle antibody were positive. Serological tests for hepatitis B surface antigen and its antibody hepatitis B core antibody, and hepatitis C antibody were all negative. Serum anti-GM1, anti-GD1b, anti-GQ1b and anti-MAG antibodies were negative. Liver biopsy findings were consistent with AI-CAH with marked lymphocytic infiltration in the portal tracts. Albuminocytologic dissociation was noted in CSF. Motorconduction velocity of the median, ulnar and facial nerves were markedly reduced with temporal dispersion. No motor response was evoked in the lower extremities. Needle electromyography revealed denervation and reinnervation potentials in the arm and leg. The sural nerve biopsy showed segmental de- and re-myelination and deposition of IgG components in endoneurium. Neurological symptoms and liver dysfunction improved with corticosteroid treatment. In this case, hypergammaglobulinemia associated with an exacerbation of AI-CAH may be responsible for the acute inflammatory demyelinating neuropathy through an unknown autoimmune mechanism.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1994

Facial nerve neuroma.

Facial nerve neuromas are uncommon, slow-growing neoplasms that may occur anywhere along the course of the facial nerve from the brainstem to the facial muscles. The signs and symptoms are characteristic and vary with the anatomic site of origin. Surgery should not be attempted until a complete and thorough diagnostic examination has been completed. The surgeon should be prepared to perform a middle-cranial fossa or translabyrinthine approach in all cases, and must expect to do a nerve graft. The results of 37 patients treated by the author reveal that, under optimal conditions, patients who have had a facial nerve graft, can be expected to regain an average of 80% facial nerve strength in almost every case. All patients who have had a facial nerve graft will have some degree of synkinesis. No graft was required in 3 patients, and a hypoglossal facial anastomosis was used for one. Facial function was completely normal in 2 patients, 16 had 80-90% return, 5 patients had 50-80% return, 4 had 20-50% return, one had no recovery at all and 9 recent patients have not reached the time for their expected recovery. Early diagnosis, prompt surgical removal and VII-VII Nerve graft for facial paralysis of ten or fewer years duration offers patients the best opportunity to avoid a permanent facial palsy.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Anatomical analysis of the developmental effects of aneuploidy in man: the Down syndrome.

Detailed anatomical dissections of five Down syndrome (DS) bodies revealed a unique and consistent "internal phenotype" composed of: 1) variations in muscles, 2) peripheral artery variations, and 3) the presence of dilatations and nerve rootlets associated with the spinal accessory and first cervical nerves. Most of these variations may occur occasionally in the normal population, but their more frequent occurrence in the five DS cases provides further support for Shapiro's (1975) hypothesis that one effect of the extra autosome is to increase the instability of normal developmental processes. Three of the variations: 1) the presence of an extra facial muscle, 2) multiple vertebral arteries, and 3) the presence of dilatations and nerve rootlets associated with the spinal accessory and 1st cervical nerves, may be the result of a failure of regression of otherwise transient embryonic structures. A variation of the midfacial muscles of expression, explained as an arrest in development, has not been described previously and, to date, remains a manifestation unique to the trisomy 21 phenotype. Aside from their use in developmental speculation, the sum of these variations may be useful for corroborating diagnoses of suspected post-mortem cases of the DS without cytogenetic confirmation.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

X-linked bulbospinomuscular atrophy (Kennedy's disease) masquerading as lead neuropathy.

A 43-year-old male was referred by a veterinarian who evaluated his dog for a seizure and suspected a toxic lead exposure for both. He refurbished houses, removing old paint, and complained of decreased cognition, fatigue, and muscle cramps. He had a depressed affect, postural tremor, right arm weakness with partial denervation on EMG, and borderline-low sensory nerve action potential (SNAP) amplitudes. A mild anemia and elevated serum and urine lead levels supported a diagnosis of lead neuropathy. Chelation therapy increased urine lead excretion without symptomatic improvement. His brother worked part-time with him and developed similar findings, but also had difficulty chewing, dysphagia, perioral twitching, gynecomastia, and multifocal denervation of extremity and facial muscles. His lead levels were not elevated, but an androgen receptor mutation identified on the X chromosome for both brothers confirmed the diagnosis of X-linked bulbospinomuscular atrophy (Kennedy's disease).

Action Potentials↗